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Work in the creative industries seems to be characterized by a contradictory situation between (very) low levels of earnings pared with high levels of job satisfaction. Often this is attributed to creative workers ‘just valuing other aspects of their work’. Other explanations are also possible such as labour market conditions and a lack of collective interest representation. In this study we combine these explanations and aim to understand if and why earnings in the creative industries are low(er). We focus on two sub-sectors of the creative industries: graphic design- and the games industry. Semi-structured interviews were held with entrepreneurs, freelance workers and employees, as well as institutional level actors. Results show that workers do not overall perceive their income levels as low at an absolute level, although they do point out specific groups as vulnerable: starting entrepreneurs, freelance workers, and indie game developers. These groups are central for the make-up of the sector as many start their own business at some point in their career. Workers indicate, however, that they are willing to forego earnings for the sake of working in the sector. This situation can best be understood as an interaction between personal preferences, labour market conditions and lack of interest in collective organization. In addition, there seems to be a norm that ‘true creative workers’ are willing to sacrifice earnings.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAUCongrès SHF: Water Tensions in Europe and in the Mediterranean: water crisis by 2050?, Paris, FRA, 08-/10/2015 - 09/10/2015; International audience; Une vision prospective de la gestion de l'eau du bassin de la Durance et des territoires alimentés par ses eaux à l'horizon 2050 a été élaborée, appuyée par une chaine de modèles incluant des représentations du climat, de la ressource naturelle, des demandes en eau et du fonctionnement des grands ouvrages hydrauliques (Serre-Ponçon, Castillon et Sainte-Croix), sous contraintes de respect des débits réservés, de cotes touristiques dans les retenues et de restitution d'eau stockée pour des usages en aval. Cet ensemble, validé en temps présent, a été alimenté par des projections climatiques et paramétré pour intégrer les évolutions du territoire décrites par des scénarios de développement socio-économique avec une hypothèse de conservation des règles de gestion actuelles. Les résultats suggèrent à l'horizon 2050 : une hausse de la température moyenne de l'air impactant l'hydrologie de montagne ; une évolution incertaine des précipitations ; une réduction des stocks de neige et une fonte avancée dans l'année qui induisent une réduction des débits au printemps ; une diminution de la ressource en eau en période estivale ; une diminution de la demande globale en eau à l'échelle du territoire, cette demande étant fortement conditionnée par les scénarios territoriaux élaborés ici ; la satisfaction des demandes en eau en aval des ouvrages considérées comme prioritaires, au détriment de la production d'énergie en hiver (flexibilité moindre en période de pointe) et du maintien de cotes touristiques en été ;une diminution de la production d'énergie due notamment à la réduction des apports en amont des ouvrages hydroélectriques.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; International audience; Water management planning is influenced by many natural and human factors that interact at basin scale. A multidisciplinary approach is therefore required to both understand and well represent the main characteristics of the water system before analysing its sustainability under global change and suggesting efficient adaptation measures. The complexity of the interactions and thus the challenge in modelling increase with the size of the river basin. This talk presents the main results of the research project R2D2-2050 “Risk, water Resources and sustainable Development within the Durance river basin in 2050” (Sauquet et al., 2014). The Durance River, one of the major rivers located in the Southern part of the French Alps, supplies water for competing human uses (irrigation, hydropower, drinking water, industries and more recently tourism and ecological services) within and out of the drainage area through an extended open channel network. The project R2D2-2050 aimed to assess whether the current water management - especially operating rules for the three main reservoirs - would need changing under future conditions taking into account evolutions in both climate and socio-economy.A multi-model approach was carried out to simulate regional climate, water resources, irrigation needs, water supply for domestic purposes, water transfers and reservoir operations. A model of water management similar to the operational tool used by the French hydropower producer EDF was also developed to simulate water released from the reservoirs on present-day conditions under constraints imposed by ecological flows and water levels in summer for recreational purposes. Four territorial socio-economic scenarios have been also elaborated with the help of stake holders to project water needs in the 2050s for the area supplied with water from the Durance River basin.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; International audience; The Durance River is one of the major rivers located in the Southern part of France. Water resources are under high pressure due to significant water abstractions for human uses within and out of the natural boundaries of the river basin through an extended open channel network. Water demands are related to irrigation, hydropower, drinking water, industries and more recently water management has included water needs for recreational uses as well as for preserving ecological services. Water is crucial for all these activities and for the socio-economic development of South Eastern France. Both socio-economic development and population evolution will probably modify needs for water supply, irrigation, energy consumption, tourism, industry, etc. In addition the Durance river basin will have to face climate change and its impact on water availability that may question the sustainability of the current rules for water allocation. The research project R2D2-2050 “Risk, water Resources and sustainable Development within the Durance river basin in 2050” aims at assessing future water availability and risks of water shortage in the 2050s by taking into account changes in both climate and water management. R2D2-2050 is partially funded by the French Ministry in charge of Ecology and the Rhône-Mediterranean Water Agency. This multidisciplinary project (2010-2014) involves Irstea, Electricity of France (EDF), the University Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris), LTHE (CNRS), the Society du Canal de Provence (SCP) and the research and consultancy company ACTeon. A set of models have been developed to simulate climate at regional scale (given by 330 projections obtained by applying three downscaling methods), water resources (provided by seven rainfall-runoff models forced by a subset of 330 climate projections), water demand for agriculture and drinking water, for different sub basins of the Durance River basin upstream of Mallemort under present day and under future conditions. A model of water management similar to the tools used by Electricity Of France was calibrated to simulate the behavior of the three reservoirs Serre-Ponçon, Castillon, Sainte-Croix on present-day conditions. This model simulates water releases from reservoir under constraints imposed by rule curves, ecological flows downstream to the dams and water levels in summer for recreational purposes. The results demonstrate the relatively good performance of this simplified model and its ability to represent the influence of reservoir operations on the natural hydrological river flow regime, the decision-making involved in water management and the interactions at regional scale. Four territorial socio-economic scenarios have been also elaborated with the help of stake holders to project water needs in the 2050s for the area supplied with water from the Durance River basin. This presentation will focus on the specific tools developed within the project to simulate water management and water abstractions. The main conclusions related to the risk of water shortage in the 2050s and the level of satisfaction for each water use will be also discussed.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; The Durance River is one of the major rivers located in the Southern part of France. Water resources are under high pressure due to significant abstractions for various water uses (irrigation, hydropower, drinking water, industries, recreation and ecological services) within and out of the river basin. The water management with the Durance River basin will have to face global change that may question the sustainability of the current rules for water allocation. A chain of models was developed to simulate climate at regional scale (given by 3300 projections obtained by applying three downscaling methods), water resources (provided by six rainfall-runoff models forced by a subset of 330 climate projections), water demand for agriculture and water supply for domestic purposes for different sub-basins of the Durance River basin upstream of Mallemort under present-day and future conditions. A model of water management was developed to simulate reservoir operations for the three main dams (Serre-Ponçon, Castillon, Sainte-Croix) on present-day conditions. This model simulates water releases from reservoir under constraints imposed by rule curves, ecological flows downstream to the dams and water levels in summer for recreational purposes. Four territorial socio-economic scenarios were also elaborated with the help of stake holders to project water needs in the 2050s for the areas supplied with water diverted from the Durance River basin. Results suggest: - a projected increase of the average air temperature with consequences on snow accumulation and melt processes; - no significant trends in total precipitation; - a decrease in snowpack, which will lead to reduced flows, especially in the spring season; - a decrease in water resources in summer; - an increase of pressure on water resources; - a decrease in water demand for irrigation as a consequence of the socio economics scenarios; - a decrease in energy produced by the main dams in the Durance River basin in the 2050s mainly due to reduced annual inflows; - a full compliance with water needs for priority uses downstream the reservoir but a lower flexibility for hydropower management during winter peak energy demand.; Une vision prospective de la gestion de l’eau du bassin de la Durance et des territoires alimentés par ses eaux à l’horizon 2050 a été élaborée, appuyée par une chaine de modèles. Cette chaine inclut des représentations : - du climat, - de la ressource naturelle, - des demandes en eau pour l’agriculture et l’alimentation en eau potable, et - du fonctionnement des grands ouvrages hydrauliques (barrages de Serre-Ponçon, de Castillon et de Sainte-Croix), sous contraintes de respect des débits réservés, de cotes touristiques dans les retenues et de restitution d’eau stockée pour des usages en aval. Cet ensemble, validé en temps présent, a été alimenté par des projections climatiques et paramétré pour intégrer les évolutions du territoire décrites par des scénarios de développement socio-économique avec une hypothèse de conservation des règles de gestion actuelles. Les résultats des simulations suggèrent à l’horizon 2050 : - une augmentation de la température moyenne de l’air impactant l’hydrologie de montagne,- une évolution incertaine des précipitations, - une diminution des stocks de neige et une fonte avancée dans l’année qui induisent une réduction des débits au printemps, - une diminution de la ressource en eau en période estivale, - une diminution de la demande globale en eau à l’échelle du territoire, cette demande étant fortement conditionnée par les scénarios territoriaux élaborés ici, - la satisfaction des demandes en eau en aval des ouvrages considérées comme prioritaires, au détriment de la production d’énergie en hiver (flexibilité moindre de l’hydro-électricité en période de pointe) et du maintien de cotes touristiques en été, - une diminution de la production d’énergie due notamment à la réduction des apports en amont des ouvrages hydroélectriques.

This paper investigates the actual extrapolation capacity of three hydrological models in differing climate conditions. We propose a general testing framework, in which we perform series of split-sample tests, testing all possible combinations of calibration-validation periods using a 10 year sliding window. This methodology, which we have called the generalized split-sample test (GSST), provides insights into the model's transposability over time under various climatic conditions. The three conceptual rainfall-runoff models yielded similar results over a set of 216 catchments in southeast Australia. First, we assessed the model's efficiency in validation using a criterion combining the root-mean-square error and bias. A relation was found between this efficiency and the changes in mean rainfall (P) but not with changes in mean potential evapotranspiration (PE) or air temperature (T). Second, we focused on average runoff volumes and found that simulation biases are greatly affected by changes in P. Calibration over a wetter (drier) climate than the validation climate leads to an overestimation (underestimation) of the mean simulated runoff. We observed different magnitudes of these models deficiencies depending on the catchment considered. Results indicate that the transfer of model parameters in time may introduce a significant level of errors in simulations, meaning increased uncertainty in the various practical applications of these models (flow simulation, forecasting, design, reservoir management, climate change impact assessments, etc.). Testing model robustness with respect to this issue should help better quantify these uncertainties.

National audience; Au c½ur d’enjeux territoriaux, la gestion de la ressource en eau à l’échelle d’un grand bassin versant reste une question complexe, à fort impact potentiel pour le groupe EDF. C’est la raison pour laquelle, sous l’égide du ministère chargé de l’écologie et en partenariat avec l’Irstea et l’agence de l’eau Adour-Garonne, EDF R&D s’est engagée sur le bassin de la Garonne en amont de Golfech pour établir un diagnostic de la ressource et examiner sa disponibilité sous les effets du changement climatique à l’horizon 2030, en intégrant une vision des usages et des mécanismes de gestion. En utilisant les derniers résultats du Groupe international d’experts sur le climat (GIEC) à l’échelle du bassin d’étude (la Garonne à Lamagistère), les projections climatiques à l’horizon 2030 annoncent une tendance manifeste vers une augmentation prononcée des températures en été (+ 4 °C), plus limitée en hiver (+ 2 °C) et, pour les précipitations, une tendance perceptible à la diminution. Cela se traduit par une réduction des débits naturels estivaux du fait d’une évapotranspiration accrue, à laquelle s’ajoute la fonte des neiges plus précoce sur les bassins de montagne. En termes d’évolution sur les usages, les résultats suggèrent, pour l’hydro électricité, une diminution de la production, une augmentation des lâchures estivales pour assurer le soutien d’étiage et une aptitude moindre à répondre aux sollicitations du système électrique à certains moments. En ce qui concerne l’irrigation, c’est une hausse de 20 % de la demande qui serait attendue en l’absence d’une évolution des pratiques. Ce travail d’anticipation met en évidence les enjeux du partage de la ressource en eau et la nécessaire adaptation des différents utilisateurs de l’eau qui doit s’envisager dans un cadre collectif. Il ouvre la voie vers une prise en compte plus opérationnelle du risque « ressource en eau » pour le gestionnaire de production et les producteurs. Pour autant, certains obstacles techniques restent à franchir pour proposer les outils d’aide à la décision qui sont nécessaires ; la poursuite de ce type d’étude est organisée en ce sens, sur d’autres bassins ateliers.

BackgroundThe salt marsh beetle Pogonus chalceus represents a unique opportunity to understand and study the origin and evolution of dispersal polymorphisms as remarkable inter-population divergence in dispersal related traits (e.g. wing development, body size and metabolism) has been shown to persist in face of strong homogenizing gene flow. Sequencing and assembling the transcriptome of P. chalceus is a first step in developing large scale genetic information that will allow us to further study the recurrent phenotypic evolution in dispersal traits in these natural populations.Methodology/ResultsWe used the Illumina HiSeq2000 to sequence 37 Gbases of the transcriptome and performed de novo transcriptome assembly with the Trinity short read assembler. This resulted in 65,766 contigs, clustering into 39,393 unique transcripts (unigenes). A subset of 12,987 show similarity (BLAST) to known proteins in the NCBI database and 7,589 are assigned Gene Ontology (GO). Using homology searches we identified all reported genes involved in wing development, juvenile- and ecdysteroid hormone pathways in Tribolium castaneum. About half (56.7%) of the unique assembled genes are shared among three life stages (third-instar larva, pupa, and imago). We identified 38,141 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these unigenes. Of these SNPs, 26,823 (70.3%) were found in a predicted open reading frame (ORF) and 6,998 (18.3%) were nonsynonymous.ConclusionsThe assembled transcriptome and SNP data are essential genomic resources for further study of the developmental pathways, genetic mechanisms and metabolic consequences of adaptive divergence in dispersal power in natural populations.

De auteurs onderzoeken welk - door Antoine Jacobs geformuleerd - regelingsmodel voor een nieuw wettelijke regeling van het concurrentiebeding anno 2011 het beste kan worden gevolgd. Zij analyseren de verschillende modellen, benoemen de voor- en nadelen van deze regelingsmodellen en concluderen uiteindelijk dat een regelingsmodel de voorkeur heeft. Zij schetsten vervolgens hoe een nieuw wettelijke regeling van het concurrentiebeding eruit zo kunnen zien.

International audience; This communication details one innovative aspect obtained within the French national project IMAGINE2030 (Sauquet et al., 2010). The main objective of IMAGINE2030 (ClImate and water MAnaGement: uncertaINties on water resources for the Garonne rivEr basin in 2030) was to assess future water availability in the Garonne river basin (South West France) by taking account of changes in both climate and water management.