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In microstructural corrosion studies, knowledge on the initiation of corrosion on an nm-scale is lacking. In situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies can elucidate where/how the corrosion starts, provided that the proper corrosive conditions are present during the investigation. In wet corrosion studies with liquid cell nanoreactors (NRs), the liquid along the electron beam direction leads to strong scattering and therefore image blurring. Thus, a quick liquid removal or thickness control of the liquid layer is preferred. This can be done by the use of a Peltier element embedded in an NR. As a prelude to such in situ work, we demonstrate the local wetting of a TEM sample, by creating a temperature decrease of 10 ± 2°C on the membrane of an NR with planar Sb/BiSb thermoelectric materials for the Peltier element. TEM samples were prepared and loaded in an NR using a dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. A mixture of water vapor and carrier gas was passed through a chamber, which holds the micro-electromechanical system Peltier device and resulted in quick formation of a water layer/droplets on the sample. The TEM analysis after repeated corrosion of the same sample (ex situ studies) shows the onset and progression of O2 and H2S corrosion of the AA2024-T3 alloy and cold-rolled HCT980X steel lamellae.

Identifying corrosion initiation events in metals and alloys demands techniques that can provide temporal and spatial resolution simultaneously. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables one to obtain microstructural and chemical descriptors of materials at atomic/nanoscopic level and has been used in corrosion studies of many metal-electrolyte combinations. Conventionally, ex situ and quasi in situ TEM studies of pre- and post-corroded samples were performed, but possible experimental artifacts such as dehydrated surfaces might not fully represent the real interfacial conditions as compared to those when actually immersed in the electrolyte. Recent advances in liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) allows for in situ monitoring morphological and even compositional evolutions in materials resulting from interaction with gas or liquid environments. Corrosion science, as a challenging field of research, can benefit from this unparalleled opportunity to investigate many complicated corroding systems in aqueous environments at high resolution. However, “real life” corrosion with LC-TEM is still not straightforward in implementation and there are limitations and challenging experimental considerations for conducting reliable examinations. Thus, this study has been devoted to discussing the challenges of in situ LC-TEM wherein state-of-the-art achievements in the field of relevance are reviewed.

Lithium leaching coatings have recently been developed as eco-friendly active corrosion protection technology for aerospace aluminium alloys (AAs) by the formation of a conversion layer at coating defects. While general conversion layer formation characteristics were studied and reported before, here we study the local layer formation process with sub-micron resolution at and around intermetallic particles (IMPs) in AA2024-T3. Top- and cross-sectional-view morphological electron micrograph observations along with open circuit potential (OCP) measurements are performed, mimicking coating defect conditions upon lithium carbonate leaching from the coating matrix. The results revealed five stages of the conversion process in which the alloy matrix and different IMPs evolve morphologically, compositionally, and electrochemically. Besides, we found a correlation between the OCP response of the AA2024-T3 system and the morphological and compositional evolutions of the alloy matrix and IMPs at different stages of exposure. Passive layer and alloy matrix dissolution leading to surface Cu-enrichment and S-phase dealloying occur at early stages of exposure. They precede the formation of a columnar layer on the alloy, followed by the establishment of a dense-like layer at the final stage. Dealloying of Al2CuMg can assist the conversion process by providing local supersaturation. Through complementary experiments in a sodium carbonate solution and besides X-ray diffraction analysis, we found out that lithium plays a critical role in stabilising the corrosion product throughout the conversion process.

Lithium salts have been proposed as promising environmentally friendly alternatives to carcinogenic hexavalent chromium-based inhibitors for the corrosion protection of aerospace aluminium alloys (AAs). Incorporated into organic coatings, lithium salts are released at damaged locations to establish a conversion layer in which distinct sublayers have different barrier characteristics. Thus, detailed knowledge on the sequence of formation events from the early stages of nucleation towards the final multi-layered arrangement is essential for developing and optimising lithium-leaching technology for protective coatings. Here, liquid-phase-transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is employed to observe nanoscopic morphological evolutions in situ during the lithium-based conversion process of AA2024-T3. Thanks to dedicated preparation of delicate sandwiched TEM specimens allowing us to explore the events cross-sectionally, we provide real-time direct mechanistic information on the conversion process from the initiation to an advanced growth stage. In parallel, we perform supplementary ex situ SEM and TEM investigations to support and validate the LP-TEM findings. The unprecedented experimental approach developed and executed in this study provides an inspiring base for studying also other complicated surface conversion processes in situ and at the nanoscopic scale.

Staining compounds containing heavy elements (electron dyes) can facilitate the visualization of DNA and related biomolecules by using TEM. However, research into the synthesis and utilization of alternative electron dyes has been limited. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel DNA intercalator molecule, bis‐acridine uranyl (BAU). NMR spectroscopy and MS confirmed the validity of the synthetic strategy and gel electrophoresis verified the binding of BAU to DNA. For TEM imaging of DNA, two‐dimensional DNA origami nanostructures were used as a robust microscopy test object. By using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging, which is favored over conventional wide‐field TEM for improved contrast, and therefore, quantitative image analysis, it is found that the synthesized BAU intercalator can render DNA visible, even at the single‐molecule scale. For comparison, other staining compounds with a purported affinity towards DNA, such as dichloroplatinum, cisplatin, osmium tetroxide, and uranyl acetate, have been evaluated. The STEM contrast is discussed in terms of the DNA–dye association constants, number of dye molecules bound per base pair, and the electron‐scattering capacity of the metal‐containing ligands. These findings pave the way for the future development of electron dyes with specific DNA‐binding motifs for high‐resolution TEM imaging.

Cerium-based compounds have been studied for decades as non-toxic candidates for the protection of aerospace aluminium alloys (AAs) like AA2024-T3. However, the complex heterogeneous microstructure of these alloys has hindered a thorough understanding of the subsequent stages of corrosion protection provided by this class of inhibitors. Thus, this work is devoted to unravelling the interaction mechanisms of different intermetallic particles (IMPs) in AA2024-T3 with cerium nitrate at the nanoscopic scale. This has been fulfilled through detailed top-view and cross-sectional analytical TEM investigations along with electrochemical evaluations. In line with our recent findings, we here report dealloying of IMPs as the main factor governing the rate of local cerium precipitation in contrast to micro-galvanic corrosion between IMPs and the surrounding matrix. Furthermore, we discuss a connection between the electrochemical response of the AA2024-T3 system and the morphological and compositional evolutions of individual IMPs including Al2CuMg, Al2Cu, Al7Cu2Fe(Mn) and Al76Cu6Fe7Mn5Si6 at different stages of a 96-h exposure.

A role for vacancies Hafnia-based materials are of interest because of their potential use in microelectronic components. Hafnia-oxide is a ferroelectric material, but whether the polarization switching comes from the polar crystal phases or the migration of oxygen vacancies has remained an open question. Nukala et al. attempted to resolve this controversy by conducting electron microscopy during the operation of a hafnium zirconium oxide capacitor. The authors found that vacancy migration is intertwined with the ferroelectric switching, which has implications for the use of these materials in a range of microelectronic applications. Science , this issue p. 630

In microstructural corrosion studies, knowledge on the initiation of corrosion on an nm-scale is lacking. In situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies can elucidate where/how the corrosion starts, provided that the proper corrosive conditions are present during the investigation. In wet corrosion studies with liquid cell nanoreactors (NRs), the liquid along the electron beam direction leads to strong scattering and therefore image blurring. Thus, a quick liquid removal or thickness control of the liquid layer is preferred. This can be done by the use of a Peltier element embedded in an NR. As a prelude to such in situ work, we demonstrate the local wetting of a TEM sample, by creating a temperature decrease of 10 ± 2°C on the membrane of an NR with planar Sb/BiSb thermoelectric materials for the Peltier element. TEM samples were prepared and loaded in an NR using a dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. A mixture of water vapor and carrier gas was passed through a chamber, which holds the micro-electromechanical system Peltier device and resulted in quick formation of a water layer/droplets on the sample. The TEM analysis after repeated corrosion of the same sample (ex situ studies) shows the onset and progression of O2 and H2S corrosion of the AA2024-T3 alloy and cold-rolled HCT980X steel lamellae.

Dealloying is involved in materials science responsible for fabrication of nanoscale structures beneficially but for corrosion degradations detrimentally. Detailed understanding related to the latter is critical for designing corrosion-resistance alloys and dedicated inhibition systems. Thus, direct nanoscopic observations of nano-structural and compositional evolutions during the process are essential. Here using liquid phase-transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM), for the first time, we show dynamic evolution of intricate site-specific local corrosion linked to intermetallic particles (IMPs) in aerospace aluminium alloys. To thoroughly probe degradation events, oxidation direction is controlled by purposefully masking thin specimens, allowing for observing top-view surface initiation to cross-sectional depth propagation of local degradations. Real-time capturing validated and supported by post-mortem examinations shows a dealloying-driven process that initiates at IMPs and penetrates into the depth of the alloy, establishing macroscopic corrosion pits. Besides, controversial mechanisms of noble-metal redistribution are finally elucidated.

ACS applied energy materials 3(10), 9509-9515 (2020). doi:10.1021/acsaem.0c01803, Published by ACS Publications, Washington, DC

Unconventional ferroelectricity, robust at reduced nanoscale sizes, exhibited by hafnia-based thin-films presents tremendous opportunities in nanoelectronics. However, the exact nature of polarization switching remains controversial. Here, we investigate epitaxial Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) capacitors, interfaced with oxygen conducting metals (La0.67Sr0.33MnO3, LSMO) as electrodes, using atomic resolution electron microscopy while in situ electrical biasing. By direct oxygen imaging, we observe reversible oxygen vacancy migration from the bottom to the top electrode through HZO and reveal associated reversible structural phase transitions in the epitaxial LSMO and HZO layers. We follow the phase transition pathways at the atomic scale and identify that these mechanisms are at play both in tunnel junctions and ferroelectric capacitors switched with sub-millisecond pulses. Our results unmistakably demonstrate that oxygen voltammetry and polarization switching are intertwined in these materials., Comment: 29 pages (including supplementary), 4 main figures, 6 supplementary figures

Atomic-resolution cryogenic scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-STEM) has provided a path to probing the microscopic nature of select low-temperature phases in quantum materials. Expanding cryo-STEM techniques to broadly tunable temperatures will give access to the rich temperature-dependent phase diagrams of these materials. With existing cryo-holders, however, variations in sample temperature significantly disrupt the thermal equilibrium of the system, resulting in large-scale sample drift. The ability to tune the temperature without negative impact on the overall instrument stability is crucial, particularly for high-resolution experiments. Here, we test a new side-entry continuously variable temperature dual-tilt cryo-holder which integrates liquid nitrogen cooling with a 6-pin micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sample heater to overcome some of these experimental challenges. We measure consistently low drift rates of 0.3–0.4 Å/s and demonstrate atomic-resolution cryo-STEM imaging across a continuously variable temperature range from ~100 K to well above room temperature. We conduct additional drift stability measurements across several commercial sample stages and discuss implications for further developments of ultra-stable, flexible cryo-stages.

This work focuses on the cross-sectional characterization of the protective conversion layer formed on AA2024-T3 by lithium-leaching from a polyurethane coating in a corrosive environment. The layer shows a multi-layered arrangement comprising nanoscopic local phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and complementary high-resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) were employed to observe the cross-sections of the entire layer formed at different locations of a 1-mm-wide scribe, in terms of morphology, structure and chemical composition. The conversion layer was comprised of two ubiquitous sublayers; a thin dense layer (i.e. 150 nm) adjacent the alloy substrate and a porous layer. The former represents an amorphous lithium-containing pseudoboehmite phase, Li-pseudoboehmite, whereas the latter is composed of amorphous and crystalline products; an outer columnar layer merely seen on the peripheral region is also crystalline. Through a sandwich structure and the d(003) basal spacing, the crystalline phases were identified as Li-Al layered double hydroxide. Although lithium was found uniformly spread within different regions, the local phases with no/low concentration of lithium were revealed with energy filtered TEM and confirmed with SIMS analysis.

The key to understanding the performance of Li–O2 batteries is to study the chemical and structural properties of their discharge product(s) at the nanometer scale. Using TEM for this purpose poses challenges due to the sensitivity of samples to air and electron beams. This paper describes our use of in situ EELS to evaluate experimental procedures to reduce electron-beam degradation and presents methods to deal with air sensitivity. Our results show that Li2O2 decomposition is dependent on the total dose and is approximately 4–5 times more pronounced at 80 than at 200 kV. We also demonstrate the benefits of using low-dose-rate STEM. We show further that a “graphene cell”, which encapsulates the sample within graphene sheets, can protect the sample against air and e-beam damage.

Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) has provided corrosion scientists with a unique opportunity to directly correlate nanoscopic morphological and compositional evolutions to the corresponding electrochemical response of corroding thin TEM specimens. Electrochemical liquid cell designs are key components of a LP-TEM study towards an implementation which is representative for realistic exposure conditions of bulk samples. However, the application of commercially available liquid cells in corrosion studies brings along an important shortcoming of galvanic coupling effects due to the inevitable connection of the TEM specimens with Pt patterned electrodes. Here, we introduce an approach of fabricating electrochemical liquid cells to alleviate the current cell design challenge for corrosion studies. Besides, we present a protocol for preparing thin specimens to be electrochemically investigated with our home-made electrochemical liquid cell. We finally confirm the effectiveness of this methodology by electrochemically evaluating thin specimens of AA2024-T3 in an open-cell configuration through open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarisation measurements.

Reliquefaction adalah proses pencairan kembali vapour gas yang bertujuan untuk menjaga temperatur dan tekanan di dalam tangki. Pengoperasian sistem ini sebagai upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam rangka mempertahankan muatan Ammonia tetap pada keadaan cair. Dalam metode penulisan deskriptif dengan alat urgency, seriously, growth diambil penilaian tertinggi dari prioritas dan spesifik masalah serta dari perbandingan tiap masalahnya. Dari rumusan masalah yang ada penulis menyimpulkan sesuai kondisi yang terjadi di MT Pupuk Indonesia saat melakukan penelitian tentang menurunnya kerja cargo handling system pada proses reliquefaction gas ammonia faktor-faktor penyebab menurunnya kerja reliquefaction plant berdasarkan penilaian tertinggi spesifik masalah diakibatkan oleh kurangnya kompresi kompresor kargo karena ausnya suction and delivery valve, kurang maksimalnya pendingin glycol, serta keausan piston dampak yang terjadi adalah proses reliquefaction memakan waktu lebih lama dan kondisi tangki tidak terkontrol upaya memaksimalkan kerja compressor adalah pengecekan rutin sesuai jam kerja, serta melakukan perawatan dan perbaikan sesuai manual book.

Nanostructured silicon has been intensively investigated as a high capacity Li-ion battery anode. However, the commercial introduction still requires advances in the scalable synthesis of sophisticated Si nanomaterials and electrodes. Moreover, the electrode degradation due to volume changes upon de-/lithiation, low areal electrode capacity, and application of large amounts of advanced conductive additives are some of the challenging aspects. Here we report a Si electrode, prepared from direct deposition of Si nanoparticles on a current collector without any binder or conducting additives, that addresses all of the above issues. It exhibits an excellent cycling stability and a high capacity retention taking advantages of what appears to be a locally protective, yolk-shell reminiscent, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Cycling an electrode with a Si nanoparticle loading of 2.2 mg cm−2 achieved an unrivalled areal capacity retention, specifically, up to 4.2 mAh cm−2 and ~ 1.5 mAh cm−2 at 0.8 mA cm−2 and 1.6 mA cm−2, respectively.

Over the last few years, tremendous progress has been made in visualizing biologically important macromolecules using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and understanding their structure-function relation. Yet, despite the importance of DNA in all forms of life, TEM visualization of individual DNA molecules in its native unlabeled form has remained extremely challenging. Here, we present high-contrast images of unstained single-layer DNA nanostructures that were obtained using advanced in-focus phase contrast TEM techniques. These include sub-Ångstrom low voltage electron microscopy (SALVE), the use of a volta-potential phase plate (VPP), and dark-field (DF) microscopy. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques for broad applications in structural biology and materials science.

A chemical protocol to design robust hybrid [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4)@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes as small as 28 nm and ultrathin silica shells below 3 nm has been developed. These NPs present a characteristic abrupt spin transition with a subsequent decrease in the width of the thermal hysteresis upon reducing the NP size.

In this study, we report on a combined microscopic, analytical and electrochemical characterization of the nanoscopic passive layer on a tungsten‑molybdenum-containing super duplex stainless steel. We used scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and Mott–Schottky electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis to correlate the local chemical composition and electronic properties of passive layers on austenite and ferrite phases. The passive layer on the ferrite phase contains a higher amount of Mo, W, and Cr, which accommodates a higher nobility of ferrite and a higher local energy of the band gap compared to those on the austenite. The two aforementioned phases exhibit a different composition and semi-conductive properties of their passive layers leading to dissimilar local corrosion susceptibility. These findings are of pivotal importance in further studies of austenite and ferrite phase resolved corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel demanding a dedicated alloying strategy.