Search

Liver and kidney uptake and antisense activity is studied for a series of Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) oligonucleotides with fully stereo-defined, internucleoside linkages. These stereo-specific phosphorothioates are made with a newly developed synthesis method and are being analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. Their structures are obtained theoretically by using many-body Schrödinger equations applied to a group of 11 stereo-defined LNA antisense oligonucleotides selected for biological experiments. The fully converged electronic structures were obtained from ab initio quantum calculations providing the specific electronic structures. One important result was the observation that the calculated electronic structure, represented by the iso-surface area of the electron density in Å2, correlated linearly with LNA oligonucleotide uptake in the liver and kidney. This study also shows that more complex biological phenomena, such as drug activity, will require more molecular and cellular identifiers than used here before a correlation can be found. Establishing biological correlations between quantum mechanical (QM) calculated structures and antisense oligonucleotides is novel, and this method may constitute new tools in drug discovery.

Antisense oligonucleotides that are dependent on RNase H for cleavage and subsequent degradation of complementary RNA are being developed as therapeutics. Besides the intended RNA target, such oligonucleotides may also cause degradation of unintended RNA off-targets by binding to partially complementary target sites. Here, we characterized the global effects on the mouse liver transcriptome of four oligonucleotides designed as gapmers, two targeting Apob and two targeting Pcsk9, all in different regions on their respective intended targets. This study design allowed separation of intended- and off-target effects on the transcriptome for each gapmer. Next, we used sequence analysis to identify possible partially complementary binding sites among the potential off-targets, and validated these by measurements of melting temperature and RNase H-cleavage rates. Generally, our observations were as expected in that fewer mismatches or bulges in the gapmer/transcript duplexes resulted in a higher chance of those duplexes being effective substrates for RNase H. Follow-up experiments in mice and cells show, that off-target effects can be mitigated by ensuring that gapmers have minimal sequence complementarity to any RNA besides the intended target, and that they do not have exaggerated binding affinity to the intended target.

Important oligonucleotides in anti-sense research have been investigated in silico and experimentally. This involves quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and chromatography experiments on locked nucleic acid (LNA) phosphorothioate (PS) oligonucleotides. iso-potential electrostatic surfaces are essential in this study and have been calculated from the wave functions derived from the QM calculations that provide binding information and other properties of these molecules. The QM calculations give details of the electronic structures in terms of e.g., energy and bonding, which make them distinguish or differentiate between the individual PS diastereoisomers determined by the position of sulfur atoms. Rules are derived from the electronic calculations of these molecules and include the effects of the phosphorothioate chirality and formation of electrostatic potential surfaces. Physical and electrochemical descriptors of the PS oligonucleotides are compared to the experiments in which chiral states on these molecules can be distinguished. The calculations demonstrate that electronic structure, electrostatic potential, and topology are highly sensitive to single PS configuration changes and can give a lead to understanding the activity of the molecules., Graphical Abstract

The introduction of non-bridging phosphorothioate (PS) linkages in oligonucleotides has been instrumental for the development of RNA therapeutics and antisense oligonucleotides. This modification offers significantly increased metabolic stability as well as improved pharmacokinetic properties. However, due to the chiral nature of the phosphorothioate, every PS group doubles the amount of possible stereoisomers. Thus PS oligonucleotides are generally obtained as an inseparable mixture of a multitude of diastereoisomeric compounds. Herein, we describe the introduction of non-chiral 3′ thiophosphate linkages into antisense oligonucleotides and report their in vitro as well as in vivo activity. The obtained results are carefully investigated for the individual parameters contributing to antisense activity of 3′ and 5′ thiophosphate modified oligonucleotides (target binding, RNase H recruitment, nuclease stability). We conclude that nuclease stability is the major challenge for this approach. These results highlight the importance of selecting meaningful in vitro experiments particularly when examining hitherto unexplored chemical modifications.

Over the past 20 years, the field of RNA-targeted therapeutics has advanced based on discoveries of modified oligonucleotide chemistries, and an ever-increasing understanding of how to apply cellular assays to identify oligonucleotides with improved pharmacological properties in vivo. Locked nucleic acid (LNA), which exhibits high binding affinity and potency, is widely used for this purpose. Our understanding of RNA biology has also expanded tremendously, resulting in new approaches to engage RNA as a therapeutic target. Recent observations indicate that each oligonucleotide is a unique entity, and small structural differences between oligonucleotides can often lead to substantial differences in their pharmacological properties. Here, we outline new principles for drug discovery exploiting oligonucleotide diversity to identify rare molecules with unique pharmacological properties.

MicroRNA 122 (miR-122) is liver specific, fine-tunes lipid metabolism, and is required for hepatitis C virus (HCV) abundance. Miravirsen, an oligonucleotide with locked nucleic acid, binds to miR-122, potently inhibiting its activity. We aimed at determining the safety of the miR-122 antagonism in vivo in 6 to 10 cynomolgus monkeys/group intravenously treated with a range of dose levels twice weekly for 4 weeks. Survival, body weights, clinical signs, and cardiovascular and ophthalmologic parameters were unaffected. Anticipated hypolipidemia due to the inhibition of miR-122 was observed in all treated animals. Only the highest dose level produced distinct transient prolongations of clotting times, slight alternative complement pathway activation, and a reversible increase of hepatic transaminases. Distribution half-life was 10-20 minutes, and accumulation was mainly in the kidney and liver with slow elimination. Microscopic examinations revealed granulated Kupffer cells and lymph node macrophages, cytoplasmic vacuolation in proximal renal tubules, and hepatocytes. The granules were most likely phagolysosomes containing miravirsen. A slightly increased incidence of hepatocyte apoptosis was observed in some monkeys given the highest dose; otherwise, there was no evidence of treatment-related degenerative changes in any organ. In conclusion, the maximal inhibition of miR-122 was associated with limited phenotypic changes, indicating that the clinical assessment of miravirsen as host factor antagonist for treatment of HCV infections is warranted.

The potency and specificity of locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotides was investigated as a function of length and affinity. The oligonucleotides were designed to target apolipoprotein B (apoB) and were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The high affinity of LNA enabled the design of short antisense oligonucleotides (12- to 13-mers) that possessed high affinity and increased potency both in vitro and in vivo compared to longer oligonucleotides. The short LNA oligonucleotides were more target specific, and they exhibited the same biodistribution and tissue half-life as longer oligonucleotides. Pharmacology studies in both mice and non-human primates were conducted with a 13-mer LNA oligonucleotide against apoB, and the data showed that repeated dosing of the 13-mer at 1-2 mg/kg/week was sufficient to provide a significant and long lasting lowering of non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol without increasing serum liver toxicity markers. The data presented here show that oligonucleotide length as a parameter needs to be considered in the design of antisense oligonucleotide and that potent short oligonucleotides with sufficient target affinity can be generated using the LNA chemistry. Conclusively, we present a 13-mer LNA oligonucleotide with therapeutic potential that produce beneficial cholesterol lowering effect in non-human primates.

N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors are regulators of fast neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the brain. Disruption of NMDA-mediated glutamate signaling has been linked to behavioral deficits displayed in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Recently, noncoding RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of neuronal functions. Here we show that pharmacological (dizocilpine) or genetic (NR1 hypomorphism) disruption of NMDA receptor signaling reduces levels of a brain-specific miRNA, miR-219, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice. Consistent with a role for miR-219 in NMDA receptor signaling, we identify calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II γ subunit (CaMKIIγ), a component of the NMDA receptor signaling cascade, as a target of miR-219. In vivo inhibition of miR-219 by specific antimiR in the murine brain significantly modulated behavioral responses associated with disrupted NMDA receptor transmission. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine prevented dizocilpine-induced effects on miR-219. Taken together, these data support an integral role for miR-219 in the expression of behavioral aberrations associated with NMDA receptor hypofunction.

Two variants of oxidation with DMSO followed by sodium borohydride reduction have been investigated to make the synthesis of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-allofuranose (4) suitable for large-scale manufacturing.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate many aspects of human biology. They target mRNAs for translational repression or degradation through base-pairing with 3’ UTRs, primarily via seed sequences (nucleotides 2-8 in the mature miRNA sequence). A number of individual miRNAs and miRNA families share seed sequences and targets, but differ in the sequences outside of the seed. miRNAs have been implicated in the etiology of a wide variety of human diseases and therefore represent promising therapeutic targets. However, potential redundancy and compensatory action of different miRNAs sharing the same seed sequence, and the challenge of simultaneously targeting miRNAs that differ significantly in non-seed sequences complicates therapeutic targeting approaches. We recently demonstrated effective inhibition of entire miRNA families using seed-targeting 8-mer locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antimiRs in short-term experiments in mammalian cells and in mice. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of this approach in higher organisms, such as humans and non-human primates, has not been determined. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of the miR-33 family, key regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, by a subcutaneously delivered 8-mer LNA-modified antimiR in obese and insulin-resistant non-human primates results in de-repression of miR-33 targets, such as ABCA1, increases circulating high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and is well tolerated over 108 days of treatment. These findings demonstrate the efficacy and safety of an 8-mer LNA-antimiR against a miRNA family in a non-human primate metabolic disease model, suggesting that this could be a feasible approach for therapeutic targeting of miRNA families sharing the same seed sequence in human diseases.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has emerged as a therapeutic target for the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). PCSK9 increases the degradation of the LDL receptor, resulting in high LDL-C in individuals with high PCSK9 activity. Here, we show that two locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotides targeting PCSK9 produce sustained reduction of LDL-C in nonhuman primates after a loading dose (20 mg/kg) and four weekly maintenance doses (5 mg/kg). PCSK9 messenger RNA (mRNA) and serum PCSK9 protein were reduced by 85% which resulted in a 50% reduction in circulating LDL-C. Serum total cholesterol (TC) levels were reduced to the same extent as LDL-C with no reduction in high-density lipoprotein levels, demonstrating a specific pharmacological effect on LDL-C. The reduction in hepatic PCSK9 mRNA correlated with liver LNA oligonucleotide content. This verified that anti-PCSK9 LNA oligonucleotides regulated LDL-C through an antisense mechanism. The compounds were well tolerated with no observed effects on toxicological parameters (liver and kidney histology, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine). The pharmacologic evidence and initial safety profile of the compounds used in this study indicate that LNA antisense oligonucleotides targeting PCSK9 provide a viable therapeutic strategy and are potential complements to statins in managing high LDL-C.

The challenge of understanding the widespread biological roles of animal microRNAs (miRNAs) has prompted the development of genetic and functional genomics technologies for miRNA loss-of-function studies. However, tools for exploring the functions of entire miRNA families are still limited. We developed a method that enables antagonism of miRNA function using seed-targeting 8-mer locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotides, termed tiny LNAs. Transfection of tiny LNAs into cells resulted in simultaneous inhibition of miRNAs within families sharing the same seed with concomitant upregulation of direct targets. In addition, systemically delivered, unconjugated tiny LNAs showed uptake in many normal tissues and in breast tumors in mice, coinciding with long-term miRNA silencing. Transcriptional and proteomic profiling suggested that tiny LNAs have negligible off-target effects, not significantly altering the output from mRNAs with perfect tiny LNA complementary sites. Considered together, these data support the utility of tiny LNAs in elucidating the functions of miRNA families in vivo.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key mediator of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti-TNF-alpha drugs such as etanercept are effective treatments. Splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) are a new class of drugs designed to induce therapeutically favorable splice variants of targeted genes. In this work, we used locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based SSOs to modulate splicing of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) pre-mRNA. The SSO induced skipping of TNFR2 exon 7, which codes the transmembrane domain (TM), switching endogenous expression from the membrane-bound, functional form to a soluble, secreted form (Delta7TNFR2). This decoy receptor protein accumulated in the circulation of treated mice, antagonized TNF-alpha, and altered disease in two mouse models: TNF-alpha-induced hepatitis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). This is the first report of upregulation of the endogenous, circulating TNF-alpha antagonist by oligonucleotide-induced splicing modulation.

In 1978 Zamecnik and Stephenson1 showed for the first time that messenger RNA (mRNA) repression could be achieved by single-stranded oligonucleotides (ONs). This mechanistic approach for gene inhibition was later called the antisense (AS) principle. The simplicity of this new principle captivated ma...

We have investigated the effects of different locked nucleic acid modified antisense mRNA antagonists against Survivin in a prostate cancer model. These mRNA antagonists were found to be potent inhibitors of Survivin expression at low nanomolar concentrations. Additionally there was a pronounced synergistic effect when combining the mRNA antagonists against Survivin with the chemotherapeutic Taxol. This effect was demonstrated at concentrations of antagonists far lower than any previously demonstrated, indicating the high potential of locked nucleic acid for therapeutic use. Further characterisations in vivo are ongoing.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are important in development and disease and therefore represent a potential new class of targets for therapeutic intervention. Despite recent progress in silencing of miRNAs in rodents, the development of effective and safe approaches for sequence-specific antagonism of miRNAs in vivo remains a significant scientific and therapeutic challenge. Moreover, there are no reports of miRNA antagonism in primates. Here we show that the simple systemic delivery of a unconjugated, PBS-formulated locked-nucleic-acid-modified oligonucleotide (LNA-antimiR) effectively antagonizes the liver-expressed miR-122 in non-human primates. Acute administration by intravenous injections of 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR to African green monkeys resulted in uptake of the LNA-antimiR in the cytoplasm of primate hepatocytes and formation of stable heteroduplexes between the LNA-antimiR and miR-122. This was accompanied by depletion of mature miR-122 and dose-dependent lowering of plasma cholesterol. Efficient silencing of miR-122 was achieved in primates by three doses of 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR, leading to a long-lasting and reversible decrease in total plasma cholesterol without any evidence for LNA-associated toxicities or histopathological changes in the study animals. Our findings demonstrate the utility of systemically administered LNA-antimiRs in exploring miRNA function in rodents and primates, and support the potential of these compounds as a new class of therapeutics for disease-associated miRNAs.

Locked nucleic acid (LNA) is a conformationally constrained DNA analogue that exhibits exceptionally high affinity for complementary DNA and RNA strands. The deoxyribose sugar is modified by a 2'-O, 4'-C oxymethylene bridge, which projects into the minor groove. In addition to changing the distribution of functional groups in the groove and the overall helical geometry relative to unmodified DNA, the bridge likely alters the hydration of the groove. Each of these factors will impact the ability of small molecules, proteins and other nucleic acids to recognize LNA-containing hybrids. This report describes the ability of several DNA-intercalating ligands and one minor groove binder to recognize LNA-DNA and LNA-RNA hybrid duplexes. Using UV-vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies, we find that the minor groove binder as well as the intercalators exhibit significantly lower affinity for LNA-containing duplexes. The lone exception is the alkaloid ellipticine, which intercalates into LNA-DNA and LNA-RNA duplexes with affinities comparable to unmodified DNA-DNA and RNA-DNA duplexes.

Oligonucleotides containing Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) to various extents and at various positions were evaluated for antisense activity, RNase H recruitment, nuclease stability and thermal affinity. In this work, two different diastereoisomers of LNA were studied: the beta-D-LNA and the alpha-L-LNA (abbreviated as beta-D-LNA and alpha-L-LNA). Our findings show that the best antisense activity with 16mer gapmers containing beta-D-LNA (oligonucleotides containing consecutive segments of LNA and DNA with a central DNA stretch flanked by two LNA segments, LNA-DNA-LNA) is found with gap sizes between 7 and 10 nt. The optimal gap size is motif-dependent, and requires the right balance between gap size and affinity. Compared to beta-D-LNA, alpha-L-LNA shows superior stability against a 3'-exonuclease. The design possibilities of alpha-L-LNA were explored for different gapmers and other designs, collectively called chimeras. The placement of alpha-L-LNA in the junctions or in the flanks resulted in potent antisense oligonucleotides. Moreover, different chimeras with an alternate composition of DNA, alpha-L-LNA and beta-D-LNA were evaluated in terms of antisense activity and RNase H recruitment. Chimeras with an interrupted DNA stretch with alpha-L-LNA still recruit RNase H and show good levels of antisense activity, while the same design with beta-D-LNA results in a drop in antisense potency. Our findings indicate that alpha-L-LNA is a powerful and versatile nucleotide analogue for designing potent antisense oligonucleotides.

The stabilizing properties of LNA and alpha-L-LNA oligonucleotides against endo- and 3'-exonucleases have been evaluated.

14581 Background: SPC2968 is a short (16-mer), oligonucleotide antagonist of Hif-1α mRNA in which potency has been enhanced through incorporation of Locked Nucleic Acid. Over-expression of Hif-1α has been correlated with increased vascularisation, metastatic potential and poor clinical outcome in a variety of malignancies, including Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) of clear cell aetiology, where Hif-1α dysregulation, brought about by mutations in the von Hippel Lindau gene, appears to play a major pathogenic role. Methods: In vitro, human cancer and endothelial cells grown under hypoxic conditions were used to evaluate the effect of SPC2968 on mRNA and protein to Hif-1α as well as phenotypic effects, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), Western blotting and biochemical/cellular assays. QPCR was also used to measure mRNA levels in SPC2968-treated mice, while the effects of the drug on tumour growth and vascularisation were evaluated in xenografts. To assess biodistribution in vivo, tritium-labelled SPC2968 was injected intravenously. Results: In vitro, SPC2968 at 1nM reduced both mRNA and protein levels of Hif-1α in cancer cell lines and downregulated two downstream targets of Hif-1, VEGF and MMP-2.Treatment also induced apoptosis in tumour cells and prevented tube formation by endothelial cells in vitro. Parenteral administration of SPC2968 in mice yielded potent inhibition of Hif-1α and VEGF mRNA in several tissues, including kidney, liver, and colon. Radioactively labelled SPC2968 distributed to kidney, liver, colon, bone marrow, lymph nodes and skin. Preclinical studies investigating acute and sub-acute toxicity and safety pharmacology of SPC2968 are completed, and SPC2968 was well tolerated. Conclusions: SPC2968 is an effective suppressor of Hif-1α mRNA and Hif-1α-regulated genes in vitro and in vivo and has shown good tissue biostability and biodistribution in rodents. Preclinical safety studies have been completed, and SPC2968 is ready for clinical testing. A phase I/II, dose-escalating study of SPC2968 in clear cell RCC in the US and the EU is planned to be submitted by mid 2006. [Table: see text]

6610 Background: Bcl-2 protein is a critical regulator of programmed cell death and contributes to apoptosis resistance in many cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The novel RNA antagonist, SPC2996, is a 16-mer oligonucleotide incorporating Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) with unique high-affinity binding to Bcl-2 mRNA and enhanced resistance to nuclease digestion. We report the pharmacological properties of this new investigational drug and are currently evaluating clinical safety and initial efficacy in CLL patients. Methods: In vitro, the effects of SPC2996 on Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels and phenotypic responses were evaluated in human cancer cell lines by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and biochemical assays. In vivo bio-distribution in rodents was assessed with tritium-labelled SPC2996 given intravenously. Anti-tumour efficacy was assessed in human prostate (PC3) and melanoma (518A2 and 607B) tumour cell line xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Preclinical toxicology and safety pharmacology were evaluated after intravenous treatment in rats and primates and tissue uptake measured by HPLC. Results: In vitro, low nanomolar concentrations of SPC2996 substantially reduced intracellular levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependant manner. In vivo, systemically administered SPC2996 accumulated in liver, kidney, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Repeated dosing at 10mg/kg inhibited growth of human xenografts in mice. Substantial down-regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA was observed in primate tissues after intravenous administration of SPC2996 at 3 and 6mg/kg. No acute toxicity was encountered on systemic bolus dosing of substantially higher doses in primates. An international phase I/II dose-escalating study in 42 patients with relapsed or refractory CLL is currently recruiting in the USA, UK, Denmark and France. Conclusions: SPC2996 is the first member of a new generation of specific RNA antagonising oligonucleotides with enhanced properties derived from LNA. SPC2996 has the potential to lower Bcl-2 levels in CLL cells without significant toxicity and with less frequent dosing than required with previous drugs. [Table: see text]

The proapoptotic oligonucleotide agent - SPC2996, has been developed by Santaris Pharma A/S, as a specific Bcl-2 mRNA antagonist. SPC2996 was selected from our inhouse discovery research in a library of short antisense oligonucleotides with Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA). LNA brings a significant increase in the affinity towards complementary RNA and in addition remarkably increases the bio-stability. Stability was evaluated in human and rodent plasma with SPC2996 capable of 20day half life in human serum. mRNA and protein analyses were used for showing specific downregulation of Bcl-2 in cancer cell lines and this reduction was associated with induction of apoptosis. Cellular Bcl-2 responses on mRNA and protein are seen from 1nM of SPC2996. These effects lead to apoptosis induction. Anti- tumor activity was studied in xenotransplanted athymic mice models of human cancer. SPC2996 was equally effective as Genasense in these models. That SPC2996 specifically dowregulates Bcl-2 was demonstrated in primate studies. Side by side comparison with Oblimersen sodium in these studies showed SPC2996 effectively downregulated Bcl-2 at 3mg/kg while Oblimersen sodium showed little or no target downregulation. Microarray analyses were used to demonstrate specificity of target downregulation. With SPC2996 we bring the first member of a new generation of safe, potent and specific mRNA antagonist drugs, exploiting the benefits of LNA. SPC2996 provides the cancer patient with the possibility of lower and less frequent dosing, which is unprecedented by any other oligonucleotide inhibitor of Bcl-2 used in clinical trials.

Much discussion has centred around the utility and benefits of siRNA in both target validation and as a therapeutic option. This has been driven by significant publications including that of Soutcheck et al (Nature432, 173–177 2004), which demonstrated liver targeting as well as in vivo efficacy when siRNA against ApoB was tethered to a cholesterol moiety. Santaris Pharma has developed a third generation nucleic acid chemistry referred to as locked nucleic acid (LNA) which delivers unmatched affinity and stabiliy benefits, largely overcoming the drawbacks associated with traditional antisense molecules. We therefore sought to compare this chemistry with targets which siRNA has been successfully used in in vivo/in vitro settings. The same motif used in the Soutcheck study was targeted with a LNA molecule, and the free siRNA activity was compared to the cholesterol linked and free LNA molecules in their ability ot down regulate ApoB expression. LNA (SPC3197) inhibited ApoB expression by 90% while at an equimolar concentration siRNA was ineffective in the liver and jejunum. Cholesterol linked siRNA was only effective in the jejunum (c50% reduction in mRNA) Fig1. Only the LNA mediated inhibition of ApoB expression was paralleled by a drop in serum cholesterol in the host animal. In a second model siRNA molecules targeting Hif-1a mRNA (Yu et al Lab Invest84, 553–561 2004) were compared to our lead LNA molecule targeting Hif-1a, SPC2968. Interestingly in in vitro analyses these 2 molecules were equally effective. However in a murine model the increased half life of the LNA molecules translated to a potent inhibition of Hif-1a as measured by QPCR. This effect was noted in jejunum and liver, and persisted for at least 4 days. Hif-1a inhibition mediated by siRNA was not seen in any tissue analysed (Fig 2). Finally a 3rd molecule targeting Bcl-2 has entered clinical Phase 1 trials, and data will be presented documenting its improved affinity and stabitily in relation to competitor molecules such as Genasense. Figure Figure