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Context Balistes capriscus is relevant for fishing worldwide, but there is no consistent information on the maintenance of the species in a captive environment. Aims Develop protocols for the reproduction of the species in aquaculture systems, contributing to the maintenance of the supply in the commerce through captive breeding. Methods A Balistes capriscus couple was selected on the basis of behavioural observations. Nutritional and environmental stimuli were invested in obtaining natural spawning. After reproduction, the larvae were regularly observed under an microscope to monitor the ontogenic development. In larviculture, feeds based on Brachionus plicatilis (10 mL−1) and Nannochloropsis oculata (150 000 cells mL−1) and pate formulated with Artemia salina, Nannochloropsis oculata, sardines and commercial feed were evaluated. Key results The eggs had a diameter of 667.5 μm (±21.66) and formed a mass adhered to the substrate. Newly hatched larvae had a total length of 1653.63 μm (±213.97). The first food intake was evidenced 72 h after hatching; however, larvae did not survive more than 6 days. Conclusions The reproduction in laboratory of the species is viable; however, larviculture remains a limiting factor. Implications The success in captive breeding is essential for the introduction of B. capriscus in aquaculture, and for the conservation of the species.

The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus is predator fish subjected to be impacted due to the contamination of their habitats. A viable source of metal contamination, i.e., copper (Cu), in this species is the ingestion of contaminated food. The objective of this work was to verify the toxic effects of Cu contaminated feed in dusky grouper. A 15 days trial was conducted with three treatments: control, 1 g and 2 g Cu/kg of fish feed. After the trial, the gut was analyzed for Cu concentration and the liver for SOD and GST activity. The Cu concentration in the intestinal tract was significantly greater in fish from contaminated treatments when compared with control. The SOD was significantly lower in contaminated fish, and the GST did not show differences among treatments. Copper showed to be toxic for the species, as evidenced by gut accumulation and suggested by SOD response.

A piscicultura é uma atividade de grande importância econômica, no entanto, o crescimento da atividade tem ocasionado impactos ambientais, com alterações aos ecossistemas aquáticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água e os impactos gerados pelos efluentes de piscicultura desenvolvida no município de Macapá, Amapá. Foram feitas análises da qualidade da água em dois viveiros, através do monitoramento mensal das variáveis físico-químicas e biológicas no período de janeiro a outubro de 2012. As variáveis analisadas foram oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica, transparência, turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos totais dissolvidos, cloretos, dureza total, ferro total, temperatura da água, temperatura do ar e clorofila-a. Para a comparação das médias dos resultados das variáveis físico-químicas e biológica (clorofila-a) dos viveiros, aplicou-se o teste t de Student. Também se buscou compara os resultados do estudo com os limites determinados pelas Resoluções do CONAMA. Constatou-se diferenças entre as médias dos parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido, transparência, dureza total, cloretos, temperatura da água. Os valores de clorofila-a estiveram acima do limite determinado pelo CONAMA. Os resultados demonstram que os viveiros apresentaram uma alta carga de nutrientes, com elevação dos valores de clorofila-a, cor aparente, turbidez e diminuição da transparência. Constatou-se a influência do manejo e da sazonalidade sobre o comportamento dos parâmetros. A alta carga de nutrientes nos viveiros, traz uma preocupação em relação ao despejo dos efluentes e seus efeitos sobre os ambientes adjacentes.

A Etnociência surge como uma importante ferramenta integradora do conhecimento acadêmico e do conhecimento dos pescadores. O objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma análise do perfil socioeconômico e do conhecimento tradicional sobre as arraias de água doce em relatos de pescadores no município de Barcelos, Amazonas. Foram entrevistados 54 pescadores que foram afetados por acidentes com arraias. Observou-se que 89,0% são do sexo masculino, demonstrando a manutenção das atividades de pesca que são passadas pelas famílias de crianças e jovens. A proporção de casos ocorreu com pescador com mais de 50 anos (62,2%). Há uma predominância do uso de puçá e rapiché que é um tipo de pesca ativa na qual não causa nenhum dano aos animais. Um total de 2,0% não identificou as cinco espécies presentes no rio Negro. Entre os sintomas apontados pelos pescadores após o acidente, foram citados dor, edema e, algumas vezes, necrose. É possível auxiliar os pescadores de águas doce sobre como se sucedeu os acidentes, as localidades e os mecanimos de atuação dos venenos, bem como a forma com que os pescadores utilizaram para minimizar os efeitos dos ferimentos. As informações geradas aqui podem servir de base para que os ribeirinhos ao ser acidentados por arraias de água doce tenham uma forma de mitigar ou até mesmo de eliminar a dor causada pelo veneno presente nos ferrões desses animais tão temido pelos povos ribeirinhos da Amazônia.

Na Amazônia, o município de Barcelos tem se destacado como um dos principais destinos para quem pratica a pesca esportiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o perfil socioeconômico e o conhecimento sobre a legislação de pesca esportiva de pilotos-guia da Bacia do Médio Rio Negro, Amazonas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando questionários com orientadores (N= 55), no período de janeiro de 2016 a maio de 2019. A média de idade dos orientadores foi de 42 anos, com faixa etária de 40 a 50 anos (39,59%), casados, com ensino fundamental incompleto (40,00%). A principal forma de contrato de serviço foi por temporada (56,00%). Cerca de 56,36% dos guias informaram que não tinham conhecimento da legislação vigente sobre pesca esportiva, a maioria deles nunca havia testemunhado nenhuma abordagem de supervisão (61,82%) pelas autoridades. Para a maioria, a pesca esportiva é uma atividade que causa impactos (49,09%), principalmente para peixes, resultando em lesões (90,91%). Os guias pilotos mostraram baixo nível de conhecimento sobre as leis regulatórias da pesca esportiva, exigindo maior atenção por parte das autoridades, a fim de facilitar o acesso das informações aos guias.

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias para o cultivo de larvas e pós-larvas em laboratório é uma alternativa para suprir a redução dos estoques naturais de Anomalocardia brasiliana. Com o objetivo de aprimorar a tecnologia de produção de moluscos em laboratório, o presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da densidade de cultivo sobre a sobrevivência e o crescimento de larvas e pós-larvas de A. brasiliana. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro avaliou-se a densidade no cultivo de larvas véliger, testando as densidades de 2, 6 e 10 larvas mL-1 durante sete dias.No segundo, foram testadas as densidades de 60 e 120 pós-larvas cm-2, durante 38 dias. No cultivo de larvas véliger, os melhores resultados para sobrevivência e crescimento foram encontrados nas densidades de 2 e 6 larvas mL-1. Quando avaliada a densidade no cultivo de pós-larvas, os melhores resultados, tanto para a sobrevivência quanto para o comprimento final, foram obtidos na densidade de 60 larvas cm-2, com 93,81 ± 0,68% e 2,18± 0,18 mm, respectivamente. Dessa forma, para otimizar a produtividade, recomenda-se as densidades de 6 larvas mL-1 (larvas véliger) e de 60 pós-larvas cm-2 para o cultivo de A. brasiliana em laboratório.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou verificar a qualidade microbiológica da água e dos mexilhões cultivados pela Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma (AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram realizadas sete coletas de água e mexilhões, mensalmente, entre outubro de 2016 e maio de 2017. Os mexilhões foram coletados nos long lines da AMPI, e em cada mês foram coletados 40 mexilhões Perna perna e 100 mL de água do local. O material coletado foi destinado ao laboratório para a realização das análises microbiológicas em duplicata, número mais provável de coliformes totais (CT) e termotolerantes (Ctt), presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp e número de unidades formadoras de colônias de Staphylococcus aureus. Os resultados mostraram que o número de Ctt nas amostras de água no mês de janeiro estavam acima do permitido pela Resolução n° 357 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Já os níveis de Ctt e Staphylococcus aureus na carne dos mexilhões mostraram-se dentro do limite aceitável pela RDC n° 12 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Entretanto, foram encontradas bactérias com características do gênero Salmonella sp nos meses de dezembro e março nos mexilhões, impossibilitando sua comercialização e seu consumo. Durante esses meses, a cidade tem alto fluxo de turistas. Por fim, recomenda-se a realização das análises microbiológicas continuamente, principalmente no período do verão, época que tem grande fluxo de turistas no município de Piúma e que registrou presença de Salmonella na carne dos mexilhões e níveis de Ctt na água acima do permitido pelas legislações vigentes. ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the microbiological quality of water and mussels cultivated by the Piúma Farmers Association (Associação dos Maricultores de Piúma — AMPI), Espírito Santo, Brazil. Seven samples of water and mussels were collected monthly from October 2016 to May 2017. The mussels were collected from the long lines of the AMPI, and in each month 40 mussels Perna perna and 100 mL of water were sampled from the site. The collected material was sent to the laboratory for duplicate microbiological analysis, Most Probable Number of Total (CT) and Thermotolerant (Ctt) coliforms, presence or absence of Salmonella sp and number of Staphylococcus aureus colony forming units. The results showed that the number of Ctt in the water samples in January was higher than that allowed by Resolution 357 of the National Environment Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente — CONAMA). The levels of Ctt and Staphylococcus aureus in mussel meat were within the acceptable range by the Brazilian National Environment Council (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária — ANVISA) Resolution RDC No. 12. However, colonies with characteristics of Salmonella sp were found in December and March in the mussels, making it impossible to sell and consume. This period coincides with a high flow of tourists in the municipality. Finally, it is recommended to perform microbiological analyzes continuously, especially in the summer, where there are a lot of tourists in the city of Piúma, period that showed the presence of Salmonella in the meat of mussels and Ctt levels in water above the allowed current legislation.

Photoperiod is considered an environmental factor that influences reproduction and the growth processes of fish throughout the year. In the present study, we subjected dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus to different photoperiods in order to evaluate growth and survival. Juvenile dusky grouper were randomly distributed in twelve 100 L tanks containing four fish per aquarium. The fish were exposed to continuous light, normal photoperiod or continuous darkness for 50 days. Fish were fed 3% of their total biomass, twice a day, and the diet consisted of ground commercial dry pellets (42% crude protein, 12% humidity, 9% ether extract, 15% mineral matter, 4% crude fiber, 3.5% calcium and 3% vitamin C, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions). There was no mortality during the experiment. After 50 days, the best performance was found for exposure to continuous light (24 h artificial light). The final weight of the fish reared under continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to continuous darkness. The specific growth rate of the fish exposed to continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to the natural photoperiod and to continuous darkness. Modifications to the photoperiod can be a key factor in increasing the efficacy of current production and the improvement of current aquaculture protocols.

O livro e destinado a todos(as) que fazem parte da cadeia produtiva aquicola, como tambem a pesquisadores e estudantes, pois apresenta de modo didatico pesquisas praticas, experiencias de cultivos e pesquisas bibliograficas que poderao auxiliar no esclarecimento e aprofundamento do conhecimento especifico da area de aquicultura.

The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the hematological variables (erythrogram, thrombogram, leukogram and plasma metabolites) of three cichlid species: Cichla monoculus, Cichla temensis and Cichla vazzoleri. A total of 45 specimens were captured in Balbina lake, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil, with the aid of a rod and reel or hand line, with natural or artificial bait: 15 C. monoculus, 15 C. temensis and 15 C. vazzoleri. Their blood was removed by means of caudal puncture of the dorsal aorta, and hematological data were determined in accordance with methodology previously described in the literature. The erythrogram showed similarities between the species, while the thrombogram showed differences between C. vazzoleri and the other species studied (C. monoculus and C. temensis). The total leukocyte counts for C. temensis and C. vazzoleri were higher than those of C. monoculus. The predominant leukocyte in C. temensis and C. vazzoleri was lymphocytes, whereas it was monocytes in C. monoculus. The plasma metabolites showed differences between the three cichlid species, regarding their glucose, cholesterol, urea and potassium levels. It is concluded that these three species present hematological differentiation, thus indicating that they have differentiated blood-cell immune responses and plasma metabolite physiology. Resumo O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar e comparar as variáveis hematológicas (eritrograma, trombograma, leucograma e metabólitos plasmáticos) de três espécies de tucunarés Cichla monoculus, Cichla temensis e Cichla vazzoleri. Um total de 45 animais foi capturado no lago de Balbina, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, com auxílio de vara e carretilha, linha de mão com isca natural e artificial, sendo 15 C. monoculos, 15 C. temensis e 15 C. vazzoleri. O sangue foi retirado por punção caudal da aorta dorsal e os dados hematológicos foram determinados de acordo com metodologia previamente descrita na literatura. No eritrograma foram observadas similaridades entre as espécies, o trombograma demonstrou diferenças entre o C. vazzoleri e as demais espécies estudadas (C. monoculus e C. temensis), a contagem total de leucócitos demonstrou que em C. temensis e C. vazzoleri os valores são superiores ao C. monoculus. Foi demonstrado que os linfócitos foram às células predominantes em C. temensis e C. vazzoleri, diferentemente do C. monoculos que apresentou como leucócito predominante os monócitos. Nos metabólitos plasmáticos, foi possível observar diferenças entre as três espécies de tucunarés nos níveis de glicose, colesterol, uréia e potássio. Conclui-se que as três espécies de tucunarés apresentam diferenciação hematológica, indicando que as mesmas possuem respostas diferenciadas, na resposta imunológica de suas células do sangue e na fisiologia dos metabólitos plasmáticos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation of effluents in the biofloc culture of shrimp juveniles using clams, seaweed and fish. Four treatments were considered: CLT – without biorem...

The tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is a fish of primary importance in South American aquaculture, principally in the Amazon region and has a particularly unique diet in the wild. Oryza spp, or Wild rice as it is commonly known, is native to the floodplains of muddy rivers in the Amazon region. The aim of this study was to analyze the physical performance and the effects of dietary levels of Oryza spp. via the hematological parameters, total food intake, conversion efficiency, growth ratio and swimming performance of this fish. Diets containing 45% Oryza spp. induced the best performance in tambaqui. Diets containing 15% and 30% did not affect these indices, thus indicating that this amount of Oryza can be used as an alternative energy source for this important species within Brazilian aquaculture. Resumo O tambaqui Colossoma macropomum é um peixe de importância na aquicultura brasileira, especialmente na região amazônica. O arroz silvestre é comum nas planícies inundadas dos rios de aguas barrentas da Amazônia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos combinados do treinamento físico e dos níveis dietéticos de Oryza spp. nos parâmetros hematológicos, consumo de alimentos, eficiência de conversão, taxa de crescimento e desempenho de natação deste peixe. Dietas contendo 45% de arroz apresentaram o melhor desempenho para tambaquis. As dietas contendo 15% e 30% não afetaram esses índices, indicando que alguma quantidade de arroz pode ser usada como fonte de energia alternativa para esta importante espécie dentro da aquicultura.

Advances in oyster farming have been achieved with biotechnological applications, such as chromosome manipulations aimed at polyploidy. The bivalve Anomalocardia brasiliana is of considerable importance to artisanal fishing activities and is a potential organism for aquaculture in Brazil. The cytogenetic behavior of polar bodies during meiosis provides essential information for chromosome manipulation directed at the production of triploid organisms. The objective of the present study was to identify postfertilization times in which the polar bodies are expelled and determine the most frequent number of chromosomes in A. brasiliana. Individuals were caught on the coast of the state of Pernambuco, in northeast Brazil, and subsequently induced to release the gametes. Samples of the oocyte solution were taken before and every 2 min after fertilization. The material was fixed in Carnoy's solution, stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and photographed under an epifluorescence microscope. Among t...

Anomalocardia brasiliana post-larvae were cultured for 28 days to evaluate the effect of stocking density on their growth and survival rate. Three stocking densities were tested 40, 80 and 160 post-larvae cm-2, in experimental units (2-L) with static cultivation system and total water renewal at each 48 hours. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three repetitions each. Stocking density of 40 post-larvae cm-2 reached 1 mm length within 24 days, while only 18% of the post-larvae at density of 80 post-larvae cm-2 reached 1 mm length in the same time. The density of 40 post-larvae cm-2 had the highest specific growth rate, 4.98±0.08% day-1. The survival rates of post-larvae at lower densities were significantly higher (53.24±4.60% and 52.95±3.32%, on 40 and 80 post-larvae cm-2, respectively) compared to higher stocking density (31.54±0.70%). In the cultivation of A. brasiliana post-larvae, stocking density must be managed during growth. The density of 160 post-larvae cm-2 can only be used until the post-larvae reach 600μm in length, then they should be at 40 post-larvae cm-2 density to keep the maximum daily growth rate. RESUMO: Pós-larvas de Anomalocardia brasiliana foram cultivadas por 28 dias para avaliar o efeito da densidade de estocagem no crescimento e taxa de sobrevivência. Três densidades de estocagem foram testadas: 40, 80 e 160 pós-larvas cm-2, em unidades experimentais (2 L) com sistema de cultivo estatístico e renovação total de água a cada 48 h. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos em triplicata. A densidade de estocagem com 40 pós-larvas cm-2 alcançou 1 mm de comprimento após 24 dias, enquanto apenas 18% das pós-larvas estocadas a 80 pós-larvas cm-2 atingiram 1 mm de comprimento no mesmo período. A densidade de 40 pós-larvas cm-2 apresentou a maior taxa de crescimento específico 4,98±0,08% dia-1. As taxas de sobrevivência de pós-larvas em baixas densidades foram significativamente maiores (53,24 ± 4,60% e 52,95 ± 3,32%, em 40 e 80 pós-larvas cm-2, respectivamente) em comparação com a maior densidade de estocagem (31,54 ± 0,70%). Os resultados sugerem que na criação de pós-larvas de A. brasiliana, a densidade populacional deve ser ajustada durante o crescimento. A densidade de 160 pós-larvas cm-2 só pode ser usada até que as pós-larvas atinjam o comprimento de 600µm; em seguida deve ser alterada para a densidade de 40 pós-larvas cm-2 para manter a taxa máxima de crescimento diário.

The Negro river basin is considered the largest area of extractive of ornamental fish in Brazil. This area has fundamental importance for the populations from the Amazon. The present study aimed to describe socioeconomic profile of ornamental fishermen known as “piabeiros” in the Municipality of Barcelos, as well as the ornamental fishery, fisheries area, target species, environments, fishing techniques, equipment, capture techniques and main difficulties faced by the current activity. This study was carried out in municipality of Barcelos, through semi - structured interviews, with artisanal ornamental fishermen (N= 89). The main families of ornamental fish caught and traded were: Characidae, Lebiasinidae, Gasteropelecidae, Cichilidae, Anostomidae, Loricaridae, Potamotrygonidae and Gymnotidae. The main catchment areas were igarapés, lakes, flooded fields, beaches, river banks and igapó forest. Rapiché was the most used equipment in the fisheries both by the fishermen of the urban areas (43.81%) and rural (41.89%). Most of the fishermen are associated with the colony of fishermen of Barcelos (Z33). The data showed that the dynamics of ornamental fishing have changed in a short time and directly affected fishermen, in addition to the low age renewal with the participation of younger fishermen, threatening the transmission of ecological knowledge to future generations. As a result, the increase of the problems related to the productive chain and absence of public power to the activity, since ornamental fishing has already been treated as one of the main economic activities more important for the local communities and for the State of Amazonas. Resumo A bacia do rio Negro é considerada a maior área de extrativismo de peixes ornamentais do Brasil. Esta área possui importância fundamental para as populações da Amazônia. O presente estudo objetivou descrever o perfil socioeconômico de pescadores conhecidos como “piabeiros” no município de Barcelos, bem como a pesca ornamental, área de pesca, espécies-alvo, ambientes, técnicas de pesca, equipamentos, técnicas de captura e dificuldades enfrentadas nesta atividade. O estudo foi realizado por meio de entrevistas semi - estruturadas, com pescadores artesanais ornamentais (N= 89). Os dados mostram que as famílias de peixes ornamentais capturados e comercializados foram: Characidae, Lebiasinidae, Gasteropelecidae, Cichilidae, Anostomidae, Loricaridae, Potamotrygonidae e Gymnotidae. As áreas de captura descritas foram igarapés, lagos, alagados, praias, margens de rios e floresta de igapó. O Rapiché foi o equipamento mais utilizado nas pescarias tanto pelos pescadores das áreas urbanas (43,81%) como rurais (41,89%). A maioria dos pescadores está associada à colônia de pescadores de Barcelos (Z33). Os dados coletados mostraram que a dinâmica da pesca ornamental mudou em pouco tempo e afetou diretamente os pescadores. Além da baixa taxa de renovação, com a participação de pescadores mais jovens, ameaçando a transmissão de conhecimento ecológico para as gerações futuras. Como resultado, notamos o aumento dos problemas relacionados à cadeia produtiva e a ausência de poder público na atividade. A pesca ornamental já foi tratada como uma das principais atividades econômicas para as comunidades locais e para o Estado do Amazonas.

In the farmed whiteleg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ), Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) accounts for 70% of the cumulative mortality during the growout cycle. Although the horizontal transmission of IMNV has been demonstrated, vertical transmission remains unknown, which may be a crucial factor to the prevention of IMNV from one generation to the next. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the possibility of the vertical transmission of IMNV by experimental infection in SPF and non-SPF L. vannamei broodstocks using an intramuscular procedure. Evaluations involved the use of molecular methods (Real-time PCR and conventional PCR) for spermatophores, ovaries and eggs tissues. The effect of IMNV infection on sperm viability was also evaluated. Conventional PCR detected IMNV in spermatophores, mature ovaries and muscle tissue from experimentally infected specific pathogen-free (SPF) broodstock. Real-time PCR confirmed IMNV replication in all samples (spermatophores, mature ovaries, muscle tissue and eggs — fertilized or not) from naturally and experimentally infected non-SPF broodstock. No significant difference in viral load of the reproductive organs/tissues was found between naturally or experimentally infected shrimp (both sexes) (p ≥ 0.05). However, a significant difference was found regarding mean viral load in the muscle tissue of all shrimps (males and females) in comparison to other tissues, with dissimilar viral load values for naturally and experimentally infected muscle tissue for both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). With regard to spawning, all infected females spawned and no significant difference was found in the viral load of eggs produced by naturally and experimentally infected females. The eggs were classified as two morphological types (type B and A 2 ) based on morphology and post-spawning development. Sperm viability of experimentally infected males was not determined due to the low cell density, whereas mean viability among naturally infected males was 82%. In the control group, mean sperm viability was 91%. The results suggest that IMNV can be transmitted vertically in L. vannamei . However, nauplii did not hatch out, which prevented a better understanding of the mechanisms by which eggs become infected following spawning (egg surface or by transovarial transmission). Nonetheless, the 100% positive samples from ovaries and eggs and the low percentage of viable cells from naturally infected males suggest that females are the primary source of the vertical transmission of IMNV to eggs. Statement of relevance This study reports the first scientific evidence of IMNV vertical transmission in L. vannamei . The study suggests the use of IMNV-free broodstock as an effective prevention measure in order to minimize propagation in L. vannamei farming operations.

This study describes the larval development of the Venerid bivalve mollusc Anomalocardia brasiliana “berbigao” under laboratory conditions. The clams were collected at Mangue Seco beach (Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil) and transferred to the laboratory where their gametes were released spontaneously. Trochophore and D larvae were identified in the hatchery from 18 to 24 h afterward. Dlarvae had an average length (L) of 71.9 µm, remaining at this stage until the 5th day, when first umbo veligers appeared (L = 115.9 µm). Pediveliger larvae (L = 183.2 µm) were observed after the 9th day. Within 15 days larvae reached juvenile stage (L = 282.0 µm) with growth lines in the shells. Survival was 58.8%, 20%, 60%, and 100% for D larvae, umbo veligers, pediveligers, and juveniles, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the hatchery rearing for A. brasiliana and serves as a basis for future research and culture of this species.

In 2004, the infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) was recognized as the main cause of Litopenaeusvannamei shrimp culture's drop in Brazil. In health animal control programs, in order to reduce virus prevalence in production units it is necessary to screen live feed used. Among live diets used in aquaculture, the brine shrimp Artemia sp. is essential in crustacean larviculture and maturation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of Artemiafranciscana to IMNV through an immersion challenge and virus-phytoplankton adhesion route and to elucidate its role as a vector for IMNV transmission to L.vannamei. A. franciscana adults were infected with IMNV through both routes, as demonstrated by PCR-positive reactions. However, infected A. franciscana showed no signs of infection. More than 40% of L. vannamei juveniles fed with IMNV-infected A. franciscana by virus-phytoplankton adhesion route were positive by real-time PCR, whereas only a 10% infection rate was found among shrimp fed with IMNV-infected brine shrimp using the immersion challenge. Significant differences were found in mean viral load between immersion and virus-phytoplankton adhesion shrimp treatments (p ⩽ 0.05). Moreover, the mean viral loads were 1.34 × 10(2) and 1.48 × 10(4) copies/μg(-1) of total RNA for virus-phytoplankton adhesion and IMNV-infected tissue treatments, respectively, and the difference was not significant (p ⩾ 0.05). The results indicated that A. franciscana act as a vector for IMNV transmission under the experimental conditions examined. Although no mass mortalities were detected in L. vannamei fed with IMNV-infected brine shrimp, these infected shrimp should not be disregarded as a source of IMNV in grow-out units.

This study examined the filtration and ingestion rates from the Veneridae Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) and evaluated the efficiency of reproduction in laboratory. Specimens were collected on Mangue Seco beach, Pernambuco, Brazil. To evaluate the filtration and ingestion rates, experiments were carried out separately: the presence of light (2000 Lux) and absence of light, with three different temperatures (23.5, 27 and 30 oC), and different salinities (20, 25, 30 and 35 g L-1). Spawning was tested by manipulating temperature with the addition of microalgae and gametes in induction treatment and without manipulating water variables by spontaneous spawning treatment. The most active filtration and ingestion for the species occurred in the absence of light, at temperature of 27 oC, and salinity of 30 g L-1. It was found that there is no significant difference between the spontaneous and induction of spawning, however the spontaneous spawning showed a more significant amount of eggs and larvae. These results may contribute to the technology of maintenance breeding under laboratory conditions and seed production of this species for use in culture.

Brown mussels Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) are of great economic and social importance in the aquaculture and fishing sectors in many Brazilian states. The present study aimed to compare the sizes at first sexual maturity of brown mussels (L50) from natural banks exposed to different levels of anthropogenic pressure. Mussel spat were extracted along the coast of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and were secured on longlines at ilha dos franceses. The human collection pressure at each location was assessed through identification of shellfish gatherers at these sites. Over a 3-mo period, 70 individual mussels from each location were removed each month for macroscopic and microscopic analysis of gonadal development. The sex ratios of the populations at Vila Velha, Anchieta and Piuma showed alternating values between the sexes. Histological analysis confirmed all of the macroscopic observations regarding sex determination and the classification of sexual stages. The average sizes at first sexual maturity of male brown mussels from different spat collection sites ranged from 22.6 to 25.2 mm. The collection pressure exerted on natural banks of Perna mussels differed significantly between the sites studied. On the natural banks where the differences in human collection pressure were recorded (at Vila Velha and Piuma), the size at first sexual maturity significantly differed for both males and females. Therefore, the results suggest that the differences in size at first maturity were due to anthropogenic pressure.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a remoção de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados e da carga orgânica poluidora oriunda de cultivo heterotrófico de camarão marinho, por meio de reator anaeróbico. Foi construído um reator com fluxo ascendente, em que os efluentes de entrada e saída foram avaliados continuamente durante 120 horas, com três repetições. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, condutividade, ortofosfato, nitrito, nitrato, amônia, demanda química de oxigênio e sólidos totais. O reator permaneceu estável, com boas condições de retenção de sólidos. O reator anaeróbico removeu 96,7% do nitrogênio amoniacal e 91% de ortofosfatos dos efluentes de cultivo de camarão marinho, o que mostra que os efluentes tratados estão dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação.

Effects of different microalgal diets on the growth and on the survival of Anomalocardia brasiliana larvae between trochophore and pediveliger stages were evaluated. Diets were evaluated in two separate experiments. The first tested the microalgae Isochrisys galbana (Ig), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Phaeo), Chaetoceros calcitrans (Cca) and the combinations (Ig+Cca), (Ig+Phaeo) and (Cca+Phaeo). The second tested the microalgae C. calcitrans (Cca), Pavlova lutheri (Pl) and the combination (Cca+Pl). When provided alone, I. galbana resulted in survival and growth rates lower than the rest of the diets, and the best results achieved were obtained with P. tricornutum and C. calcitrans supplied alone or combined with other microalgae. However, in the second experiment the diet Cca+Pl resulted in better growth and survival rates (261.67 ± 9.64 μm and 31.50 ± 0.87%) than all diets tested in both experiments, therefore it is recommended for A. brasiliana larvae.

Resumen pt: O marisco Anomalocardia brasiliana apresenta grande importância economica e social na pesca artesanal no litoral norte de Pernambuco. O presente estudo t...

A poliploidia � uma alternativa para melhorar o desempenho zoot�cnico e � amplamente empregada na aquicultura mundial. No Brasil, o emprego de t�cnicas na escala comercial limita-se a uma esp�cie ex�tica de ostra Crassostrea gigas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sobreviv�ncia ap�s aplica��o de protocolos de indu��o � triploidia em Anomalocardia brasiliana atrav�s de agentes qu�micos, como Citocalasina B (CB) e 6 - Dimetilaminopurina (6-DMAP), e m�todos f�sicos, por choque t�rmico frio e choque hiposm�tico. A indu��o � triploidia por CB foi realizada a 1 mg. L-1, enquanto que a 6-Dimetilaminopurina a 450 �mol.L-1. As indu��es por choque t�rmico frio foram realizadas a 2, 5 e 7�C, e as indu��es por choque hiposm�tico a 12� de salinidade. As indu��es qu�micas � triploidia apresentaram baixa sobreviv�ncia larval ap�s as primeiras 24 horas, diferentemente dos tratamentos f�sicos, estes obtiveram mais de 90% de sobreviv�ncia, assim como o tratamento controle. Estes resultados demonstram que os tratamentos f�sicos neste per�odo s�o menos agressivos aos ovos e larvas. Por�m novos estudos dever�o ser realizados, a fim de aprimorar os protocolos para obten��o de poliploides para esp�cie.