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Introduction. Small cell carcinoma can arise from various sites. Herein, we analyze the ability of 2 thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) antibodies (SPT24 and 8G7G3/1) to separate pulmonary from nonpulmonary small cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods. We analyzed 26 pulmonary and 83 nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas, and 14 Merkel cell carcinomas. Each tumor was stained with SPT24 and 8G7G3/1. Extent of nuclear staining was scored as diffuse (>50%), focal (11%-50%), rare (1%-10%), or negative (

In this study, Brucella melitensis infection in sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) was investigated on two wildlife ranches in South Africa over a 12-year period in order to determine the origin of the outbreaks and the role of livestock in maintaining the disease. Retrospective data were obtained from farm records and interviews as well as samples tested from different disease scenarios and clinical settings. On one ranch, 10 of 74 sable tested seropositive for B. melitensis in 2004 but were certified clear of infection after no further brucellosis cases were detected following repeated serological tests and culling over a five-year period. Recrudescence occurred in 2013 (7 of 187 brucellosis positives) and in 2014 (one positive), with persistent, latent infection being the most reasonable explanation. In a second case study, linked to the first one through a common vendor, 15 of 80 sable tested positive in 2016, some five years after the acquisition of the animals from a putative source. Brucella melitensis biovar 1 and/or 3 were isolated from each outbreak on both ranches. Both outbreaks resulted in substantial losses for the owners, arising from testing and culling and significant resource expenditure by the state. The study identified the diagnostic challenges for identifying and resolving disease outbreaks in wildlife, the persistence of B. melitensis in sable, the risks associated with animal movements, and the need for a wildlife-sensitive disease control scheme. Although the actual source of infection could not be identified, the investigation points away from local livestock as a source of ongoing infection while the persistent infection is consistent with the disease circulating within small, ranched populations and being spread through the keeping and trading of high-value animals. The implications of the study findings to disease control in wildlife are discussed.

Naltrexone is used to antagonise etorphine immobilisation, but a safe and effective dose for this purpose has not been objectively determined. Eight domestic goats were immobilised with etorphine (0.07 mg/kg) eight times at ≥13 day intervals. Naltrexone at doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/mg etorphine were administered intravenously 17 minutes after etorphine injection. Effectiveness of antagonism was recorded based on recovery and renarcotisation scores and clinical observations. All doses produced rapid recovery to the point of standing (median 59 seconds, range 33-157 seconds), with no significant differences in recovery times (P=0.44). The lower naltrexone doses resulted in renarcotisation in some goats: 4/8 in the 10-mg dose trial, 7/8 in the 5-mg dose trial, and 8/8 in the 2-mg, 1-mg and 0.5-mg dose trials. Lower doses resulted in more severe signs of renarcotisation. Complications of renarcotisation included increased body temperature; this occurred just before signs of renarcotisation and was greater in animals with high renarcotisation scores (P0.01). The lowest, safest effective naltrexone dose that we used to antagonise etorphine immobilisation was 20 mg/mg etorphine, which produced rapid recovery to standing with no renarcotisation.

Introduction Waveform generators make up a group of instruments which are essential to the electronic circuit designer. At the simplest level, the sine wave, square wave and triangle waveform generator, covering the frequency range from a few hertz to several megahertz, is used to measure the gain and frequency response of amplifier circuits, and as a basic timing or input signal to the kind of experimental circuits that have been discussed so far in this book. Pulse generators are also of great value for circuit testing, providing both positive and negative going pulses with very fast rise and fall times, together with the facility of a separate trigger pulse from the instrument which precedes the main output pulse by some time which may be varied. A recent book by Chiang [1] covers many of these classical topics in detail and also deals with quite advanced instrumentation and signal processing techniques that rely heavily upon waveform generation. In recent years, laboratory instruments using digital techniques for very complex waveform generation have been introduced. In these instruments, a microprocessor is used to generate the required waveform as a continuously changing digital output of eight, or more, bits, and this digital output is then converted into the required analog output by a digital to analog converter (DAC).

This book is an up-to-date text on electronic circuit design. The subject is dealt with from an experimental point of view, but this has not restricted the author to well-known or simple circuits. Indeed, some very recent and quite advanced circuit ideas are put forward for experimental work. Each chapter takes up a particular type of circuit, and then leads the reader on to gain an understanding of how these circuits work by proposing experimental circuits for the reader to build and make measurements on. This is the first book to take such a practical approach to this level. The book will be useful to final year undergraduates and postgraduates in electronics, practising engineers, and workers in all fields where electronic instrumentation is used and there is a need to understand electronics and the interface between the instrument and the user's own experimental system. The book's references will also be a very helpful guide to the literature.