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2. Enhanced Methane Emissions during Amazonian Drought by Biomass Burning.

Author

Makoto Saito, Heon-Sook Kim, Akihiko Ito, Tatsuya Yokota, and Shamil Maksyutov

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The Amazon is a significant source of atmospheric methane, but little is known about the source response to increasing drought severity and frequency. We investigated satellite observations of atmospheric column-averaged methane for the 2010 drought and subsequent 2011 wet year in the Amazon using an atmospheric inversion scheme. Our analysis indicates an increase in atmospheric methane over the southern Amazon region during the drought, representing an increase in annual emissions relative to the wet year. We attribute the increase to emissions from biomass burning driven by intense drought, combined with carbon monoxide showing seasonal variations corresponding to methane variations. We show that there is probably a strong correspondence between drought and methane emissions in the Amazon.

Published
2016
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3. Effects of natural and anthropogenic emissions on the composition and toxicity of aerosols in the marine atmosphere

Author

Min-Suk Bae, Sang-Keun Song, Zang-Ho Shon, Seong-Bin Cho, Chang-rae Lee, Soo-Hwan Moon, Young Baek Son, and Heon-Sook Kim

Subjects
Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Environmental Engineering, Atmosphere, fungi, Particulates, Pollution, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Nitrate, Environmental chemistry, Air Pollution, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Dimethyl sulfide, Particulate Matter, Sulfate, Waste Management and Disposal, Sulfur dioxide, CMAQ, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

The impacts of natural dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and ship emissions on marine environments and particulate matter (PM) over the western and southern sea areas around South Korea were studied based on field campaigns from August–September 2017 and May–June 2018 using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality v5.3.2 modeling system. DMS oxidation enhanced the concentrations of both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42−) in PM2.5 by 6.2–6.4% and 2.9–3.6%, respectively, in the marine atmosphere during the study period, whereas it slightly decreased nitrate (NO3−) concentrations (by −1.3%), compared to the simulation without DMS oxidation chemistry. Furthermore, ship emissions increased the concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ by 4.5%, 23%, and 7.3%, respectively. Methane sulfonic acid concentration was 0.17 μg m−3, suggesting the importance of the addition channel in the DMS oxidation pathway. The model simulation indicated that ship emissions in the target area contributed dominantly to non-sea-salt SO42−, and the marine DMS emission source was non-negligible. The geographical distribution of PM toxicity (aerosol oxidative potential) was assessed in the marine atmosphere during the study period.

Published
2021

4. Global and Regional CH 4 Emissions for 1995–2013 Derived From Atmospheric CH 4 , δ 13 C‐CH 4 , and δD‐CH 4 Observations and a Chemical Transport Model

Author

Heon-Sook Kim, Mikhail Arshinov, Shinji Morimoto, Shamil Maksyutov, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Ryo Fujita, Gordon Brailsford, and Shuji Aoki

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, Chemical transport model, chemistry, δ13C, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Mole fraction, Methane
Published
2020
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6. Supplementary material to 'Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000–2012'

Author

Marielle Saunois, Philippe Bousquet, Benjamin Poulter, Anna Peregon, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Giuseppe Etiope, David Bastviken, Sander Houweling, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Francesco N. Tubiello, Simona Castaldi, Robert B. Jackson, Mihai Alexe, Vivek K. Arora, David J. Beerling, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick Crill, Kristofer Covey, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Fortunat Joos, Heon-Sook Kim, Thomas Kleinen, Paul Krummel, Jean-François Lamarque, Ray Langenfelds, Robin Locatelli, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Vaishali Naik, Simon O'Doherty, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Isabelle Pison, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Makoto Saito, Monia Santini, Ronny Schroeder, Isobel J. Simpson, Renato Spahni, Atsushi Takizawa, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Ray Weiss, David J. Wilton, Andy Wiltshire, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Xiyan Xu, Yukio Yoshida, Bowen Zhang, Zhen Zhang, and Qiuan Zhu

Published
2017
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7. The global methane budget 2000-2012

Author

Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Peter Bergamaschi, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, David J. Beerling, Cyril Crevoisier, Philippe Bousquet, Julia Marshall, Simona Castaldi, Isabelle Pison, Heon Sook Kim, Yasunori Tohjima, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Atsushi Takizawa, Charles L. Curry, Debra Wunch, Kyle C. McDonald, Michel Ramonet, David Bastviken, Simon O'Doherty, Josep G. Canadell, Robin Locatelli, Francesco N. Tubiello, Prabir K. Patra, P. Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Catherine Prigent, Sander Houweling, Toshinobu Machida, David J. Wilton, Joe R. Melton, Ronald G. Prinn, William J. Riley, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Monia Santini, Giuseppe Etiope, Doug Worthy, Guido R. van der Werf, Christian Frankenberg, Shushi Peng, Vivek K. Arora, Patrick M. Crill, Ray F. Weiss, Nicolas Viovy, Michiel van Weele, Anna Peregon, Shamil Maksyutov, Vaishali Naik, Zhen Zhang, Thomas Kleinen, Lori Bruhwiler, Yukio Yoshida, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Kristofer R. Covey, Fortunat Joos, Misa Ishizawa, Bowen Zhang, Christine Wiedinmyer, Ronny Schroeder, Nicola Gedney, Hanqin Tian, Changhui Peng, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Mihai Alexe, Victor Brovkin, Ray L. Langenfelds, Isamu Morino, Glen P. Peters, Xiyan Xu, Andy Wiltshire, Isobel J. Simpson, Ben Poulter, Marielle Saunois, Qiuan Zhu, Donald R. Blake, Paul B. Krummel, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Makoto Saito, Gordon Brailsford, Robert B. Jackson, Renato Spahni, Earth and Climate, Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Saunois, Marielle, Bousquet, Philippe, Poulter, Ben, Peregon, Anna, Ciais, Philippe, Canadell Josep, G, Dlugokencky Edward, J., Etiope, Giuseppe, Bastviken, David, Houweling, Sander, Janssens Maenhout, Greet, Tubiello Francesco, N., Castaldi, Simona, Jackson Robert, B., Alexe, Mihai, Arora Vivek, K., Beerling David, J., Bergamaschi, Peter, Blake Donald, R., Brailsford, Gordon, Brovkin, Victor, Bruhwiler, Lori, Crevoisier, Cyril, Crill, Patrick, Covey, Kristofer, Curry, Charle, Frankenberg, Christian, Gedney, Nicola, Höglund Isaksson, Lena, Ishizawa, Misa, Ito, Akihiko, Joos, Fortunat, Kim Heon, Sook, Kleinen, Thoma, Krummel, Paul, Lamarque Jean, Françoi, Langenfelds, Ray, Locatelli, Robin, Machida, Toshinobu, Maksyutov, Shamil, McDonald Kyle, C., Marshall, Julia, Melton Joe, R., Morino, Isamu, Naik Vaishali, Oapo, Doherty, Simon, Parmentier Frans Jan, W., Patra Prabir, K., Peng, Changhui, Peng, Shushi, Peters Glen, P., Pison, Isabelle, Prigent, Catherine, Prinn, Ronald, Ramonet, Michel, Riley William, J., Saito, Makoto, Santini, Monia, Schroeder, Ronny, Simpson Isobel, J., Spahni, Renato, Steele, Paul, Takizawa, Atsushi, Thornton Brett, F., Tian, Hanqin, Tohjima, Yasunori, Viovy, Nicola, Voulgarakis, Apostolo, van Weele, Michiel, van der Werf Guido, R., Weiss, Ray, Wiedinmyer, Christine, Wilton David, J., Wiltshire, Andy, Worthy, Doug, Wunch, Debra, Xu, Xiyan, Yoshida, Yukio, Zhang, Bowen, Zhang, Zhen, Zhu, Qiuan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, The Department of Thematic Studies - Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University (LIU), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), LM, Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Tropospheric sounding, assimilation, and modeling group [JPL], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Strathom Energie, Centre Européen de Réalité Virtuelle (CERV), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Shandong Agricultural University (SDAU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Climate Research Division [Toronto], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (UMR 8213) (LPEM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California (USC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Prinn, Ronald G, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Naturgeografi, TRACE GASES, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Natural gas, 11. Sustainability, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, Greenhouse effect, lcsh:Environmental sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:GE1-350, [PHYS]Physics [physics], GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, methane, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, PAST 2 DECADES, Carbon project, Atmospheric chemistry, Physical Sciences, hydroxyl, Earth and Related Environmental Sciences, Wetland methane emissions, BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS, NATURAL-GAS, PROCESS-BASED MODEL, TROPOSPHERIC METHANE, 530 Physics, methane sources, Climate change, Atmospheric Sciences, ATMOSPHERIC HYDROXYL RADICALS, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, global model, Science & Technology, business.industry, Environmental engineering, Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap, 15. Life on land, methane budget, lcsh:Geology, Climate Action, Geochemistry, chemistry, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT ACCMIP
Abstract

The global methane (CH4) budget is becoming an increasingly important component for managing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. This relevance, due to a shorter atmospheric lifetime and a stronger warming potential than carbon dioxide, is challenged by the still unexplained changes of atmospheric CH4 over the past decade. Emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-induced greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties come from the large variety of diffusive CH4 sources that overlap geographically, and from the destruction of CH4 by the very short-lived hydroxyl radical (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate research on the methane cycle, and producing regular (similar to biennial) updates of the global methane budget. This consortium includes atmospheric physicists and chemists, biogeochemists of surface and marine emissions, and socio-economists who study anthropogenic emissions. Following Kirschke et al. (2013), we propose here the first version of a living review paper that integrates results of top-down studies (exploiting atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up models, inventories and data-driven approaches (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, and inventories for anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For the 2003-2012 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by top-down inversions at 558 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 540-568. About 60% of global emissions are anthropogenic (range 50-65 %). Since 2010, the bottom-up global emission inventories have been closer to methane emissions in the most carbon-intensive Representative Concentrations Pathway (RCP8.5) and higher than all other RCP scenarios. Bottom-up approaches suggest larger global emissions (736 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 596-884) mostly because of larger natural emissions from individual sources such as inland waters, natural wetlands and geological sources. Considering the atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget, it is likely that some of the individual emissions reported by the bottom-up approaches are overestimated, leading to too large global emissions. Latitudinal data from top-down emissions indicate a predominance of tropical emissions (similar to 64% of the global budget, amp;lt;30 degrees N) as compared to mid (similar to 32 %, 30-60 degrees N) and high northern latitudes (similar to 4 %, 60-90 degrees N). Top-down inversions consistently infer lower emissions in China (similar to 58 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 51-72, -14 %) and higher emissions in Africa (86 TgCH(4) yr(-1), range 73-108, + 19 %) than bottom-up values used as prior estimates. Overall, uncertainties for anthropogenic emissions appear smaller than those from natural sources, and the uncertainties on source categories appear larger for top-down inversions than for bottom-up inventories and models. The most important source of uncertainty on the methane budget is attributable to emissions from wetland and other inland waters. We show that the wetland extent could contribute 30-40% on the estimated range for wetland emissions. Other priorities for improving the methane budget include the following: (i) the development of process-based models for inland-water emissions, (ii) the intensification of methane observations at local scale (flux measurements) to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scale (surface networks and satellites) to constrain top-down inversions, (iii) improvements in the estimation of atmospheric loss by OH, and (iv) improvements of the transport models integrated in top-down inversions. The data presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (http://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/GLOBAL_METHANE_BUDGET_2016_V1.1) and the Global Carbon Project. Funding Agencies|Swiss National Science Foundation; NASA [NNX14AF93G, NNX14AO73G]; National Environmental Science Program - Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub; European Commission [283576, 633080]; ESA Climate Change Initiative Greenhouse Gases Phase 2 project; US Department of Energy, BER [DE-AC02-05CH11231]; FAO member countries; Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan [2-1502]; ERC [322998]; NERC [NE/J00748X/1]; Swedish Research Council VR; Research Council of Norway [244074]; NSF [1243232, 1243220]; National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Chinas QianRen Program; CSIRO Australia; Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Australian Antarctic Division; NOAA USA; Meteorological Service of Canada; National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) [NAG5-12669, NNX07AE89G, NNX11AF17G, NNX07AE87G, NNX07AF09G, NNX11AF15G, NNX11AF16G]; Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC, UK) [GA01081]; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO Australia); Bureau of Meteorology (Australia); Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme [GA01101]

Published
2016
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8. Supplementary material to 'The Global Methane Budget: 2000–2012'

Author

Marielle Saunois, Philippe Bousquet, Ben Poulter, Anna Peregon, Philippe Ciais, Josep G. Canadell, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Giuseppe Etiope, David Bastviken, Sander Houweling, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Francesco N. Tubiello, Simona Castaldi, Robert B. Jackson, Mihai Alexe, Vivek K. Arora, David J. Beerling, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Victor Brovkin, Lori Bruhwiler, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick Crill, Charles Curry, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Fortunat Joos, Heon-Sook Kim, Thomas Kleinen, Paul Krummel, Jean-François Lamarque, Ray Langenfelds, Robin Locatelli, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Julia Marshall, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Simon O'Doherty, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Isabelle Pison, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Makoto Saito, Ronny Schroeder, Isobel J. Simpson, Renato Spahni, Paul Steele, Atsushi Takizawa, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Michiel van Weele, Guido van der Werf, Ray Weiss, Christine Wiedinmyer, David J. Wilton, Andy Wiltshire, Doug Worthy, Debra B. Wunch, Xiyan Xu, Yukio Yoshida, Bowen Zhang, Zhen Zhang, and Qiuan Zhu

Published
2016
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9. The Structure of the Dust Layer over the Taklimakan Deser during the Dust Storm in April 2002 as Observed Using a Depolarization Lidar

Author

Takuya Matsumoto, Tomohiro Nagai, Yuichi Nagata, Hongfei Zhou, Takatsugu Matsumura, Heon-Sook Kim, Makoto Abo, Shunjun Hu, Nobumitsu Tsunematsu, and Kenji Kai

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Advection, animal diseases, Diurnal temperature variation, Storm, Atmospheric sciences, complex mixtures, respiratory tract diseases, Lidar, Settling, Dust storm, Depolarization ratio, Environmental science, Sea level
Abstract

In April 2002, a severe dust storm occurred in the Taklimakan Desert. A large amount of the dust was lifted up by the dust storm and gradually removed in the following few days. The whole event of the dust storm was observed by the Mie-scattering depolarization lidar at Aksu, Xinjiang, China (40.62°N, 80.83°E, 1028 m above mean sea level). This paper describes the dust event and the removal process that was observed by the lidar. During the dust storm (April 13-16), a dense dust layer developed from the ground up to 5.5 km. The backscattering ratio was 20 or more, and the depolarization ratio was 15-25%. Due to the absorption of the laser beam by the heavy dust, a normal lidar observation was impossible for several hours. In this study, we estimated the backscattering ratio at the lowest height during the dust storm by solving the lidar equation directly. After the dust storm (April 17-20), a clear diurnal variation of the top of the dust layer was found by the lidar. An investigation of the lidar signals at different heights shows that there were two types of the removal process of the dust. The lidar signals at lower heights (less than the 2 km) gradually decreased during the post-dust storm period. This result indicates that the gravitational settling of the relatively large sized dust (coarse particles with a diameter of 10 μm or more) occurs near the ground. On the other hand, lidar signals at 2-4 km had a clear diurnal variation with spike-like peaks from evening to midnight. These peaks suggest that the advection of the relatively small sized dust picked up in other location is due to the local circulation that occurs in the Tianshan Mountains and Tarim Basin.

Published
2008
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10. Enhanced Methane Emissions during Amazonian Drought by Biomass Burning

Author

Heon-Sook Kim, Shamil Maksyutov, Makoto Saito, Tatsuya Yokota, and Akihiko Ito

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Topography, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Amazonian, Marine and Aquatic Sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Wetland, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geographical locations, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Human Activities, Biomass, Atmospheric Dynamics, lcsh:Science, Carbon Monoxide, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geography, Amazon rainforest, Physics, Atmospheric methane, Satellite Communications, Droughts, Chemistry, Geophysics, Atmospheric chemistry, Physical Sciences, Brazil, Research Article, Freshwater Environments, Fires, Atmosphere, Greenhouse Gases, Air Pollution, Environmental Chemistry, Atmospheric Clouds, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Landforms, geography, Drought, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Chemical Compounds, Aquatic Environments, Geomorphology, South America, Atmospheric Physics, Physical Geography, chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry, Wetlands, Greenhouse gas, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, People and places
Abstract

The Amazon is a significant source of atmospheric methane, but little is known about the source response to increasing drought severity and frequency. We investigated satellite observations of atmospheric column-averaged methane for the 2010 drought and subsequent 2011 wet year in the Amazon using an atmospheric inversion scheme. Our analysis indicates an increase in atmospheric methane over the southern Amazon region during the drought, representing an increase in annual emissions relative to the wet year. We attribute the increase to emissions from biomass burning driven by intense drought, combined with carbon monoxide showing seasonal variations corresponding to methane variations. We show that there is probably a strong correspondence between drought and methane emissions in the Amazon.

Published
2016

11. Influence of dense surface meteorological data assimilation on the prediction accuracy of ozone pollution in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula

Author

Heon-Sook Kim, Yoo-Keun Kim, Hwa-Woon Lee, and Soon-Hwan Lee

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Meteorology, Airshed, Air pollution, Mesoscale meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Urban area, Wind speed, Data assimilation, medicine, Environmental science, MM5, Dispersion (water waves), General Environmental Science
Abstract

In order to clarify the influence of surface meteorological data assimilation with various resolutions on the photochemical ozone concentration in the southeastern Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiments were conducted. The meteorological and photochemical reaction models used in this study are the fifth-generation mesoscale model (MM5) and the three-dimensional photochemical urban airshed model (UAM-V), respectively. Dense meteorological data make it easier to obtain accurate estimates and surface characteristics than coarse-resolution data. As a result, the estimated temperature obtained from high resolution surface data assimilation in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas is higher than that obtained from coarse resolution surface data assimilation. These high temperatures resulted in strong winds from the sea and a significant dispersion of ozone. In analyses involving an index of agreement (IOA) and root mean square deviation (RMSD), the temperature and wind speed estimated with dense surface data assimilation agreed well with those obtained from observations. However, the influence of dense surface data assimilation tends to be stronger in the flat Ulsan metropolitan area than in the mountainous Busan metropolitan area. This is caused by the heterogeneity of the surface characteristics, including the topography. If the surface parameters induced by regional circulation, such as the topography and land use, are complex and heterogeneous, the efficiency of observational data on data assimilation has to be verified before air pollution is assessed.

Published
2007
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13. Sensitivity of Ozone Concentrations to Initial Concentrations Applying the Carbon Bond Mechanism IV

Author

Heon-Sook Kim, Hwa-Woon Lee, Eun-Joo Oh, and Yeon-Hee Kim

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Ozone, Chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Formaldehyde, chemistry.chemical_element, Sensitivity (explosives), chemistry.chemical_compound, Hydrocarbon, Mechanism (philosophy), Environmental chemistry, Nitrogen oxides, Carbon, NOx
Abstract

The Carbon Bond Mechanism IV has been developed for use in urban- and regional-scale oxidant models. The photochemical mechanism, CBM4, contains extensive improvements to earlier carbon bond mechanisms in the chemical representations of aromatics, biogenic hydrocarbons, peroxyacetyl nitartes, and formaldehyde. Ozone is produced mainly by nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon. By altering the initial concentrations of the mechanism, an analysis of the sensitivity of ozone concentrations to VOC/NOx/ ratios and VOC composition is conducted in this one-dimensional mechanism. Note that it is considered a chemical mechanism in order to understand the photochemical reactions within this mechanism. It analyzed the results of these simulations by applying a NOx/-sensitive and a VOC-sensitive regime. These sensitivity regimes are changed to match the relative contribution of VOC and NOx/ concentrations to ozone production in simulations of two sets.

Published
2003
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14. A Case of Isolated Left Main Coronary Ostial Stenosis Due to Acute Angle Take-off with Clockwise Rotation of Coronary Sinus confirmed by MRI Image

Author

Hweung Kon Hwang, Sang-Hoon Lee, Rack Kyoung Choi, Suk Keun Hong, Jae Young Jang, Tae Hoon Kim, Heon Sook Kim, Hye Sook Choi, Yeon Ah Lee, Yang Min Kim, Seung Muk Jung, Suk Jeon, and Dal Soo Lim

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Acute angle, medicine.medical_treatment, Magnetic resonance imaging, Coronary ostial stenosis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anterior chest, Internal medicine, Angioplasty, cardiovascular system, Cardiology, Medicine, Radiology, Clockwise, business, Coronary sinus, Artery
Abstract

Isolated left main coronary ostial stenosis is a very rare condition. In the majority of cases there are coexisting diseases in multiple coronary vessels. Here, a case of isolated left main coronary ostial stenosis due to an acute angle take-off, with clockwise rotation of the coronary sinus, confirmed by cardiac MRI is presented. A 44-year old female patient presented with an exertional and stabbing anterior chest pain. The patient had no premedical history. A coronary angiogram showed an isolated left main coronary ostial stenosis due to an acute take-off of the left main coronary artery. A cardiac MRI showed an acute angle take-off of the left main coronary artery, with clockwise rotation of the coronary sinus. The patient underwent surgical angioplasty of the coronary ostia, with a patch of autologous pericardium. This acute angle take-off may be due to rotation of the coronary sinus. (Korean Circulation J 2003;33 (5):435-438)

Published
2003
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