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Background: Direct comparisons of paediatric hospitalizations for acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) can inform health system planning. We describe the absolute and relative hospital burden of acute paediatric COVID-19 and MIS-C in Canada. Methods: This national prospective study was conducted via the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program from March 2020-May 2021. Children younger than 18 years old and hospitalized for acute COVID-19 or MIS-C were included in the analysis. Outcomes included supplemental oxygen (low-flow oxygen or high-flow nasal cannula), ventilation (non-invasive or conventional mechanical), vasopressors, paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, or death. Adjusted risk differences (aRD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to identify factors associated with each diagnosis. Results: Overall, we identified 330 children hospitalized for acute COVID-19 (including five deaths) and 208 hospitalized for MIS-C (including zero deaths); PICU admission was required for 49.5% of MIS-C hospitalizations versus 18.2% of acute COVID-19 hospitalizations (aRD 20.3; 95% CI, 9.9-30.8). Resource use differed by age, with children younger than one year hospitalized more often for acute COVID-19 (aRD 43.4% versus MIS-C; 95% CI, 37.7-49.1) and more children 5-11 years hospitalized for MIS-C (aRD 38.9% vs. acute COVID-19; 95% CI, 31.0-46.9). Conclusion: While there were more hospitalizations and deaths from acute paediatric COVID-19, MIS-C cases were more severe, requiring more intensive care and vasopressor support. Our findings suggest that both acute COVID-19 and MIS-C should be considered when assessing the overall burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospitalized children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate the minimum incidence of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and severe microcephaly in Canada and describe key clinical, epidemiological, aetiological and outcome features of these conditions.Methods: Two separate national surveillance studies were conducted on CZS and severe microcephaly using the well-established Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program from 2016 to 2019. Over 2700 paediatricians across Canada were surveyed monthly and asked to report demographic details, pregnancy and travel history, infant anthropometry, clinical features and laboratory findings of newly identified cases. Reports were reviewed to assign an underlying aetiology of severe microcephaly. Incidence rates were estimated using monthly live birth denominators.Results: Thirty-four infants met the case definition for severe microcephaly and <5 met the case definition for CZS. The associated minimum incidence rates were 4.5 per 100 000 live births for severe microcephaly and 0.1-0.5 per 100 000 live births for CZS. Of severe microcephaly cases, 53% were attributed to genetic causes, 15% to infectious or ischaemic causes and 32% to unknown causes. The median head circumference-for-age Z-score at birth was -3.2 (IQR -3.8 to -2.6), and catch-up growth was often not achieved. Common clinical features included intracranial abnormalities (n=23), dysmorphology (n=19) and developmental delays (n=14). Mothers of infants with non-genetic aetiologies travelled during pregnancy more often (10/16) than mothers of infants with genetic aetiologies (<5/18; p<0.01).Conclusion: Severe microcephaly and CZS are both rare in Canada. Minimum incidence rates can be used as a baseline against which novel or re-emergent causes of severe microcephaly or CZS can be compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) are a leading cause of serious injury in children and youth. Certain Canadian regions have implemented legislation to promote safety, including age restrictions, mandatory training and helmet use. Jurisdictions with more stringent ATV safety legislation have been shown to have reduced injury rates in the short term. Objectives To estimate the burden of ATV-related serious injury and death in Canada and to identify Canadian physicians' knowledge of ATV-related legislation, safety and health promotion practices. Methods A one-time survey was distributed to practicing paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists participating in the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) in October 2016. Results Of 2793 physicians contacted, 904 responded (32.4%). There were 181 reported cases of serious and/or fatal ATV-related injuries, including 6 deaths. Children aged 10 to 14 represented the most number of cases (n=82, 45.3%), followed by 15 to 19 (n=48, 26.5%) and 5 to 9 (n=40, 22.1%). Most cases occurred in July/August (48.3%) and May/June (25.2%), were in males (n=133, 78.2%), and occurred during recreational activity (n=139, 83.2%) or organized racing (n=6, 3.6%). In 99 cases (58.9%), the child was the driver of the ATV. Only two-thirds of respondents (67.5%) knew that ATVs should not carry passengers while under half (42.2%) never discussed ATV safety with their patients. Conclusions ATV-related injuries and deaths in Canadian children remain a serious public health problem. Education of health care practitioners, including paediatricians, is needed to promote safety. Despite efforts to reduce ATV-related injuries, there remains a significant number of serious injuries and/deaths related to their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Children with medical complexity (CMC) are characterized by substantial family-identified service needs, chronic and severe conditions, functional limitations, and high health care use. Information exchange is critically important in high quality care of complex patients at high risk for poor care coordination. Written care plans for CMC are an excellent test case for how well information sharing is currently occurring. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to and facilitators of information sharing for CMC across providers, care settings, and families. Methods A qualitative study design with data analysis informed by a grounded theory approach was utilized. Two independent coders conducted secondary analysis of interviews with parents of CMC and health care professionals involved in the care of CMC, collected from two studies of healthcare service delivery for this population. Additional interviews were conducted with privacy officers of associated organizations to supplement these data. Emerging themes related to barriers and facilitators to information sharing were identified by the two coders and the research team, and a theory of facilitators and barriers to information exchange evolved. Results Barriers to information sharing were related to one of three major themes; 1) the lack of an integrated, accessible, secure platform on which summative health care information is stored, 2) fragmentation of the current health system, and 3) the lack of consistent policies, standards, and organizational priorities across organizations for information sharing. Facilitators of information sharing were related to improving accessibility to a common document, expanding the use of technology, and improving upon a structured communication plan. Conclusions Findings informed a model of how various barriers to information sharing interact to prevent optimal information sharing both within and across organizations and how the use of technology to improve communication and access to information can act as a solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented of a 6-week-old male infant with severe microcephaly. Motor examination revealed diminished axial tone with increased tone in the four extremities and a paucity of spontaneous movement in all four limbs; Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test serology confirmed the presence of Zika virus-specific antibodies in both the mother and infant's serum.

Ontario's province-wide implementation of fetal fibronectin (fFn) technology, a test to identify women unlikely to deliver within two weeks of presentation with symptoms of preterm labour, is a notable example of evidence-informed system improvement and productive government-sector partnership. Increasing demand for costly, high-risk maternal and newborn care in Ontario hospitals prompted a provincial review. Sector experts identified potentially avoidable maternal admissions and transfers to high-risk units for evaluation of suspected preterm labour as an opportunity for system improvement. Limited access to fFn testing was documented, and expert consensus posited that funding rapid clinical testing to identify women at low risk for preterm delivery would yield a significant return on investment. An expert panel recommended evidence-based clinical guidelines. The government swiftly secured funding and initiated a successful implementation strategy, capitalizing on regional perinatal networks. Amassing clinical and care utilization information, framing the data in a policy-relevant context and partnering sector expertise with ministry capability resulted in this technology being effectively implemented in a complex health system.