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Traditional Korean fermented soy paste (doenjang) has various health benefits; however, its intense umami flavor might interfere with global acceptance. Herbs-supplemented (HS) doenjang, coriander (CS), Korean mint (KMS), and peppermint (PMS), during fermentation was evaluated for its organoleptic properties. The levels of most free amino acids in HS doenjang, known to impart intense flavor, were decreased, including aspartic acid and glutamine. γ-Aminobutyric acid levels increased, whereas 2-pentylfuran levels significantly decreased in KMS and PMS doenjang (p < 0.05). The decrease in the levels of total free sugars, especially glucose, acetic acid, and fumaric acid, and the increase in lactic acid levels reflected in the desirable sour taste. Sensory evaluation corresponded to these alterations, judged superior most of sensorial attributes both by the Korean and foreigner panel particularly in KMS doenjang. Changed amount of chemical components, e.g. asparagine and glutamine of HS doenjang decreased strong umami flavor, it further affected sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential herbs such as garlic, ginger, and cardamom have shown antimicrobial activity with no potential adverse effects and are cost-effective. Despite these advantages, the efficacy of these agents needs to be tested against common oral pathogenic microorganisms to ensure that if found effective, they can be used in clinical settings. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) against chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, in the Department of Microbiology and Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India from January 2023 to September 2023. Oil extracts of garlic, ginger, and cardamom were loaded onto sterile filter paper discs measuring 6 mm in diameter in concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Additionally, 2% chlorhexidine (control group) was loaded onto similar sterile paper discs. The discs were dried and placed aseptically on culture media plates inoculated with S. mutans, and the plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Subsequently, the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. Results: Ginger oil exhibited the highest zone of inhibition, measuring 25 mm, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil measuring 18 mm and 12 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 200 µL. The zone of inhibition measured for 100 µL concentrations of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils were 7 mm, 16 mm, and 13 mm, respectively. For 50 µL concentrations of the oils, the zones of inhibition for garlic, ginger, and cardamom were 0 mm, 13 mm, and 9 mm, respectively. The zone of inhibition shown by chlorhexidine was 22 mm for concentrations of 50 µL, 100 µL, and 200 µL. Conclusion: Essential oil extracts from ginger, cardamom, and garlic were found to have antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, with ginger oil showing the highest effectiveness, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential herbs such as garlic, ginger, and cardamom have shown antimicrobial activity with no potential adverse effects and are cost-effective. Despite these advantages, the efficacy of these agents needs to be tested against common oral pathogenic microorganisms to ensure that if found effective, they can be used in clinical settings. Aim: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) against chlorhexidine. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, in the Department of Microbiology and Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India from January 2023 to September 2023. Oil extracts of garlic, ginger, and cardamom were loaded onto sterile filter paper discs measuring 6 mm in diameter in concentrations of 50 μL, 100 μL, and 200 μL. Additionally, 2% chlorhexidine (control group) was loaded onto similar sterile paper discs. The discs were dried and placed aseptically on culture media plates inoculated with S. mutans, and the plates were then incubated at 37°C overnight. Subsequently, the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. Results: Ginger oil exhibited the highest zone of inhibition, measuring 25 mm, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil measuring 18 mm and 12 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 200 μL. The zone of inhibition measured for 100 μL concentrations of garlic, ginger, and cardamom oils were 7 mm, 16 mm, and 13 mm, respectively. For 50 μL concentrations of the oils, the zones of inhibition for garlic, ginger, and cardamom were 0 mm, 13 mm, and 9 mm, respectively. The zone of inhibition shown by chlorhexidine was 22 mm for concentrations of 50 μL, 100 μL, and 200 μL. Conclusion: Essential oil extracts from ginger, cardamom, and garlic were found to have antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, with ginger oil showing the highest effectiveness, followed by cardamom oil and garlic oil.

Background & objectives: The goal of this study was to see how well an AI language model called Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) assisted healthcare personnel in selecting relevant medications for filariasis therapy. A team of medical specialists and tropical medicine experts reviewed ChatGPT recommendations for ten hypothetical filariasis clinical situations. The purpose of this study was to look at the effectiveness of an AI language model ChatGPT in supporting healthcare providers in picking appropriate drugs for filariasis treatment. Methods: Ten hypothetical filariasis clinical cases were submitted to ChatGPT and its recommendations were evaluated by a panel of medical professionals and tropical medicine experts. Results: ChatGPT gave appropriate suggestions for potential medication repurposing in filariasis treatment in all ten clinical scenarios. Its drug recommendations were in line with current medical research and literature. Despite the lack of particular treatment regimens, ChatGPT’s general ideas proved useful for healthcare practitioners, providing insights and updates on prospective drug repurposing tactics. Interpretation & conclusion: ChatGPT shows promise as a useful method for repurposing drugs in the treatment of filariasis. Its thorough and brief responses make it useful for finding possible pharmacological candidates. However, it is critical to recognize limitations of ChatGPT, such as requirement for additional clinical information and the inability to change therapy. Further research and development is required to optimize its use in filariasis therapy settings.

The Thymus L. genus species are extremely widespread in temperate countries and number up to 200 main wild plants, of which up to 50 have been identified in the modern Ukraine flora. Extracts from the official species of the Thymus L. genus are part of effective herbal preparations with pronounced anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. A promising direction of modern phytochemical research is the determination of the presence and accumulation of biologically active ascorbic acid in the herbs of widespread wild and cultivated species of the Thymus L. genus. The aim of the work is to determine the presence and accumulation of biologically active L-ascorbic acid in the herbs of four widespread wild and cultivated species of the Thymus L. genus of Ukraine flora using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometry methods during vegetation season. Materials and methods. The research used herbs of four widespread wild and cultivated species of the Thymus L. genus of Ukraine flora during the growing season (June – August 2023). The presence and quantitative content of ascorbic acid were determined by TLC on a “Biostep” CD 60 densitometer (Germany) and spectrophotometry on a “Lambda 365’ device (USA). Results. TLC and spectrophotometry methods were used to determine the presence and quantitative content of ascorbic acid in the herbs of four widespread Thymus L. genus species of Ukraine flora during the growing season. Accumulation of the compound was higher during flowering of cultivated species than wild plants. For the herbs Thymus vulgaris L. up to 39.10 ± 3.88 mg%; Th. x citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. var. “Silver Queen” up to 36.19 ± 3.59 mg%. Conclusions. Considering the results obtained by TLC and spectrophotometry methods, it can be concluded that the determination of ascorbic acid presence and content in the Thymus L. species genus herbs is appropriate for obtaining cosmetology preparations with pronounced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerating activity for normal and problem skin.

Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion Natural herbs have been widely considered a reservoir for skin‐lightening ingredients, but discovery of the effective ingredients from herbs remains a large challenge.This research aimed to rapidly identify compounds with skin‐lightening activity in Chinese herbs.The structure information of herbal compounds was collected and selected from the open‐source data. High throughput virtual screening (HTVS) and Extra precision (XP) docking modes were used to screen for compounds that could bind to the mushroom tyrosinase involved in melanin synthesis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were introduced to assess the binding stability of those compounds with the key target protein. The candidate compounds found by this kind of multidimensional molecular screening were finally tested for their ability to inhibit pigmentation and potential toxicity using an in vivo zebrafish animal model.A Natural Compounds Database was established with 5616 natural compounds. Fourteen compounds with favorable binding capability were screened by the XP docking mode with mushroom tyrosinase and five compounds among them were found to have superior dynamic binding performance through MD simulations. Then the Zebrafish animal experiments revealed that two components, sennoside B (SB) and sennoside C (SC), could significantly inhibit melanogenesis rather than the other three compounds. Meanwhile, there were no obvious side effects observed in SB and SC about the morphology, heart rate, or body length of zebrafish.A strategy for rapid screening of compounds with whitening activity has been established, and two potent skin‐lightening compounds, SB and SC, have been identified from a vast library of herbal compounds. This study revealed that SB and SC have potential for topical use in skin lightening for the first time. The findings of this study would provide an important theoretical basis for the application of these two compounds in the cosmetic field in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation demonstrates that the application of MEL (0, 1, and 2 μmol L−1) mitigates the effects of Cr stress 0 (no Cr), 50 and 100 mg kg−1 on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants. Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Cr concentration in the soil induced a significant decrease in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, net photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance by 36%, 24%, 17%, 64%, 27%, 23%, 19%, 29%, 36%, 18%, 73%, 83%, and 43% respectively. Results findings also showed that the increasing Cr stress in the soil significantly (p< 0.05) decreases calcium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus contents by 69%, 51%, 89%, and 109% respectively in the roots and decreased by 164%, 97%, 66%, and 124% respectively in the shoots. However, Cr toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of oxidative stress indicators. Although activities of various antioxidative enzymes and their specific gene expression and also the nonenzymatic antioxidants initially increased up to a Cr level of 50 μM but decreased gradually with the further increase in the Cr level of 100 μM in the medium, compared to those plants which were grown in the control treatment. Results also revealed that the soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and nonreducing sugar were decreased in plants grown under elevating Cr levels but increased the Cr accumulation in the roots and shoots of C. sativum. Although results also illustrated that the application of MEL also decreased Cr toxicity in C. sativum by increasing antioxidant capacity and their gene expression and thus improved the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, and decrease oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of C. sativum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most extensively grown species of the monogeneric, Moringaceae family, which is native to south Asia, is Moringa oleifera, sometimes known as "The Miracle Tree." The medium-sized agroforestry tree Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is native to south Asia but has now naturalized in many other nations. Moringa is also thought to be a treatment for malnutrition. It has several pharmacological characteristics, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anti-cancer effects. It was discovered that every portion of the plant contains bioactive components. To far, over a hundred chemicals, comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes, have been identified from various sections of Moringa oleifera. These leaves have been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. These leaves have the potential to avert the plague of starvation and associated illnesses due to their potent nutritional content. In this article, we will keep an eye on Moringa Oleifera Plant overview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a prevalent mental illness. In addition to being a substantial contribution to the overall global disease burden, depression is one of the main causes of disability worldwide. Complementary therapies are necessary because of the drawbacks of standard antidepressant therapy, including side effects, even though the former can help reduce depression symptoms and avoid relapse of the illness. Because they have fewer side effects and are less expensive than other therapies for depression, herbal medications have drawn a lot of interest recently. Compared to synthetic medications, herbal plants have fewer adverse effects and exhibit antidepressant properties. As such, they may be able to help people who are depressed. Because herbs have fewer adverse effects than conventional drugs, many people prefer them for symptom treatment. If traditional medications aren't working for you because of side effects, poor efficacy, or accessibility issues, using phytomedicine can be a good alternative. This review will concentrate on herbs that are used to cure depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepal harbors many ethnomedicinal plants distributed throughout the country's diverse geography. It is crucial to document plants' ethnobotanical knowledge for further research and conservation. This study aimed to conduct a quantitative ethnobotanical analysis of the medicinal plants used in the Varagung Muktichhetra Rural Municipality of Mustang District, Nepal. Data were collected through a household survey (N = 101), using snowball sampling with 40% sampling intensity, 12 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The data was analyzed using different quantitative tools: Informant consensus factor (Fic), Fidelity Level (FL), and Use Values (UV). A total of 54 medicinal plants belonging to 32 families were documented, which were used to treat 40 different ailments. The family Asteraceae represented the maximum number of plants being used. Herbs were most frequently used (59%), and root (n =10) was the most used plant part. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora was the most frequently used and preferred species (FL = 65% and UV = 0.62). Fever (Fic = 0.88) and gastrointestinal disorder (Fic = 0.86) were the major ailment categories treated. Oral (76%) was the main route of administration of medicines in the body, and the most used form of medicine preparation was paste (46%). Unsustainable harvesting, illegal collection, and forest fire were the major threats to medicinal plants and were highly significant after applying the non-parametric Friedman test. Enactment of a policy that focuses on conservation, sustainable harvesting, and domestication of highly valued medicinal plants is recommended to policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide an understanding of the influence of eugenol on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes (HLM). Specific substrate for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 were incubated in HLM with or without eugenol. The formation of their respective metabolites was assessed with HPLC analytical methods. Eugenol at 1, 10 and 100 µM levels inhibited the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 by 23.38 %, 23.57 %, 39.80 % and 62.82 %, 63.27 %, 67.70 % respectively. While, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity was decreased by 40.70 %, 45.88 %, 62.68 % and 37.41 %, 42.58 % and 67.86 % at 1, 10 and 100 µM eugenol level respectively. The IC50 value of eugenol for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 was calculated as 11.09 ± 3.49 µM and 13.48 ± 3.86 µM respectively. Potential herb-drug interactions was noted when eugenol is administered simultaneously with medications metabolized by these enzymes, most notably CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.

Pineapple weed (Matricaria discoidea DC.) is a widespread plant in Europe and North America. In ethnomedicine, it is well-known for its anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic activities. The aim of this research was to develop novel methods of M. discoidea processing to obtain essential oil and dry extracts and to investigate their phytochemical compositions. Moreover, the molecular docking of the main substances and the in vivo studies on their soporific and analgesic activities were conducted. The essential oil and two dry extracts from M. discoidea were prepared. A total of 16 phenolic compounds (seven flavonoids, seven hydroxycinnamic acids, and two phenolic acids) in the dry extracts were identified by means of UPLC-MS/MS. In the essential oil, nine main terpenoids were identified by gas chromatography (GC). It was shown that phenolic extraction from the herb was successful when using 70% ethanol in a triple extraction method and at a ratio of 1:14–1:16. The in vivo studies with rodents demonstrated the analgesic activity of the M. discoidea extracts and improvements in the sleep of animals. The dry extracts of M. discoidea did not show any toxicity. The molecular docking analysis showed a high probability of COX-1,2 inhibition and NMDA receptor antagonism by the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Miliusa velutina should be conserved and protected since it belongs to an endangered or critically endangered genus. • Endophytes associated with the plant can reduce harvesting and are promising sources of bioactive compounds. • Pantoea sp., can generate bioactive compounds and optimal conditions to boost bacterial productivity was identified. • Provide knowledge about endophytic bacteria producing bioactive compounds and the fermentation of endophytic bacteria. • Modify to apply the bacterium to vast fermentation to develop novel drugs and functional foods produced by fermentation. Miliusa velutina (MV) antioxidants are being used for food or medical purposes, However, the use of the plant is limited since some Miliusa genus are endangered or critically endangered species. This study aims to find the MV endophytic bacteria that can produce the antioxidants (total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power (RP); and ferric reducing antioxidative power (FRAP)) and their optimum fermentation condition by utilizing morphology, SEM, 16S rRNA, and CCD model. Results found that 44 endophytic bacterial strains isolated from various parts of the plant showed promising antioxidative activities, with the highest produced by Pantoea sp. MV-R3. The model indicated that 15.41 g/L of glucose in pH 7.72 at 29.19 °C for 46.54 h was the optimal fermentation condition. The maximal activities reached 89.1 % to 129.0 % compared with the predictions. The activities of TPC, TFC, TAC, RP, and FRAP were 41.54 ± 7.69, 33.18 ± 4.55, 207.36 ± 30.89, 119.55 ± 14.34, and 57.02 ± 9.15 mg per mL, respectively. Hence, the MV endophyte and its optimum fermentation condition were successfully identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hirsutism is a condition that can have medical, social, and psychological implications, affecting 5% to 10% of women worldwide. Management options include cosmetic procedures and pharmacological interventions. However, medications used to treat hirsutism can have side effects, ranging from mild symptoms like nausea and headaches to more serious complications such as vascular clots, heart attacks, hepatotoxicity, osteoporosis, and effeminization of a male fetus. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential benefits of medicinal plants on hirsutism as a complementary approach, specifically whether they can be used as adjuvants to cosmetic procedures. Databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI, SID, and Mag Iran have been checked with related keywords from 2000 to 2023. Moreover, related articles were isolated. In total, ten trials were identified in the search. The results suggested that various herbs, including fennel, licorice, spearmint, saw palmetto, green tea, combination of Zingiber and neem, curcumin, and teupolioside have the potential as herbal remedies for hirsutism. However, further extensive well-designed studies involving a large sample size on the most promising herbs are necessary to determine their efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Medicine (CM) has been widely used as an important avenue for disease prevention and treatment in China especially in the form of CM prescriptions combining sets of herbs to address patients' symptoms and syndromes. However, the selection and compatibility of herbs are complex and abstract due to intrinsic relationships between herbal properties and their overall functions. Network analysis is applied to demonstrate the complex relationships between individual herbal efficacy and the overall function of CM prescriptions. To illustrate their connections and correlations, prescription function (PF), prescription herb (PH), and herbal efficacy (HE) intranetworks are proposed based on CM theory to identify relationships between herbs and prescriptions. These three networks are then connected by PF-PH and PH-HE interlayer networks adopting herb dosage to form a multidimensional heterogeneous network, a Prescription-Herb-Function Network (PHFN). The network is applied to 112 classic prescriptions from Treatise on Exogenous Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases to illustrate the application of PHFN. The PHFN is constructed including 146 functions in PF intra network, 89 herbs in the PH intra network, and 163 herbal efficacies in the HE intra network. The results show that herb pairs with synergistic actions have stronger relevance, such as licorice-cassia twig, licorice-Chinese date, fresh ginger-Chinese date, etc. The integration of dosage to the network helps to indicate the main herbs for cluster analysis and automatic formulation. PHFN also reveals the internal relationships between the functions of prescriptions and composed herbal efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EM), also known as Zhengjia in traditional Chinese medicine, is a common disease that significantly impacts women's health. An integrated treatment approach combining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine has demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in the management of this condition. Specifically, it has been effective in addressing blood circulation and other diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are molecules important in gene regulation, have been implicated in various physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, we systematically summarized the potential mechanisms underlying the integrated EM treatment, with a focus on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs). Current research suggests that integrated TCM and western medicine treatment may exert their therapeutic effects on EM by influencing the expression of miRNAs. Through miRNA modulation, such a treatment approach may inhibit the growth of ectopic lesions and alleviate clinical symptoms. This review will shed light on the specific miRNAs that have been implicated in the integrated treatment of EM, as well as their potential mechanisms of action. By consolidating the existing evidence, we aim to provide clinicians and researchers with a clearer understanding of the therapeutic benefits of the integrated approach and potentially identify new avenues for improving clinical treatment outcomes. Ultimately, this review will contribute to the growing body of knowledge in this field, providing a basis for further research and the development of more targeted and efficient treatment strategies for EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark circles and puffy eyes affect people of all ages due to factors like lifestyle choices, aging, medical conditions, and genetics. This study examines four herbal remedies--cucumber, chamomile tea bags, witch hazel, and arnica for treating these concerns and evaluates first-year pharmacy students' knowledge and opinions on these remedies. Despite the prevalence of products containing these ingredients, scientific literature supporting their efficacy, particularly for chamomile tea bags and arnica, is scarce. A survey with 5 knowledge-based and 5 opinion-based questions was conducted among 36 participants. Results showed a 75.4% correct answer rate for knowledge-based questions, with most participants (97.1%) acknowledging the variability in effectiveness and the importance of consulting healthcare professionals. However, opinion-based questions revealed a negative attitude towards herbal remedies, with over 77.1% disagreeing with their potential benefits, especially for cucumber and chamomile tea bags. Lower but still significant disagreement was observed for arnica (71.4%) and witch hazel (63.6%). These findings underscore the importance of educating participants about remedies for dark circles and puffy eyes, particularly for less understood remedies like witch hazel. Overall, participants were skeptical about natural remedies for dark circles, aligning with the need for evidence-based treatments in this area (as highlighted in the literature). Future research should prioritize proven treatments, while pharmacy curricula should adapt to the growing use of natural herbs, empowering pharmacists to guide patients responsibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for quantitative determination of pinocembrin in herb of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The content of the dominant flavonoid pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone) in G. glabra herb varied from 0.39 ± 0.007% to 1.28 ± 0.022%. The error of a single determination of the pinocembrin content in G. glabra herb was ±6.30% with confidence probability 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractContext Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a tonic herb used in ancient Asia.Objective This study investigated the antifatigue effect of P. ginseng on chronic fatigue rats.Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model and EEP (ethanol extraction of P. ginseng roots) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups (n = 8). The rats were subcutaneously handled with loaded swimming once daily for 26 days, except for the control group. The animals were intragastrically treated with EEP from the 15th day. On day 30, serum, liver and muscles were collected, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was evaluated.Results The swimming times to exhaust of the rats with EEP were significantly longer than that without it. EEP spared the amount of muscle glycogen, hepatic glycogen and blood sugar under the chronic state. In addition, EEP significantly (p

Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most popular herbal plants used globally in the food and pharmaceutical industries and as an ornamental plant. It is highly valued for the rich content of active substances, whose amount depends on environmental and anthropogenic factors. The type of fertilizer used is an important determinant of the yield and quality of the herb and the soil environment. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of natural fertilizers (granulated cattle manure and granulated chicken manure) applied at different doses (50, 100, 150, 200 g m −2 ) on the quantity and quality of the yield of common basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in the temperate climate of Lublin Upland. The applied doses of manure had a significant effect on the fresh weight of O. basilicum L. A significant effect of the type and dose of manure on the content of L-ascorbic acid was found. Additionally, the fertilizer dose had a significant effect on the extract content in the analyzed plants. Significantly higher basil yields were achieved in the fertilization variant with 50 g m −2 and 100 g m −2 of the manure. The concentration of essential oil in the plants did not change under the influence of the applied manure dose. The experimental factors did not exert an effect on the content of essential oil with its main component (linalool), total nitrogen, and protein in basil plants. The highest content of linalool (78.22%) in the O. basilicum L. herb was determined in the variant with chicken manure fertilization at the dose of 150 g m 2 .

This study investigated the mosquito-repelling ability of folkloric indigenous plants by phytochemical extraction using three distinct methods. The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using thin-layer chromatography. The average powder weights of Citrus maxima (CM), Eleocharisdulcis plantaginea (EP), and Thespesia populnea (TP) were 154.33, 156.67, and 153.78 mg/g dry weight, respectively, and are substantially different from the other ten species (p=0.05). However, this technique did not affect the extract yield. The region of interest (ROI) values for the antioxidant activity of these three species were 328.9, 924.0, and 735.0, respectively. The repellent activities of the CM, TP, and EP extracts were significantly lower than those of DEET; however, the repellent activities of the mixed extract did not differ (p=0.05). This study found that indigenous plants commonly used in the region have mosquito-repellant and antioxidant properties. Combining the three extracts would yield the same activity as DEET, an ingredient used in commercial mosquito repellents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the determination of cosmosiin in herb of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed. The content of the dominant flavonoid cosmosiin (apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) in yarrow herb varied from 0.52 ± 0.01% to 0.66 ± 0.02%. The error of a single determination of the cosmosiin content in A. millefolium herb was ±5.28% with confidence probability 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a tonic herb used in ancient Asia. This study investigated the antifatigue effect of P. ginseng on chronic fatigue rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model and EEP (ethanol extraction of P. ginseng roots) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups (n = 8). The rats were subcutaneously handled with loaded swimming once daily for 26 days, except for the control group. The animals were intragastrically treated with EEP from the 15th day. On day 30, serum, liver and muscles were collected, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was evaluated. The swimming times to exhaust of the rats with EEP were significantly longer than that without it. EEP spared the amount of muscle glycogen, hepatic glycogen and blood sugar under the chronic state. In addition, EEP significantly (p < 0.05) decreased serum triglycerides (1.24 ± 0.17, 1.29 ± 0.04 and 1.20 ± 0.21 vs. 1.58 ± 0.13 mmol/L) and total cholesterol (1.64 ± 0.36, 1.70 ± 0.15 and 1.41 ± 0.19 vs. 2.22 ± 0.19 mmol/L) compared to the model group. Regarding the regulation of energy, EEP had a positive impact on promoting ATPase activities and relative protein expression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our results suggested that EEP effectively relieved chronic fatigue, providing evidence that P. ginseng could be a potential dietary supplement to accelerate recovery from fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the role of natural herbs used in the treatment of lung cancer based on literature data and the results of research. Plants have long been used in the treatment of cancer and continue to be the main source of new drugs. About two-thirds of anticancer treatments are derived from plants. More research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of herbal medicines for cancer treatment. All evidence to date suggests that it may have significant benefits for cancer patients. Substances isolated from various medicinal plants have also been extensively studied for their activity against lung cancer. These plants have both nutritional and medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Total 14 shrubs, 17 climbers & 30 herbs species were found in different sites. • Understory population was higher in degraded forest. • Soil macro and micro nutrients was lowest in the degraded forest. • Herb community dominated the understory stratum. • Degraded forest seems to be hostile for understory than other forest stands. The present study deals with the understory structure, diversity, and soil macro and micronutrients in various forest stands of the Duldula forest in northern Chhattisgarh. Forest stands include four natural (dense, moderately dense, regenerated, and degraded forests) and one plantation (teak). Stratified random sampling methods were used to evaluate the phytosociological attributes of shrubs, climbers, and herbs in various forest stands. Soil samples were analyzed for macro and micronutrients at two different depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). A total of 14 shrubs, 17 climbers, and 30 herb species representing 9, 8, and 12 families, respectively were recorded from various forest stands. The total density value of shrubs, climbers, and herbs ranged between 600 and 1760 individuals ha−1, 320–5240 individuals ha−1, and 356,000–684,000 individuals ha−1, respectively for different forest stands. Shannon index values for shrub, climber, and herb ranged between 0.78–2.88, 1.68–2.45, and 2.57–3.59, respectively. The soil of the study area was found to be acidic in nature with moderate levels of organic carbon (%), macro, and micronutrient status. Considering the total density value of various forests stands highest number of shrubs, climbers, and herbs were recorded in degraded forests which indicates the process of degradation facilitates the growth of understory vegetation in comparison to tree species. In most cases, the soil attributes were higher in dense forests. This, therefore, indicates that sustainable management of the soil is essential for the restoration of degraded forests to a natural condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination of water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs (ffFVHs) is a global concern. The most relevant microbial hazards associated with this water are: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., human pathogenic Escherichia coli and enteric viruses, which have been linked to multiple outbreaks associated with ffFVHs in the European Union (EU). Contamination (i.e. the accumulation of microbiological hazards) of the process water during post‐harvest handling and processing operations is affected by several factors including: the type and contamination of the FVHs being processed, duration of the operation and transfer of microorganisms from the product to the water and vice versa, etc. For food business operators (FBOp), it is important to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water to assure the safety of ffFVHs. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygienic practices (GHP) related to a water management plan and the implementation of a water management system are critical to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water. Identified hygienic practices include technical maintenance of infrastructure, training of staff and cooling of post‐harvest process water. Intervention strategies (e.g. use of water disinfection treatments and water replenishment) have been suggested to maintain the microbiological quality of process water. Chlorine‐based disinfectants and peroxyacetic acid have been reported as common water disinfection treatments. However, given current practices in the EU, evidence of their efficacy under industrial conditions is only available for chlorine‐based disinfectants. The use of water disinfection treatments must be undertaken following an appropriate water management strategy including validation, operational monitoring and verification. During operational monitoring, real‐time information on process parameters related to the process and product, as well as the water and water disinfection treatment(s) are necessary. More specific guidance for FBOp on the validation, operational monitoring and verification is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper aims to reveal an inventory, an interpretation and a statistical analysis of Romanian names of plants which implicates the term „iarbă” (herb, grass), spread through the botanical terminology, a phenomenon which, as considered by E. Coşeriu is not enough highlighted (given that the individual speaker became creator of language / poetry whenever he named a flower. Botanical popular terminology has primarily a practical value, designating, distinguishing and categorizing elements of the plant kingdom within the given natural reign, but also has a high theoretical significance, especially for linguists, both by the ethimons to which they send back and by the metaphorical meanings the phytonims mostly have. Phytonys could be an important starting point in any kind of research, as they constitute a true linguistic and cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) from twigs and leaves of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl are isolated using the steam distillation method. This study aims to investigate physicochemical properties, such as freezing point, acid/saponification/ester value, relative/absolute density, and fragrance retention. Chemical profile of the oil was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 21 major compounds were detected. The results showed that the highest main component is (E)-cinnamaldehyde (88.05%) with the predominance of phenylpropanoids (90.71%). The antioxidant capacity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 435.961 mg/mL. In addition, the disk diffusion test is used to screen EO for antibacterial activity and the results revealed that the cinnamon EO also possesses excellent antibacterial activities (AA) against several foodborne bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus). Strong bacterial inhibitory effects in the present study show the broad application potential of this material in the food industry in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: In deserts, some shrubs can facilitate their associated herbaceous communities. Here we tested the hypothesis that such a positive effect of shrubs may be mediated by their roles in modifying soil biotic and abiotic properties. Methods: To test these hypotheses, we first compared herbaceous plant communities and soil properties (soil resources and soil organisms) underneath and outside shrubs of five Caragana species. Then we analyzed relationships between the shrub-mediated facilitation effects on herbaceous communities and the effects of shrubs on soil properties. We also tested the effects of soil conditioned by the shrubs on growth of herbaceous plants and estimated the contribution of the soil properties to facilitation. Results: In the desert, the Caragana shrubs facilitated their associated herbaceous communities via accumulating more soil resources and soil organisms and conserving more rainwater at shallow soil layers beneath than outside their canopies. Alterations in the distribution patterns of soil resources and soil organisms were significantly correlated with the facilitation effects of the shrubs on the herbaceous communities. The soil factors with important contribution were humidity (path coefficient (PC): 0.389), nutrients (PC: 0.318), organisms (PC: 0.213) and enzymes (PC: 0.122). Conclusion: Shrub-mediated horizontal and vertical distributions of soil resources and soil organisms is important drivers of their facilitation effects on the associated herbaceous communities in deserts. Thus, shrubs play an important role as ecosystem engineers in soil resource redistribution and soil organism community establishment, which can influence the assembly of herbaceous plant communities in hyper-arid regions such as deserts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indo-Pacific Region has a rich diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from the Zingiberaceae family in exemplary, is one of the valuable sources for condiment, ornamental and medicinal purposes. This perennial herb can be found growing in clumps of aromatic rhizomes with their distinctive inflorescences, borne on erect stalks and showy bracts. Their torch-like flowers are edible, usually appeared during the second year of cultivation and continuous harvesting is feasible for the flower production. The varieties of torch ginger with pink-color flowers are often cultivated compared to white and red flower varieties due to the market demand. Interestingly, almost every part of this herb produces certain percentages of beneficial phytochemicals. In this review, the botanical aspects of torch ginger as well as their progresses in usage and properties in different forms as fresh, extract and essential oils have been conversing with respect to their plant parts. Major compounds found in torch ginger are phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. Those compounds correlate with the significant health benefits of torch ginger such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antihyperuricemic, antiallergic, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic as well as their cosmeceutical potential in skin care application. Moreover, the prominent pharmacological activities of this herb with particular attention to the chemical composition also have been uncovered, suggesting the substantial medicinal benefits of torch ginger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is one of the common orthopaedic diseases, characterised by increased bone fragility due to reduced bone mass and microstructural degeneration, posing a great threat to patients' quality of life and safety. In recent years, Chinese medicine (natural) has had a unique advantage in the treatment of osteoporosis and has shown good efficacy. Autophagy is an inherent cellular survival mechanism for the removal and recycling of damaged proteins and organelles and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment and organ function. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of these Chinese medicines (natural) for the treatment of osteoporosis through autophagy. They have been intensively studied and reported to have effects such as promoting osteogenesis and anti-bone resorption. The Chinese medicines include plants such as Cistanche deserticola, Epimedium, Curculigo orchioides Gaertn, Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Leonurus japonicus Houtt, Ginseng, Chuanxiong Rhizome, Eucommia ulmoides, Morindae Officinalis Radix, Curcuma longa, Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and Pueraria Lobata, thus providing evidence for the use of alternative herbal therapies for the effective treatment of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fundamental issues in modern pharmacy is the expansion of the range of medications based on plant-derived raw materials with specific targeted effects. An example of such a plant is the woolly-flowered milkvetch (Astragalus dasyanthus Pall.). This perennial herbaceous medicinal plant belongs to the Fabaceae family and is listed in the Red Book of Europe. Astragalus dasyanthus Pall. is cultivated for pharmaceutical purposes. The herb of a plant exhibits sedative, cardiotonic, hypotensive, and diuretic effects, as well as hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. The herb of Astragalus dasyanthus Pall. contains polysaccharides (arabinose, bassorin), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), glycyrrhizin, starch, and triterpenoid saponins, which contribute to the broad spectrum of the plant’s pharmacological activity. Continuing the investigation of this plant, it is advisable to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of organic and fatty acids. By the HPLC method, the following organic acids were identified and determined quantitative content: tartaric (8.68 mg/g), citric (7.69 mg/g), oxalic (6.90 mg/g), succinic (5.01 mg/g), isocitric (1.30 mg/g), and malic (0.49 mg/g). The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined by the GC/MS method. The Astragalus dasyanthus Pall. herb contained seven fatty acids. High concentrations of fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid (4.16 mg/g), linoleic acid (1.73 mg/g), and stearic acid (1.14 mg/g) predominate in woolly-flowered milkvetch. The character of many processes in which these organic and fatty acids take part may be associated with the medicinal properties of this plant pursuant to its use in medicine and, therefore, may contribute to the insight into its therapeutic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregano is a herb that is found in the wild in different parts of the world. The stick represents about 60% of the plant and is biodegradable, using lactic acid as a binding agent for the oregano stick. Waste oregano stick can be used to make biodegradable material which provides sustainable development in support and promotion of the circular economy by reducing pollution generated by chemical economy by reducing pollution generated by chemical products, agricultural waste, or products that accumulate in the environment spending years for its degradability. The originality of this project is present in the use of the oregano stick, a natural product which supplies the physicochemical characteristics of conventional raw materials used in the manufacture of wood. Oregano was collected and dried to separate the leaves from the stick. The stick was then ground, sieved at 0.118 mm and 0.025 mm, and then treated with one of two binders. For treatment 1, three samples were prepared with varying lactic acid concentrations and stick quantities with the addition of 0.3 mL of 2,2 azobisiso-butyronitrile (AIBN) 1% by weight. In treatment 2, three samples were prepared with varying polyvinyl acetate concentrations, diluted in acetone, stirred, poured into a mold, and placed in an oven at a temperature of 90 °C for 36 h. Bending and compression mechanical tests were performed on all samples; the data were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance and Tukey test. The sample that performed the best had a value of 1.148 mm and 0.77333 kN in mechanical resistance and less elongation in compression. This sample also had a value of 0.8183 and a kN of 0.1559 with a lower mean, meaning higher resistance to bending. This sample also had the best results from the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) test with a value of 5.9958 MPas/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the advancements in bioinformatics, drugs, and other interventions that modulate microbes to treat diseases have been emerging continuously. In recent years, an increasing number of databases related to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or gut microbes have been established. However, a database combining the two has not yet been developed. To accelerate TCM research and address the traditional medicine and micro ecological system connection between short board, we have developed the most comprehensive micro-ecological database of TCM. This initiative includes the standardization of the following advantages: (1) A repeatable process achieved through the standardization of a retrieval strategy to identify literature. This involved identifying 419 experiment articles from PubMed and six authoritative databases; (2) High-quality data integration achieved through double-entry extraction of literature, mitigating uncertainties associated with natural language extraction; (3) Implementation of a similar strategy aiding in the prediction of mechanisms of action. Leveraging drug similarity, target entity similarity, and known drug-target entity association, our platform enables the prediction of the effects of a new herb or acupoint formulas using the existing data. In total, MicrobeTCM includes 171 diseases, 725 microbes, 1468 herb-formulas, 1032 herbs, 15780 chemical compositions, 35 acupoint-formulas, and 77 acupoints. For further exploration, please visit https://www.microbetcm.com.

Background: Low-salt dietary management is a strategy for maintaining the health of the elderly. However, the elderly face the challenge of reducing salt consumption because of taste changes associated with aging. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using herbs and spices for low-salt dietary management and its effect on taste sensitivity and preferences among the elderly. Methods: The study involved 54 nursing home residents with a mean age of 71 ± 8.2 years. Taste preference data were collected from self-reported questionnaires, whereas salty taste sensitivity was measured using the sodium chloride detection threshold (DT) using a forced-choice method with three different concentrations (0.1709, 0.3418, and 0.6837 M). Culinary preference was evaluated using three different formulas: F1 (regular salt), F2 (50% sodium reduction), and F3 (50% sodium reduction with herbs and spices addition). The assessed items included three side dishes (braised chicken, marinated tempeh, and spiced tofu) and three snacks (tofu schotel, vegetable omelet, and mushroom shumai), and the assessment was conducted using a single-blind method. Results: The majority of the subjects liked the salty taste (75.9%) and had good taste sensitivity (81.5%), especially women (16.2% higher). Subjects preferred 50% reduced salt with herbs and spices, similar to standard, but least liked the salt-only reduction formula. Statistical analyses showed that there was an association between culinary preferences in F1 and F2 and salty taste preference (p 0.05). Increased levels of certain minerals were also found in all dishes. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that using herbs and spices is an effective method for low-salt dietary management in the elderly population and that taste preference plays a more important role in food selection than taste sensitivity.

ABSTRACTNatural ingredients are increasingly being used to prevent the formation of acrylamide during food processing. This study investigated the antioxidant activities of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Lippia adoensis var. adoensis (kesse), Lippia adoensis var. koseret (koseret), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), and Thymus schimperi (tosign) extracts and their acrylamide reduction effect in the asparagine-glucose model system. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods were used to calculate the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and phosphomolybdenum assay methods. Acrylamide contents of the samples were determined by a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-DAD) method. Kesse had the highest concentrations of TPC (30.20 ± 1.23 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of herb extract), TFC (15.87 ± 0.55 mg catechin equivalents per gram), and the strongest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 108 μg/mL). The amount of acrylamide formed during the frying process was decreased by a factor of 26.8% to 65.81% with the addition of dietary herb extracts to the asparagine-glucose reaction model. The amount of acrylamide formed from an asparagine-glucose reaction model containing herb extracts was negatively correlated with the total phenolic and total flavonoid content with, R2 values of 0.920 and 0.930. This study suggests a potential application of these dietary herb extracts as a natural antioxidant for lowering acrylamide formation during the Maillard reaction in fried food products.

Alopesia areata telah dikenal sejak 20 abad yang lalu, namun sampai saat ini penyebab pasti belum diketahui. Pengobatan terhadap alopesia areataAA banyak macamnya, baik pengobatan topikal, injeksi intralesi atau , sistemik, dll. Setiap dokter berusaha memberikan pengobatan sesuai dengan teori-teori etiologi yang dianutnya. Tujuan dari laporan kasus ini untuk menelaah penggunaan suplemen multivitamin dan mineral serta herbal pada kasus alopesia areataAA. Seorang laki-laki berusia 18 tahun datang ke rumah sakit (RS) untuk kontrol berkala atas keluhan kebotakan yang dialaminya. Pasien terdiagnosis alopesia areata (AA) sejak 3 tahun yang lalu. Selama rawat jalan, pasien pernah mendapatkan terapi injeksi kortikosteroid intralesi (KIL) dan topikal, laser diode, minoksidil 2% topical solusio, methisoprinol oral, antivirus oral, serta berbagai supplemen multivitamin dan mineral per oral. Meskipun pengetahuan terkait peran mikronutrien dan herbal pada alopesia areataAA terus berkembang, tetapi bukti ilmiah belum cukup untuk dapat dijadikan suatu rekomendasi klinis definitif seperti anjuran pemeriksaan kadar nutrien dalam darah secara rutin atau suplementasi sebagai terapi alopesia areata AA. Oleh karena itu, klinisi perlu memberikan edukasi yang baik kepada pasien terkait penggunaan suplemen dan bahan herbal untuk terapi alopesia areatapenyakit kulit.

The Thymus serpyllum L. is a widespread in the steppe bioсenosеs of southern and eastern Ukraine. It is well cultivated in specialized farms. A promising direction of modern phytochemical research of wild and cultivated Thymus L. species is the determination of the accumulation of biologically active polyphenolic compounds that exhibit pronounced biological activity. The purpose of the work is to determine the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds in Thymus serpyllum L. herb at the flowering using TLC and HPLC methods. The Thymus serpyllum L. herb was harvested in steppe biocenoses of southern and eastern Ukraine at the flowering, during the period of biologically active polyphenolic compounds maximum accumulation. For experimental studies, alcohol extracts from Thymus serpyllum L. herb (1:100) were used. The substances component composition was studied by TLC method Biostep CD 60 densitometer (Germany) and HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC System Open LABCDS Software (Japan). TLC and HPLC methods revealed up to 25 polyphenolic compounds. Experimentally were determined 13 flavonoids and 12 hydroxycinnamic acids. All these biologically active compounds are well known in modern phytotherapy for their pronounced antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. During the flowering period up to 25 polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the ethanolic extract (1:100) obtained from Thymus serpyllum L. herbal raw material. Of these, 13 compounds were attributed to flavonoids with a defined total content (0.3 mg/100 mg) and 12 to hydroxycinnamic acids (0.9 mg/100 mg). The highest accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids in the Thymus serpyllum L. herbal raw material were characterized by rosmarinic acid (12.77 + 1.19%), chlorogenic acid (8.55 + 0.79%) and p-coumaric acid (7.41 + 0.69%). Of flavonoids, the highest content were established for rutin (8.45 + 0.79%), luteolin (3.87 + 0.37%), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3.86 ± 0.33%), apigenin-7,4'-diglucoside (3.86 ± 0.32%), quercetin (3.85 ± 0.34%) and apigenin (3.81 ± 0.36%). The results obtained by TLC and HPLC methods indicate the perspective of polyphenolic compounds research for the purpose of determining the biological activity of extracts and carrying out the standardization of Thymus serpyllum L. herb. The study of the polyphenolic compounds accumulation in the Thymus serpyllum L. plant raw materials is important for this standardization and obtaining effective phytopreparations.

The Kazakhstan flora is rich in promising poorly-studied plants, which are traditionally used in folk medicine, but their introduction into medical practice requires additional in-depth research using modern scientific methods. Alfredia nivea KAR&KIR of the Asteraceae family, which is used in folk medicine as a neurotropic agent, is an interesting object for introduction into official medical and pharmaceutical practice. Aim. To create new medicines based on Alfredia nivea herb, it is necessary to develop methods for quality control of this raw material, therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the parameters for standardization of the Alfredia nivea KAR & KIR. herb. Materials and methods. The study objects were samples of the A. nivea herb collected in Kungei Alatau, 4.3 km southeast of the Karabulak village, Eastern Karabulak canyon, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan. The macroscopic and microscopic studies of the A. nivea herb were performed according to the methodology of the European pharmacopeia (EuPh) 2.8.23 “Microscopic examination of the medicinal plant raw material”. The macroscopic studies were performed using a magnifying glass and a MBS-9 binocular microscope, the microscopic studies were done using MS Microscopes 10 (oculars X5, X10, X15, lenses x10, x40), Micromed XS-4130 (oculars WF15X, lenses x40/0.65, x10/0.25) with a microphotonozzle (China). Identification of the main substances was carried out by the TLC method, testing and the quantitative determination of the flavonoid content were performed according to the EuPh methods. Results and discussion. Morphological and anatomical features of the A. nivea herb have been determined; on their basis Identifications A and B have been proposed; TLC Identification C of the main BAS of the raw material has been developed; indicators of purity tests have been determined. It has been proposed to carry out the quantitative determination by the content of flavonoids. Conclusions. The parameters of the A. nivea herb standardization have been determined on the basis of the following indicators: macroscopic and microscopic features, TLC identification of the main BAS of the raw material (hyperoside, rutin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid), related impurities (not more than 2 %), stems with a diameter of more than 20 mm (not more than 10 %), the loss on drying (not more than 13 %), the total ash (not more than 10 %) and at least 0.5 % flavonoids calculated with reference to rutin.

Background and objectives: Astragalus spp., have been used as a pain reliever in traditional medicine; therefore, in this study, we decided to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of Astragalus ecbatanus chloroform extract (AECE) in acute and chronic pain in male mice. Methods: The extract was obtained from aerial parts of A. ecbatanus with maceration method. The antinociceptive effect of AECE was determined by tail-flick, hot-plate, formalin, and rotarod tests followed by the oral intake of mice with AECE at the doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 14 days in male Balb/C mice. Results: The results showed AECE at the concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/kg revealed a mean latency time of 6.4 and 7.2 s, respectively; representing a remarkable (p

Indo-Pacific Region has a rich diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from the Zingiberaceae family in exemplary, is one of the valuable sources for condiment, ornamental and medicinal purposes. This perennial herb can be found growing in clumps of aromatic rhizomes with their distinctive inflorescences, borne on erect stalks and showy bracts. Their torch-like flowers are edible, usually appeared during the second year of cultivation and continuous harvesting is feasible for the flower production. The varieties of torch ginger with pink-color flowers are often cultivated compared to white and red flower varieties due to the market demand. Interestingly, almost every part of this herb produces certain percentages of beneficial phytochemicals. In this review, the botanical aspects of torch ginger as well as their progresses in usage and properties in different forms as fresh, extract and essential oils have been conversing with respect to their plant parts. Major compounds found in torch ginger are phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. Those compounds correlate with the significant health benefits of torch ginger such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antihyperuricemic, antiallergic, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic as well as their cosmeceutical potential in skin care application. Moreover, the prominent pharmacological activities of this herb with particular attention to the chemical composition also have been uncovered, suggesting the substantial medicinal benefits of torch ginger.