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Infrared (IR) spectroscopic analysis systems provide advantages in characterizing organic compounds and polymeric material formulations. In this study, an FTIR analysis of makila wood-activated charcoal (Litsea Angulata B.L) was conducted to determine the relationship between wavenumber and the type of makila activated charcoal and the correlation of wavenumber with the quality of makila wood activated charcoal. Makila wood-activated charcoal is made in 2 stages: carbonization at a temperature of 500 ºC for 8 minutes and then starting at a temperature of 700 ºC for 60 minutes. The results of the independence test (14.722) showed that at the α=0.05 level (24.992), the wavenumber was not related to activated charcoal. The correlation between wavenumber and iodine adsorption capacity is negative and tends to be below; in the area of ​​wave number 400-1500 cm-1, it is -0.5476, and in the area of ​​wave number 1500-2000 cm-1 is -0.3931. While in the wavenumber region, 2500-4000 cm-1 is positive and tends to be low at 0.3660, and in the wavenumber region 2000-2500 cm-1, the value is zero (0) or there is no correlation. The correlation between wavenumber and benzene absorption is positive and tends to below, in the area of ​​wave number 400-1500 cm-1, it is 0.1902, and in the region of wave number 1500-2000 cm-1 is 0.3271. While in the wavenumber region 2500-4000 cm-1, the correlation is negative and tends to be high at -0.8310, and in the wavenumber region 2000-2500 cm-1, the value is zero (0) or there is no correlation.

Kulit batang sagu merupakan salah satu limbah padat pengolahan tepung sagu (Metroxylon sp) yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku arang aktif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat arang aktif kulit batang sagu yang dibuat melalui metode karbonisasi hidrotermal dan aktivasi steam. Pembuatan arang aktif didahului dengan pembuatan prekursor (bahan awal pembuatan arang aktif) melalui metode hidrotermal pada suhu 250 °C dan dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi pada suhu 800 °C selama 0, 60, 80, dan 100 menit. Pengujian proximat dan daya jerap iodin menggunakan standar SNI dan pengamatan struktur arang aktif menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen 45,90-55,70%, kadar air 5,82-7,06%, zat terbang 5,66-9,40%, kadar abu 12,24-14,54%, karbon terikat 78,36-79,80%, daya jerap iodin 455,59-759,86 mg.g-1, dan derajat kristalinitas 31,66-38,81%. Arang aktif terbaik adalah arang aktif kulit sagu perlakuan steaming 80 menit yang memiliki daya jerap iodin sesuai dengan SNI 06-3730-1995 yaitu ≥750 mg.g-1.

The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally friendly and carried out at low temperatures and pressure to reduce costs. Hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization are two kinds of biomass conversion that widely practiced in the current time. In this study, hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization was carried out using sago wastes in bark and pith form. The purpose of this research was to compare the charcoal properties between chars from hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. In this study, the carbonization process was conducted in two methods, i.e., hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed with a temperature of 250 °C for 4 h, using rotary digester with water as a medium. While the pyrolysis carbonization was conducted with a temperature of 400 °C for 5 h, using a vacuum electrically heated tube as a reactor. The characterization of chars performed was proximate and elemental analysis; iodine number; calorific value; Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET); and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Pyr-GC-MS). The results showed that the iodine adsorption capacity, surface area, and pore volume of chars from hydrothermal were higher than pyrolysis. In contrast, the calorific value of chars from pyrolysis was higher than the chars from hydrothermal. Based on results, chars from hydrothermal can be used as a precursor of activated charcoal specifically for adsorbent, while chars from pyrolysis are potential energy sources.

The quality of the cement board depends on the compatibility between cement and particles from lignocellulosic biomass. The purpose of this study was to determine the compatibility between cement and particles from four tropical wood namely mangium ( Acacia mangium Willd), teak ( Tectona grandis Linn. F.), gelam ( Melaleuca leucadendron (L.), dadap ( Erythrina variegat a L.), and sago stem ( Metroxylon sago Rottb.), and to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the mangium cement board produced by adding magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) as an accelerator. This research was conducted in two steps. The first step consisted of measuring the hydration temperature of a mixture of cement with particles from the four wood species and sago stems by adding magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), with variations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% based on the cement weight. Two types of mixtures from the first step were then used in the second step, namely the manufacture of cement board. The cement board was made using a weight ratio of mangium particles:cement:water of 1:2.7:1.35. The board is made with a target density of 1.2 g/cm 3 . Physical and mechanical testing refers to the ISO 8335-1987 standard. The results of the hydration temperature showed that all of the mixtures were classified into “low inhibition”, except for mixture between cement and mangium particles without a catalyst which was included in the classification of “moderate inhibition”. While the results of cement board tests indicate that the cement boards made from mangium wood particles with 5% MgCl 2 addition had better properties compared to mangium cement boards without catalysts.

Siruru H, Syafii W, Wistara I. N. J, Pari G. 2019. Characteristics of Metroxylon rumphii (pith and bark waste) from Seram Island, Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3517-3526. Sago (Metroxylon rumphii Martius) pith waste (SPW) and sago bark waste (SBW) are lignocellulosic materials that can be used for various needs directly or indirectly. It is necessary to understand SPW and SBW characteristics to maximize their utilization. In this study, we analyzed the proximate, ultimate, and crystallinity by XRD, the functional groups by FTIR, morphology by SEM, and the derivate analysis of hot water-soluble extractives by GCMS. The contents of SPW and SBW hot-water soluble extractive, lignin, and holocellulose were 57.7 and 4.9%, 6.1 and 29.4%, and 45.74 and 66.74%, respectively. The volatile matter, ash content, silica, fixed carbon, C, H, and O contents of the SPW and SBW were 81.48 and 84.56%, 1.30 and 3.04%, 1.25% and 2.03, 12.77 and 18.06%, 37.93 and 44.64%, 6.37 and 6.49%, and 47.75 and 51.10%, respectively. The degree of crystallinity of SPW was 15.04%, while that of SBW was 47.28%, where both have a monoclinic structure with the main peak by 2Ɵ 16° and 26°. SPW and SBW contained several minerals such as silica, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus. The surface morphology of the SPW was porous with a small diameter and thin cell wall, while that of SBW was covered by minerals. Nitrogen, alcohol, and sugar group compounds were found more in SPW, whereas phenol compound was more in SBW. SBW has high lignin content and SPW has a very large amount of hot water-soluble extractive.

Five Indonesian wood include sengon (Falcataria moluccana), manii (Maesopsis eminii), pinus (Pinus merkusii), duabanga (Duabanga mollucana) and maniani (Flindersia pimenteliana) were treated with polystyrene. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of treated wood. Air-dried samples were placed under vacuum at 600 mmHg for 30 minutes, which was followed by immersion in monomer styrene and pressure at 10 kg/cm2 used varied for 30, 60, and 90 minutes respectively. The wood samples were then wrapped in aluminium foil and placed in an oven at 103±2 °C for 24 hours. Furthermore, the aluminium foil was removed and the samples were weighed for polymer loading calculation. The test of impregnated wood conducted by refers to the British Standard BS 373:1957, comprised of moisture content, density, water absorption, shrinkage swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and hardness. Results showed that wood treatment with polystyrene could improve the physical and mechanical properties of wood.