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The animal gut microbiota is strongly influenced by environmental factors that shape their temporal dynamics. Although diet is recognized as a major driver of gut microbiota variation, dietary patterns have seldom been linked to gut microbiota dynamics in wild animals. Here, we analysed the gut microbiota variation between dry and rainy seasons across four Sceloporus species (S. aeneus, S. bicanthalis, S. grammicus and S. spinosus) from central Mexico in light of temporal changes in diet composition. The lizard microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes (now Bacillota) and Bacteroidota, and the closely related species S. aeneus and S. bicanthalis shared a great number of core bacterial taxa. We report species‐specific seasonal changes in gut microbiota diversity and composition: greater alpha diversity during the dry compared to the rainy season in S. bicanthalis, the opposite pattern in S. aeneus, and no seasonal differences in S. grammicus and S. spinosus. Our findings indicated a positive association between gut bacterial composition and dietary composition for S. bicanthalis and S. grammicus, but bacterial diversity did not increase linearly with dietary richness in any lizard species. In addition, seasonality affected bacterial composition, and microbial community similarity increased between S. aeneus and S. bicanthalis, as well as between S. grammicus and S. spinosus. Together, our results illustrate that seasonal variation and dietary composition play a role in shaping gut microbiota in lizard populations, but this is not a rule and other ecological factors influence microbiota variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet composition and its ecological drivers are rarely investigated in coexisting closely related species. We used a molecular approach to characterize the seasonal variation in diet composition in four spiny lizard species inhabiting a mountainous ecosystem. DNA metabarcoding revealed that the lizards Sceloporus aeneus, S. bicanthalis, S. grammicus, and S. spinosus mostly consumed arthropods of the orders Hemiptera, Araneae, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera. The terrestrial lizards S. aeneus and S. bicanthalis mostly predated ants and spiders, whereas the arboreal–saxicolous S. grammicus and saxicolous S. spinosus largely consumed grasshoppers and leafhoppers. The taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the prey was higher during the dry season than the rainy season, likely because reduced prey availability in the dry season forced lizards to diversify their diets to meet their nutritional demands. Dietary and phylogenetic composition varied seasonally depending on the species, but only dietary composition varied with altitude. Seasonal dietary turnover was greater in S. spinosus than in S. bicanthalis, suggesting site‐specific seasonal variability in prey availability; no other differences among species were observed. S. bicanthalis, which lives at the highest altitude in our study site, displayed interseasonal variation in diet breadth. Dietary differences were correlated with the species' feeding strategies and elevational distribution, which likely contributed to the coexistence of these lizard species in the studied geographic area and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons, but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota. We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments, that is, stomach, small intestine (midgut), and rectum (hindgut) with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus. The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, followed by midgut and feces, whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities. The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs (rs > 0.84 in all cases). The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca. More than half of the core‐ASVs in the midgut (24 of 32) and hindgut (58 of 97) were also found in feces, while less than 5 were found in the cloaca. At the ASVs level, however, the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca. Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota, while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this article is to determine the nature of a knot set named twotwist (m, n), where m, n are whole positive numbers, using the abelianization of its fundamental group on S3. First, a basic theory to define the concept of knots as topological objects was established. Then, a detailed description of a process named "Mechanical wheel", which was created and developed in this article to identify such abelianization, was provided. Lastly, a description of each twotwist for all m and n was attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico the National Institute of Statistic and Geography (INEGI) publishes a monthly indicator of business confidence (ICE) for various economic sectors using the Monthly Survey of Business Opinion (EMOE). In the present work reference is made only to the construction segment as it is one of the most sensitive sectors for the growth of the economy in Mexico. The official information issued by the INEGI about the ICE for this sector, is the result of the simple arithmetic mean of five qualitative indicators already projected and weighted. When applying the arithmetic mean at the end of the process to obtain an indicator of such importance, gives rise to the classic debate of applying this descriptive statistic in mean qualitative variables in Likert type questions. To overcome this problem, it is proposed to take the labels used in the answer options of the questions used in the EMOE questionnaire, to linguistic variables, where through the methodology of fuzzy inference systems, a Fuzzy Business Confidence Indicator (ICED) is obtained as a result. To validate the proposed system, the new fuzzy confidence indicators were calculated from January 2012 to February 2021 and compared to the official figures issued by the INEGI, obtaining similar results with the advantage that the indicators derived by the system, turned out to be higher or lower in general. What allows this path is to be more sensitive to changes in opinion among entrepreneurs, avoiding centralizing opinions by using the simple arithmetic mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If we want to reconstruct politics and resist being governed by neoliberalism, in this way, we must recognize our precarious condition, our finitude and, inevitably, the need we have for others in order to survive. The way out, in line with Butler's proposal, is a policy of alliances, which confronts the contemporary individualizing logic that inoculates the idea that there are lives that matter more than others and that, therefore, they are worthier of being lived and mourned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: obesity is a cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factor in adolescents. It represents a public health problem that requires simple diagnostic strategies based on the determination of anthropometric indicators (AIs) such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), conicity index (CONI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body fat percentage (BFP). The purpose of the current contribution was to analyze the utility of the aforementioned AIs for evaluating obesity as a CMR factor in Mexican adolescents. Materials and methods: the design of the study is descriptive and cross-sectional. Nutritional status was established by using various AIs and as a CMR factor under the criteria of WHtR. Participating in the present investigation were 2,000 adolescents from 15 to 17 years of age, of which 1,079 (53.9 %) were female and 921 (46.1 %) were male. All were high school students in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Results and conclusion: the prevalence of obesity was influenced by gender. With the WHtR and BFP, male students exhibited a greater prevalence of obesity, while with the BMI and CONI, the percentage of obesity was similar between the two genders. BMI was significantly correlated with BFP, WC and WHtR, and was one of the AIs with the greatest area under the curve, showing a good capacity to predict cardiometabolic risk. BMI is a simple and adequate tool for diagnosing obesity and predicting CMR in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficiency is a normative principle that aims to reorganise the configurations between production and consumption to reduce ecological overshoot and improve human well-being. At its heart is the notion of "living well on less," recognising the need to restructure resource allocations between production and consumption hitherto unsustainable. Although sufficiency has gained attention from scholars and policymakers as a strategy to mitigate the climate crisis and resource management, evidence on its formation, causality, and antecedents remains fragmented. This paper reorders antecedents from three disciplinary roots of sufficiency: complementarity of capital, social metabolism, and altruism, to reorganise empirical evidence and examine the formation of sufficiency in producers and consumers. Through configurational analysis, we mapped the responses of Chilean producers and consumers to explore the conditions that enable the formation of sufficiency and the configurations that emerge as a result. Our findings reveal the prominence of three interrelated attributes for both agents: labour security, moral duty and intrinsic motivation, which, when combined, give rise to two complex and nonlinear approaches for producers and consumers, labelled aggregately as metabolic , limited and ecocentric configurations. These results suggest that intertwining different attributes allows actions and behaviours to be adopted regarding decreased resource use, drawing transformational leverage points towards sustainability. • We evaluate a formative measure of sufficiency in producers and consumers. • We empirically leverage our measure from three premises of sufficiency. • We reveal three interrelated attributes on sufficiency formation. • We apply configurational comparative methods to reveal multiple approaches. • We highlight sufficiency configurations as transformative leverage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article problematizes the relationship between work and subjectivity in neoliberalism within the framework of the study "Forms of subjectivation promoted by contemporary modes of precarization associated with informal work and labor formalization processes". We propose that, in neoliberalism, the figure of the subject-who-lives-to-work emerges as a form of possible subjectivation (1) by the imperative of the self-management and the capitalization of life, in a rationality that institutes business as a model and competition as a norm of life and; (2) by the unification of the heterogeneity of the human through the business-form. We propose the emergence of a working subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author approaches the issue of method as seen in the research of Michel Foucault, who creates a history of the present, articulates archeology with genealogy and develops a set of tools for his genealogical research. This paper discusses two of those tools: the dispositif and the focus of experience. The author concludes that: (1) the concept of dispositif, which includes discursive and non-discursive practices, is a powerful tool for the genealogist who writes the history of the present; (2) every dispositif has a strategic role, and (3) the concept of focus of experience makes it possible to analyze the problems of knowledge/truth, power and subjectivation in the various areas of problematization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy for vaccine design involves identifying proteins that could be involved in pathogen–host interactions. The aim of this proteomic study was to determine how iron limitation affects the protein expression of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, with a primary focus on virulence factors and proteins associated with iron uptake. The proteomic analysis was carried out using two strains of T. dicentrarchi grown under normal (control) and iron‐limited conditions, mimicking the host environment. Our findings revealed differences in the proteins expressed by the type strain CECT 7612T and the Chilean strain TdCh05 of T. dicentrarchi. Nonetheless, both share a common response to iron deprivation, with an increased expression of proteins associated with iron oxidation and reduction metabolism (e.g., SufA, YpmQ, SufD), siderophore transport (e.g., ExbD, TonB‐dependent receptor, HbpA), heme compound biosynthesis, and iron transporters under iron limitation. Proteins involved in gliding motility, such as GldL and SprE, were also upregulated in both strains. A negative differential regulation of metabolic proteins, particularly those associated with amino acid biosynthesis, was observed under iron limitation, reflecting the impact of iron availability on bacterial metabolism. Additionally, the TdCh05 strain exhibited unique proteins associated with gliding motility machinery and phage infection control compared to the type strain. These groups of proteins have been identified as virulence factors within the Flavobacteriaceae family, including the genus Tenacibaculum. These results build upon our previous report on iron acquisition mechanisms and could lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at elucidating the role of some of the described proteins in the infectious process of tenacibaculosis, as well as in the development of potential vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural products in fungal disease control is an approach to reduce the negative impact of synthetic fungicides in agriculture and the environment. Although there are many alternatives, beach-cast seaweeds are a natural source of novel compounds that can be useful against fungal phytopathogens. In this study, aqueous extracts (AEs) of five species of beach-cast seaweeds, Agardhiella subulata, Bryothamnion triquetrum, Codium isthmocladum, Dictyota dichotoma, and Halymenia floresii, collected in Yucatan, Mexico, were tested against Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Pseudocercospora fijiensis by dilution assays. From these, only H. floresii AE showed antifungal activity against P. fijiensis (13.7 mg mL−1). Furthermore, the protein fraction isolated from this AE was also active against P. fijiensis at 0.625 μg mL−1. The chromatographic profile of H. floresii AE with antifungal activity showed three major peaks at retention times (tR) 1.6, 23.0, and 23.9 min, respectively. Analysis of solids in H. floresii AE after lyophilization revealed a possibly sulfated polysaccharide (carrageenan) derivative. The toxicity analysis on Artemia salina showed that this aqueous extract is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: anthropometric indicators (AIs) such as waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist/hip index (WHpI), waist/height index (WHtI) and body fat percentage (BFP) are useful tools for the diagnosis of nutritional status (NS) in adolescents. Each of these parameters has advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the association of these AIs (WC, BMI, WHpI, WHtI, and BFP) to evaluate nutritional status and estimate the cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Mexican adolescents. Material and method: in a cross-sectional descriptive study, the NS was analyzed through various AIs and CMR with the WHtI criteria. Nine hundred and seventeen adolescents between 15 and 17 years old participated in the study, of whom 488 (52.9%) were female and 429 (47.1%) male, all students of middle school in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Results and conclusion: women presented a higher prevalence of obesity according to most indicators. The WHtI was the parameter that detected the highest prevalence of obesity (31%), correlating with the BMI and the BFP. Moreover, there was evidence of a significant relation between NS (assessed by all the anthropometric indicators) and CMR. The WHtI could be considered as an adequate tool for the diagnosis of obesity associated with CMR in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is of hich risk for patients on chronic hemodialysis due to their immunosuppressed state, advanced age, and the coexistence of significant comorbidities, in particular cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and others. Additionally, they constitute a closed conglomerate since they come to treatment regularly, spending hours in the treatment places, exposed to a possible acquisition of the infection. Finally, going to their treatment regularly prevents them from remaining in home isolation and with potential exposure. These recommendations summarize the interventions proposed by three international organizations and add some suggested by national experts, with the aim to early identify the patients and health personnel at risk and reducing the risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: anthropometric indicators (AIs) such as waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist/hip index (WHpI), waist/height index (WHtI) and body fat percentage (BFP) are useful tools for the diagnosis of nutritional status (NS) in adolescents. Each of these parameters has advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the association of these AIs (WC, BMI, WHpI, WHtI, and BFP) to evaluate nutritional status and estimate the cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Mexican adolescents. Material and method: in a cross-sectional descriptive study, the NS was analyzed through various AIs and CMR with the WHtI criteria. Nine hundred and seventeen adolescents between 15 and 17 years old participated in the study, of whom 488 (52.9%) were female and 429 (47.1%) male, all students of middle school in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Results and conclusion: women presented a higher prevalence of obesity according to most indicators. The WHtI was the parameter that detected the highest prevalence of obesity (31%), correlating with the BMI and the BFP. Moreover, there was evidence of a significant relation between NS (assessed by all the anthropometric indicators) and CMR. The WHtI could be considered as an adequate tool for the diagnosis of obesity associated with CMR in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Subjects of Law or Subject to Development? Crime and Juvenile Punishment in Chilean Criminal Justice System, we address the condition that, in Chile, the Adolescent Criminal Responsibility Law gives to the young offender. Based on disciplines such as psychology and neuroscience, this law characterizes the young person as a "developing subject" to support his/her special criminal treatment according to their "vulnerable", "risky" and "transgressive" nature. The statistical analysis shows that the law protects, in its differentiated juridical consideration, a reinforced government regime of the youth risk. This regime seeks to resolve the subjection to the law of young people through the extended and dominant idea of their subjection to development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nitrogen-enriched environments can increase the concentration of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PST) in dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium catenella. • The study characterizes the proteome of A. catenella and expression of PST in culture media with different NaNO 3 concentrations using mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and toxicology techniques. • In this model, high nitrogen environment increases diverse cellular processes in A. catenella. However, the toxin-producing enzymes and toxin production are down-regulated. Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium cause Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in coastal waters worldwide, damaging marine environments, aquaculture, and human health. They synthesize potent neurotoxic alkaloids known as PSTs (i.e., Paralytic Shellfish Toxins), the etiological agents of PSP (i.e., Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning). In recent decades, the eutrophication of coastal waters with inorganic nitrogen (e.g., nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia) has increased the frequency and scale of HABs. PSTs concentrations within Alexandrium cells can increase by up to 76% after a nitrogen enrichment event; however, the mechanisms that underlie their biosynthesis in dinoflagellates remains unclear. This study combines mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and toxicology and investigates the expression profiles of PSTs in Alexandrium catenella grown in 0.4, 0.9 and 1.3 mM NaNO 3. Pathway analysis of protein expression revealed that tRNA amino acylation, glycolysis, TCA cycle and pigment biosynthesis were upregulated in 0.4 mM and downregulated in 1.3 mM NaNO 3 compared to those grown in 0.9 mM NaNO 3. Conversely, ATP synthesis, photosynthesis and arginine biosynthesis were downregulated in 0.4 mM and upregulated in 1.3 mM NaNO 3. Additionally, the expression of proteins involved in PST biosynthesis (sxt A, sxt G, sxt V, sxt W and sxt Z) and overall PST production like STX, NEO, C1, C2, GTX1-6 and dcGTX2 was higher at lower nitrate concentrations. Therefore, increased nitrogen concentrations increase protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and energy metabolism and decrease enzyme expression in PST biosynthesis and production. This research provides new clues about how the changes in the nitrate concentration can modulate different metabolic pathways and the expression of PST biosynthesis in toxigenic dinoflagellates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work tests, in the dress sector in the center of the country, a methodology based in the theory of uncertainty and the fuzzy subsets, in order to build laws of possibilities for the retreat of clients only with the subjective opinion given by experts. The contribution of the present work allows to obtain an alternative path when it is not possible to get the required information by the models identified in the literature based in principles derived of the random laws even from heuristic methods. The results show the utility of fuzzy concepts in a problem where the uncertainty in relation to the permanence of the client is evident and allows to obtain a valuable element (time), when the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is required to be measured in the field of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that bruchids and legumes generally have ecological relationships, such as parasitism and predation; however, little is known about the effects of such relationships on the initial life cycle stages of wild legumes. This study evaluates the effect of Stator pruininus infestation on the germination and early growth of Acacia berlandieri. Germination tests were performed under controlled conditions on healthy seeds, seeds with physical scarification, chemical scarification, damage from larvae, and seeds with eggs. A one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the germination of seeds (percentage, rate, and mean germination time), as well as the early growth of the seedlings (survival, size, and biomass). The percentage of germination in all of the seed categories was greater than 85%, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between seed categories. However, there were no significant differences between seed categories in germination rate or average germination time (p > 0.05). In the early growth of the seedlings, there were significant differences (p < 0.001) between seed categories in the size of the seedling, stem, and root, and in the aboveground and belowground biomass. Based on these results, S. pruininus is not a predator of A. berlandieri , but the damage done to the cotyledons by this insect species can reduce seedling growth and accumulation of biomass in the first days of growth. • Seed predation by bruchid beetles is common in leguminous plants. • Most A. berlandieri seeds can germinate despite being infested. • Infestation reduces seed germination and seedling growth of A. berlandieri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify the notion of care shown by the families from the psychoeducational group of Universidad de Antioquia's Psychiatry Department who have had one of their members diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Methodology. To fulfill the objective, a qualitative research type was carried out having hermeneutic phenomenology as a method. During the process, in-depth interviews were carried out with 12 families, and the narratives obtained were analyzed with the qualitative Atlas-ti software. Results: Four categories emerged from the performed interviews: (i). care conceived as a good; (ii); care as a form of self-care; (iii) care as a horizontal and vertical path; and (iv) care as teleology. Conclusion. From such results, it can be concluded that families conceive care as a good that is granted to the person being cared for. In this sense, caretakers feel accomplished as long as they can provide another person with care. Therefore, this is an intersubjective practice contributing to the configuration of the identity of the two individuals involved in such care. Similarly, two possible paths were identified in regards to exercising care. Finally, care may have an immediate purpose or an underlying telos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's aim is the conceptualization of the notions of relational matrix and therapeutic matrix as the basis for the clinical practice of dynamic psychology. The method used was documentary and critical in nature. It is concluded that: (1) dynamic psychology can be thought of as a well-established school within psychology; (2) human beings become subjects thanks to the world of relationships that allow them to be (serelación), (3) this is why psychological development occurs within a relational matrix, while (4) the clinical relationship takes place within a therapeutic matrix that enables patients to reconfigure their world of relationships with themselves, with the world, and with the others. Some implications for clinical practice are proposed, namely the concept of intervention, technical neutrality, clinical ethics, and the narrative dimension in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malformations of the central nervous system (CNS), the type of congenital defect second only to cardiac malformations, cause infant disability and mortality. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of congenital malformations of the CNS in newborns treated at a regional public hospital in Southern Mexico and explore the associated factors. Methods: This descriptive study included 113 newborns with CNS malformations. A specific diagnosis was provided and information was obtained from the parents in relation to age, schooling, occupation, prenatal control, intake of folic acid, and exposure to pesticides. A database was created in the statistical program Epi Info version 3.4.3 to carry out univariate and bivariate analyses using the Chi-square test, with significance considered at p < 0.05. Results: The most frequent malformations were hydrocephalus (45.1%), Arnold-Chiari (32.7%), and encephalocele (8.0%). Of the 113 newborns herein examined, a greater percentage of congenital malformations was found when the first pregnancy took place in mothers 12-19 versus over 19 years of age (78.8% vs. 21.2%, respectively; p < 0.05). Furthermore, 40.2% of mothers were exposed to insecticides and 39.8% to herbicides and/or fungicides before or during pregnancy. Only 15.4% of the mothers consumed folic acid during the first trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: The incidence of congenital abnormalities of the CNS in newborns is a serious problem, perhaps associated with exposure of the mother to pesticides and a deficient intake of folic acid. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen prenatal care and health literacy to help reduce the occurrence of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the effects of infrared laser radiation on the growth of coleoptile and root system in wheat seeds Nahuatl variety (Triticum aestivum L) were investigated. A laser diode with wavelength λ = 980nm was used and fifteen laser treatments were performed with different power densities and exposure times. Each laser treatment was applied once before sowing in experiments carried on under laboratory conditions. The statistical analysis showed important activations and inhibitions in the growth of coleoptile and root system. The results showed that although the growth of the coleoptile was modified the root system was more susceptible to laser radiation, showing a maximum activation of 15.2% and a maximum inhibition of 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, based on the educational institution, we investigated the relationship between teen pregnancy and school dropout rates and how this influenced the school grade and age of pregnant women as a risk of truancy. Materials and methods: A voluntary survey was carried out in 180 public education institutions from the Department of Valle del Cauca, corresponding to a total of 112,470 female students, finding 605 pregnant women. From these, 564 were interviewed by a psychology professional at the beginning of the academic period, and monitored throughout the school year, identifying the school dropouts in this group. Results: We found that 24.6% of pregnant teenagers attending school dropped out during the academic period (8 times higher than the expected dropout rate in females). By analyzing the information, it was found that pregnant school girls between 16 and 18 years of age dropped out significantly less (p value = 0.011 <0.05) than those between 12 and 15 years of age, and that with the lowest school grade level reached there was higher probability of dropping out (p <0.001); this being the key element as a risk factor. Conclusions: Considering that the risk of dropping out as result of pregnancy is higher in school between the ages of 12 and 15 years, it should be encouraged efforts of pregnancy prevention mainly in the lower grades of high school with the intention of increasing academic and social opportunities in the group of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral rationalism has accustomed us to understand the past in terms of personal reasons for acting. In this sense, it is said human action is rational because it can account for their motives. This principle, extrapolated into the future, understands existential projects as deliberative planning. The phenomenology of action and corporality set out a more complex problem on the relationship between a plan and its implementation, having into account physical and intersubjective conditions of projects, as well as its elusive face when pursuing a merely conceptual articulation of them. This paper aims to develop a phenomenology of these tensions between any project and its execution in two sections: (a) the existence as a project, and (b) such an existence and the structured project: the limits of discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innate immune response in Salmo salar, mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), is crucial for defending against pathogens. This study examined DDX41 protein functions as a cytosolic/nuclear sensor for cyclic dinucleotides, RNA, and DNA from invasive intracellular bacteria. The investigation determined the existence, conservation, and functional expression of the ddx41 gene in S. salar. In silico predictions and experimental validations identified a single ddx41 gene on chromosome 5 in S. salar, showing 83.92% homology with its human counterpart. Transcriptomic analysis in salmon head kidney confirmed gene transcriptional integrity. Proteomic identification through mass spectrometry characterized three unique peptides with 99.99% statistical confidence. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated significant evolutionary conservation across species. Functional gene expression analysis in SHK-1 cells infected by Piscirickettsia salmonis and Renibacterium salmoninarum indicated significant upregulation of DDX41, correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and activation of irf3 and interferon signaling pathways. In vivo studies corroborated DDX41 activation in immune responses, particularly when S. salar was challenged with P. salmonis, underscoring its potential in enhancing disease resistance. This is the first study to identify the DDX41 pathway as a key component in S. salar innate immune response to invading pathogens, establishing a basis for future research in salmonid disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess changes in the magnitude of food insecurity (FI) in Mexican households in poverty from 2012 to 2018 and to analyze the association of FI with the access, availability and consumption of food. Materials and methods. Data on 4 464 households were drawn from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición in Mexican localities under 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k). We measured FI according to the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale and analyzed food access and availability on the basis of food expenditures while consumption through dietary diversity among women. Using multiple logistic regression models, we estimated: the association between FI and expenditures for food groups, and the association between FI and dietary diversity. Results. Moderate and severe FI remained stable at 43% from 2012 to 2018. Larger expenditures on sugar, oil and on eating out as well as meat and dairy products consumption were associated with a lower possibility of FI. Conclusions. It is important to integrate different dimensions of FI in order to reinforce its measurement and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is the most common gastrointestinal disease in hospital admissions. The predominant causes are: gallstones (40%), prolonged alcohol consumption (30%) and hypertriglyceridemia (2-5%). Other less frequent causes are related to drugs, trauma, ischemia, infections, autoimmune diseases, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and hypercalcemia. CLINICAL CASE: A 54-year-old patient with acute pancreatitis associated to goiter, bilateral renal lithiasis, and hypercalcemia, with no important pathological history for the current disease. Therefore, a study protocol was performed as a reason for acute pancreatitis, finding primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma as cause of the acute disease. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, definitive surgery avoided acute complications, and could prevent disability and chronic or recurrent pancreatitis readmissions, that could lead the patient even to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) is expected to provide enhanced permeability of medium-sized molecules, selective solute retention, and better internal retrofiltration. The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficiency for removal of β2-microglobulin with 3 different extracorporeal therapies (ETs): high-flux hemodialysis (HF), online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF), and HDx. The secondary objective was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of other uremic toxins, including urea, phosphate, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-⍺, indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresol. Methods: This single-center, randomized, and cross-over study was performed. Patients were randomized to determine the initial modality of treatment, each period lasted 4 weeks and between one modality and another, there was a washout period of 1 week. Reduction ratios (RRs) of different-size molecules and albumin were calculated for the different ET. Results: Twenty-two patients were included, β2-microglobulin RR was greater during both OL-HDF and HDx as compared to HF (RR 62% vs. 73% vs. 27%, respectively, p = <0.0001), and there was no significant difference between HDx and OL-HDF (p = 0.09). A decrease in serum phosphate levels was observed in the HDx and OL-HDF periods, contrary to an increase in HF (−0.79 mg/dL vs. −1.02 mg/dL vs. + 0.11 mg/dL, respectively, p = <0.0001). There was no difference in RRs of other molecules (BUN, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-⍺, indoxyl sulfate, and p-Cresol). There was no decrease in serum albumin in any ET. Conclusion: HDx provides enhanced removal of β2-microglobulin and phosphate as compared to HF, and similar efficacy as with OL-HDF. HDx should be considered an alternative to chronic convective therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells play a key role in cellular immune responses against cancer by cytotoxic responses and effector lineages differentiation, respectively. These subsets have been found in different types of cancer; however, it is unclear whether tumor-infiltrating T-cell subsets exhibit similar transcriptome profiling across different types of cancer in comparison with healthy tissue-resident T-cells. Thus, we analyzed the single cell transcriptome of five tumor-infiltrating CD4-T, CD8-T and Treg cells obtained from different types of cancer to identify specific pathways for each subset in malignant environments. An in silico analysis was performed from single-cell RNA-sequencing data available in public repositories (Gene Expression Omnibus) including breast cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and head and neck cancer. After dimensionality reduction, clustering and selection of the different subpopulations from malignant and nonmalignant datasets, common genes across different types of cancer were identified and compared to nonmalignant genes for each T-cell subset to identify specific pathways. Exclusive pathways in CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells and Tregs, and common pathways for the tumor-infiltrating T-cell subsets were identified. Finally, the identified pathways were compared with RNAseq and proteomic data obtained from T-cell subsets cultured under malignant environments and we observed that cytokine signaling, especially Th2-type cytokine, was the top overrepresented pathway in Tregs from malignant samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piscirickettsia salmonis is one of the major fish pathogens affecting Chilean aquaculture. This Gram-negative bacterium is highly infectious and is the etiological agent of Piscirickettsiosis. Little is currently known about how the virulence factors expressed by P. salmonis are delivered to host cells. However, it is known that several Gram-negative microorganisms constitutively release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which have been implicated in the delivery of virulence factors to host cells. In this study, OMVs production by P. salmonis was observed during infection in CHSE-214 cells and during normal growth in liquid media. The OMVs were spherical vesicles ranging in size between 25 and 145 nm. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the protein profile of the OMVs was similar to the outer membrane protein profile of P. salmonis . Importantly, the bacterial chaperonin Hsp60 was found in the OMVs of P. salmonis by Western-blot and LC–MS/MS analyses. Finally, in vitro infection assays showed that purified OMVs generated a cytopathic effect on CHSE-214 cells, suggesting a role in pathogenesis. Therefore, OMVs might be an important vehicle for delivering effector molecules to host cells during P. salmonis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renibacterium salmoninarum, a slow‐growing facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic, progressive and granulomatous infection that threatens farmed and wild salmonids worldwide. Pathogenic R. salmoninarum colonizes tissues and invades the host through cell surface‐associated and secreted proteins. While correlations between iron acquisition genes and virulence have been demonstrated in vitro, these mechanisms have not undergone proteomic characterization. The present study applied a proteomic approach to elucidate the differences between the virulent Chilean R. salmoninarum H‐2 strain and the type strain ATCC 33209T. Analyses were conducted under normal (control) and iron‐limited conditions (DIP) emulating the host environment. Interestingly, strain H‐2 apparently responded better to the iron‐limited condition—for example, only this strain presented a significantly enriched iron ion homeostasis pathway. Furthermore, key virulence factors related to an iron‐limited environment were more abundant in strain H‐2. Importantly, the lack of iron favoured the expression of the 57‐kDa protein in strain H‐2, the principal virulence factor for R. salmoninarum. Our findings can be employed in the design and development of treatments targeted to iron uptake mechanisms (e.g. siderophore synthesis or haem uptake), which represents a promising therapeutic approach for treating this persistent fastidious bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of second generation (SG) long-acting antipsychotics (LAIAs) versus first generation (FG) LAIAs in schizophrenia. We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO until May 2019. Inclusion criteria for randomized trials included: (1) patients ≥18 years with schizophrenia, (2) efficacy evaluated through the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), (3) safety assessment through clinimetry, laboratory analysis, somatometry or adverse events, and (4) treatment duration ≥12 weeks. Data was synthesized using mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes using a random-effect model. Of 1872 citations, 17 trials were included, and direct comparisons of SG vs FG-LAIAs were observed in 3 (n = 459). SG and FG-LAIAs had similar effects on PANSS scores (MD -1.35; 95% CI -8.33-5.64), tardive dyskinesia (RR 0.99; 95% CI, 0.47–2.07), all-cause discontinuation (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.75–1.36), discontinuation due to inadequate efficacy (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.81–1.59) or adverse events (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.55–2.11). SG-LAIAs reduced the risk of using antiparkinsonian drugs (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.54–0.76) but significantly increased serum prolactin, weight and BMI. For long-term management, depot preparations of paliperidone, haloperidol, risperidone and fluphenazine were equally effective at symptom control and adherence, with significant differences in their safety profiles. These results however are considerably limited due to the small number of included studies and are therefore preliminary, not generalizable. More clinical trials are required to obtain a broader perspective of SG-LAIAs compared to FG-LAIAs. • All depot antipsychotics were equally effective regarding symptoms. • Extrapyramidal symptoms rates were similar between all antipsychotics. • Antiparkinsonian drugs were more frequent with depot haloperidol and fluphenazine. • Discontinuation rates were similar between all antipsychotics. • Metabolic adverse events were more frequent with depot paliperidone and risperidone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cerebellum, which is responsible for motor control and learning, has been suggested to act as a Smith predictor for compensation of time-delays by means of internal forward models. However, insights about how forward model predictions are integrated in the Smith predictor have not yet been unveiled. To fill this gap, a novel bio-inspired modular control architecture that merges a recurrent cerebellar-like loop for adaptive control and a Smith predictor controller is proposed. The goal is to provide accurate anticipatory corrections to the generation of the motor commands in spite of sensory delays and to validate the robustness of the proposed control method to input and physical dynamic changes. The outcome of the proposed architecture with other two control schemes that do not include the Smith control strategy or the cerebellar-like corrections are compared. The results obtained on four sets of experiments confirm that the cerebellum-like circuit provides more effective corrections when only the Smith strategy is adopted and that minor tuning in the parameters, fast adaptation and reproducible configuration are enabled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piscirickettsia salmonis is an intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of Piscirickettsiosis, a disease responsible for considerable mortalities in the Chilean salmon farming industry. Currently, P. salmonis protein translocation across the membrane and the mechanisms by which virulence factors are delivered to host cells are poorly understood. However, it is known that Gram-negative bacteria possess several mechanisms that transport proteins to the periplasmic and extracellular compartments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expressional changes of several genes in the P. salmonis Sec-dependent pathway and type 4B secretion system during in vitro infection. Genes homologous and the main proteins belonging to Sec-dependent pathway and Type 4 Dot/Icm secretion system were found in the genome and proteome of P. salmonis AUSTRAL-005 strain. Additionally, several genes of these protein transport mechanisms were overexpressed during in vitro P. salmonis infection in SHK-1 cell line. The obtained data indicate that the Sec-dependent pathway and Type 4B secretion system are biologically active during P. salmonis infection. These mechanisms could contribute to the recycling of proteins into the inner and outer bacterial membrane and in translocate virulence factors to infected cell, which would favor the structural integrity and virulence of this bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) incidence rate (IR) varies between 0.16 and 3.00 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Little data exist on the epidemiology of GBS in Latin American countries. Our objective was to describe GBS epidemiology based on a national database in a Latin American country and to contribute to the global map of GBS epidemiology. This was a retrospective study that included all reported GBS cases in Chile between 2001 and 2012. Gender, age, seasonal occurrence, and geographical distribution were analyzed. A total of 4,158 GBS cases were identified from 19,513,655 registries. The mean age was 37 ± 24 years, and 59% of patients were male (male to female ratio of 1.5 : 1). Gender IR was 2.53/100,000 for males and 1.68/100,000 for females. The overall standardized IR was 2.1/100,000, although this varied between 1.61/100,000 (2001) and 2.35/100,000 (2010). The seasonal distribution was as follows: autumn 22%; winter 25%; spring 27%; and summer 26%. The geographical IR were as follows: far North 1.49/100,000; North 1.94/100,000; Central 1.97/100,000; South 3.18/100,000; and far South 2.78/100,000. The reported IR of GBS in Chile was similar to other studies based on national databases. In Chile, IR was greater in men and in the south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the methodology and the implementation survey results from National Survey of Children and Women Mexico's (ENIM 2015). Materials and methods. The ENIM 2015 is a probability survey with multistage, stratified and cluster sample, with regional, rural and urban strata, and indigenous population representation. We applied questionnaires to get information from the household, women aged 15 to 49 years, children under five years and children and adolescents aged 5-17 years. Results. The response rate for households and women was 94%, obtaining information from 10 760 households and 12 110 women; while for children and adolescents and children under five years was 98%, 11 607 and 8 066, respectively. Conclusion. The ENIM 2015 probabilistic design allows generate indicators that can be stratified into five regions, rural and urban strata and from indigenous population, as well as a baseline for 15 indicators of the ODS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isabel Island is a National Park located in the northwest Mexico with an unprotected marine area, where the small-scale fishing is allowed. The impact of this activity in the ecosystem and exploited biological resources has not been evaluated. From May 2013 to April 2014 the fishing grounds of Isabel Island were monthly monitored. The most widely used fishing gears were the gillnet (96.4%), hook-and-line (2.1%) and long-line (1.5%). A total 2,388 specimens were caught, corresponding to 19 families, 33 genera, and 46 species. The most frequent species caught were Lutjanus peru (%IRI = 55.34), L. guttatus (%IRI = 16.01), L. argentiventris (%IRI = 11.53), Cynoscion reticulatus (%IRI = 3.23) and Hoplopagrus guentherii (%IRI = 3.02), representing 89.13% of the total catch. The diversity was low (H' = 2.01), dominated by few species (J' = 0.52), mainly snappers (Lutjanidae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged during 2009. To help clinicians triage adults with acute respiratory illness, a scoring system for influenza-like illness (ILI) was implemented at Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Mexico. Methods: A medical history, laboratory and radiology results were collected on emergency room (ER) patients with acute respiratory illness to calculate an ILI-score. Patients were evaluated for admission by their ILI-score and clinicians' assessment of risk for developing complications. Nasal and throat swabs were collected from intermediate and high-risk patients for influenza testing by RT-PCR. The disposition and ILI-score of those oseltamivir-treated versus untreated, clinical characteristics of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) patients versus test-negative patients were compared by Pearson's X², Fisher's Exact, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: Of 1840 ER patients, 230 were initially hospitalized (mean ILI-score = 15), and the rest were discharged, including 286 ambulatory patients given oseltamivir (median ILI-score = 11), and 1324 untreated (median ILI-score = 5). Fourteen (1%) untreated patients returned, and 3 were hospitalized on oseltamivir (median ILI-score = 19). Of 371 patients tested by RTPCR, 104 (28%) had pandemic influenza and 42 (11%) had seasonal influenza A detected. Twenty (91%) of 22 imaged hospitalized pandemic influenza patients had bilateral infiltrates compared to 23 (38%) of 61 imaged hospital test-negative patients (p<0.001). One patient with confirmed pandemic influenza presented 6 days after symptom onset, required mechanical ventilation, and died. Conclusions: The triaging system that used an ILI-score complimented clinicians' judgment of who needed oseltamivir and inpatient care and helped hospital staff manage a surge in demand for services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify factors that are associated with an increased risk of developing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cancer among human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women in Mexico. Material and Methods. A case-control study design was used. A total of 94 cases and 501 controls who met the study inclusion criteria were selected from the 7 732 women who participated in the Morelos HPV Study from May 1999 to June 2000. Risk factor information was obtained from interviews and from HPV viral load results. Odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional multivariate regression. Results. Increasing age, high viral load, a young age at first sexual intercourse, and a low socio-economic status are associated with an increased risk of disease among HPV-positive women. Conclusions. These results could have important implications for future screening activities in Mexico and other low resource countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Omega-3 fatty acid levels are associated with decreased risk for sudden death; however, the protective cardiovascular mechanisms of omega-3 are poorly understood. This study addresses the heart rate variability (HRV) changes in a cohort of elderly subjects randomized to receive either a daily high dose of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) or a lower daily dose of a plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid) in soy oil. Methods: A total of 58 elderly nursing home residents were randomized to receive 2 g/d of fish oil capsules vs 2 g/d of soy oil capsules, and were subsequently followed up every other day for a period of 6 months with 6-min measurements of HRV while resting supine. An initial control period of 2 months without supplementation was allowed to establish an HRV baseline for each participant. Results: The average time- and frequency-domain parameters of HRV increased significantly during the supplementation period in both the fish oil and soy oil groups. In the regression model after adjusting for age and mean heart rate, supplementation with fish oil was associated with a significant increase in the high- and low-frequency components, and SD of normal RR intervals (SDNN), whereas only SDNN increased significantly in the soy oil group. Conclusions: Supplementation with 2 g/d of fish oil was well tolerated and was associated with a significant increase in HRV. Supplementation with 2 g/d of soy oil was associated with a lesser but significant increase in HRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]