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Forests that regrow naturally on abandoned fields are important for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services, but can they also preserve the distinct regional tree floras? Using the floristic composition of 1215 early successional forests (≤20 years) in 75 human-modified landscapes across the Neotropic realm, we identified 14 distinct floristic groups, with a between-group dissimilarity of 0.97. Floristic groups were associated with location, bioregions, soil pH, temperature seasonality, and water availability. Hence, there is large continental-scale variation in the species composition of early successional forests, which is mainly associated with biogeographic and environmental factors but not with human disturbance indicators. This floristic distinctiveness is partially driven by regionally restricted species belonging to widespread genera. Early secondary forests contribute therefore to restoring and conserving the distinctiveness of bioregions across the Neotropical realm, and forest restoration initiatives should use local species to assure that these distinct floras are maintained.

Previous research has shown that behavioural mimicry fosters affiliation, and can be used to infer whether people belong to the same social unit. However, we still know very little about the generalizability of these findings and the individual factors involved. The present study intends to disentangle two important variables and assess their importance for affiliation: the matching in time of the behaviours versus their matching in form. In order to address this issue, we presented participants with short videos in which two actors displayed a set of small movements (e.g. crossing their legs, folding their arms, tapping their fingers) arranged to be either contingent in time or in form. A dark filter was used to eliminate ostensive group marks, such us phenotype or clothing. Participants attributed the highest degree of affiliation to the actors when their subsequent movements matched in form, but were delayed by 4-5 seconds, and the lowest degree when the timing of their movements matched, but they differed in form. To assess the generalizability of our findings, we took our study outside the usual Western context and tested a matching sample of participants from a traditional small-scale society in Kenya. In all, our results suggest that movements are used to judge the degree of affiliation between two individuals in both large- and small-scale societies. While moving in different ways at the same time seems to increase the perceived distance between two individuals, movements which match in form seem to invoke closeness.

Las enfermedades demenciales comunes en las personas de edad, generan angustia en los pacientes y en sus familias, y un alto costo para la sociedad. El diagnóstico temprano, los avances en el tratamiento y la identificación futura de su causa, pueden reducir su impacto negativo. El reconocimiento de los marcadores cognitivos tempranos de la demencia se ha centrado en la memoria episódica y en la orientación espacio-temporal; no obstante, investigaciones recientes sugieren que la memoria semántica está también alterada en su fase preclínica. El deterioro comunicativo que puede constituirse en una limitación para el manejo clínico y terapéutico también representa un marcador de deterioro cognoscitivo, aporta al diagnóstico diferencial y permite predecir, el grado de severidad de la demencia. Es importante estimar la disminución sutil de las habilidades lingüísticas en las primeras etapas de la demencia, con una herramienta sensible para el diagnóstico. La intervención comunicativa temprana es útil. Pero se requieren más investigaciones interdisciplinarias en comunicación, deterioro cognoscitvo y demencia.

Aunque la tartamudez como déficit motor sigue abonando estudios, investigaciones sugieren que las disfluencias son resultado de fallos en el procesamiento lingüístico. Experimentos comparando el desempeño de niños y adultos con tartamudez en tareas de producción, en particular repetición de pseudopalabras y lectura silente, proveen evidencia sobre un déficit en la codificación fonológica. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los eventos de tartamudez ocurren de forma prearticulatoria. La teoría del monitoreo del habla de Levelt resulta útil para explicar la naturaleza de las disfluencias. Levelt plantea que la monitorización de las representaciones internas durante la codificación del habla permite la autocorrección espontánea de los errores en la producción. Este texto examina la tartamudez desde la teoría del monitoreo del habla interna de Levelt, y presenta la evidencia que correlaciona la tartamudez con esta perspectiva.

Introducción: El procesamiento del contenido emocional de los estímulos ha supuesto cambios en el envejecimiento, tanto normal como patológico. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el procesamiento de palabras emocionales versus no emocionales en personas con y sin deterioro cognoscitivo leve (DCL) en una tarea de decisión léxica. Materiales y métodos: Para esto se presentaron 30 palabras, correspondientes a 10 palabras con valencia emocional positiva, 10 palabras con valencia emocional negativa y 10 palabras neutras o sin valencia emocional, frente a igual número de pseudopalabras para la tarea decisión léxica, en la que los participantes debían indicar mediante el uso de un dispositivo de respuesta, adaptado a un computador, si aquello que aparecía en la pantalla era o no una palabra. En total se contó con 34 participantes, con edades entre los 47 y 78 años; 16 de ellos con diagnóstico de DCL y 18 sin antecedentes neurológicos y con habilidades cognitivas, del lenguaje y la conducta típicas, emparejados por variables de edad, escolaridad y nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias de lexicalidad, con mayores tiempos de reacción y tasas de error para pseudopalabras que para palabras, tal como predice el paradigma de decisión léxica. Hubo un efecto de facilitación en ambos grupos de participantes, con respecto a la carga emocional (menor tiempo de reacción y tasas de error para palabras emocionales). Las palabras positivas fueron más rápidas y acertadamente reconocidas, en comparación con las negativas y neutras para ambos tipos de participantes. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. Conclusiones: Las variables lexicalidad y valencia emocional producen un efecto en el reconocimiento visual de palabras en personas con y sin DCL. Los cambios en el procesamiento emocional pueden aportar en el diagnóstico diferencial, la estimación de la severidad y el pronóstico del deterioro cognitivo y las demencias.

Introducción: el funcionamiento comunicativo y social en la vejez implica recursos cognitivos y emocionales. Según la teoría de la selectividad socioemocional (tss), los adultos mayores tienen afinidad por eventos positivos y cultivan sus habilidades emocionales. Objetivo: explorar la relación entre el funcionamiento comunicativo y social y el procesamiento de estímulos emocionales en el adulto mayor. Materiales y métodos: adultos mayores y adultos jóvenes realizaron una tarea computarizada de decisión léxica (tdl) y fueron evaluados en su funcionamiento comunicativo. Resultados: hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el factor de valencia, con un procesamiento más rápido de estímulos con contenido emocional versus no emocional (2196 = 36.39; p < 0.001). En cuanto al funcionamiento comunicativo y social, al compararlo con el desempeño en la tdl, se evidenció que los adultos mayores obtuvieron tiempos de reacción más prolongados y mayores tasas de error en el procesamiento de estímulos, al igual que menores puntajes en el asha-facs. Conclusión: aun cuando no se evidencia una interacción entre el procesamiento de estímulos emocionales y el funcionamiento comunicativo y social, la valencia emocional influye en el procesamiento de palabras en los adultos mayores, con una preferencia y selectividad por los estímulos positivos.

Societal Impact Statement Tropical dry forests (TDF) underpin the wellbeing of millions, mostly rural populations; yet have suffered from severe clearing in Colombia, triggering cascading effects such as desertification. By engaging scientists, society, and institutions in the establishment of platforms for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, crucial knowledge gaps will be bridged, helping to find a path toward sustainable development. Science‐led but socially and economically anchored information on biodiversity will help to incorporate nature's contributions to people into the society's cultural values. Ultimately, these transformative actions will translate into the comprehensive management of TDF through a greater impact in decision making. Summary Thousands of permanent plots have been established across the tropics with the purpose of monitoring tree communities. Research outcomes from these platforms, however, have been mainly directed toward the academic community, and their contribution to society has been limited so far. Here, we show how generating robust data on biodiversity has supported decision making in Colombian tropical dry forests (TDF), where less than 8% of their original cover remains. As a first step to build a national dialogue around the critical status of this ecosystem, a national collaborative network on TDF research and monitoring was born in 2014, the Red de Investigación y Monitoreo del Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia (Red BST‐Col). Our main goal is to generate scientifically sound information that feeds into the comprehensive management of this ecosystem. To do so, a set of biodiversity monitoring platforms has been established across the country, which have already served to answer socio‐ecological questions related with deforestation drivers, citizen science, or the valuation of ecosystem services. Overall, this research agenda has nurtured the four lines that underpin the Program for the comprehensive management of dry forests in Colombia (knowledge management, preservation, restoration, and sustainable use), formulated by the Humboldt Institute, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Ministry of Environment in 2019. Many challenges are ahead, however, for a complex territory where multiple social actors and productive sectors coexist. The ultimate goal is to integrate all the dimensions of biodiversity to achieve a synthetic understanding of the functioning of the most endangered ecosystem in Colombia, and its relationship with local communities' wellbeing.

The Blue Economy, which is based on the sustainable use of the ocean, is demanding better understanding of marine ecosystems, which provide assets, goods, and services. Such understanding requires the use of modern exploration technologies, including unmanned underwater vehicles, in order to acquire quality information for decision-making processes. This paper addresses the design process for an underwater glider, to be used in oceanographic research, that was inspired by leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), which are known to have a superior diving ability and enhanced hydrodynamic performance. The design process combines elements from Systems Engineering and bioinspired design approaches. The conceptual and preliminary design stages are first described, and they allowed mapping the user’s requirements into engineering characteristics, using quality function deployment to generate the functional architecture, which later facilitated the integration of the components and subsystems. Then, we emphasize the shell’s bioinspired hydrodynamic design and provide the design solution for the desired vehicle’s specifications. The bioinspired shell yielded a lift coefficient increase due to the effect of ridges and a decrease in the drag coefficient at low angles of attack. This led to a greater lift-to-drag ratio, a desirable condition for underwater gliders, since we obtained a greater lift while producing less drag than the shape without longitudinal ridges.

Previous research has shown that behavioural mimicry fosters affiliation, and can be used to infer whether people belong to the same social unit. However, we still know very little about the generalizability of these findings and the individual factors involved. The present study intends to disentangle two important variables and assess their importance for affiliation: the matching in time of the behaviours versus their matching in form. In order to address this issue, we presented participants with short videos in which two actors displayed a set of small movements (e.g. crossing their legs, folding their arms, tapping their fingers) arranged to be either contingent in time or in form. A dark filter was used to eliminate ostensive group marks, such us phenotype or clothing. Participants attributed the highest degree of affiliation to the actors when their subsequent movements matched in form, but were delayed by 4-5 seconds, and the lowest degree when the timing of their movements matched, but they differed in form. To assess the generalizability of our findings, we took our study outside the usual Western context and tested a matching sample of participants from a traditional small-scale society in Kenya. In all, our results suggest that movements are used to judge the degree of affiliation between two individuals in both large- and small-scale societies. While moving in different ways at the same time seems to increase the perceived distance between two individuals, movements which match in form seem to invoke closeness.

This paper presents the analysis of nanorefrigerant fluids to improve the thermal efficiency of a refrigeration system. Simulations in ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 were performed with mixtures of refrigerants R113, R123 and R134a, with Al2O3 nanoparticles at 1 vf% and 5 vf% (vf%, fraction volume concentration), flowing through a horizontal tube with a constant wall temperature. A mixture and the k-e turbulent models were employed to obtain results of heat transfer coefficient, temperature and pressure drop for each case. Results show an increment in thermal characteristics by adding 1 vf% and 5 vf% of Al2O3 nanoparticles to the three refrigerants selected. However, the size of the nanoparticle does not affect the thermal properties of nanofluid and the pressure drop does not show a specific pattern of behavior at different concentrations of nanoparticles. Finally, the mixture of R134a with 30 nm of mean diameter size Al2O3 at 1 vf% was selected because of its higher thermal efficiency and its favorable properties as a refrigerant.

In bilinguals, specific patterns of stuttering in each one of the languages may be different. This study reports on the case of a bilingual adult who speaks Spanish and English simultaneously and whose dominant language is Spanish. Speech and language testing was performed in both languages. The samples chosen for the analysis of speech corpus were: spontaneous speech, de­scription of the picture and reading. Some differences in the stuttering distribution were found. Of the disfluent instants, 61.39 % of the total was presented in English and the other remaining 38.61 % in Spanish. In both languages, stuttering by word type was more frequent in function words (i.e. prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, particles and infinitive forms) than in content words (i.e. verbs, nouns, adjectives). As observed, dysfluency types were similar in Spanish and English, with the greatest percentage being word repetition, followed by phonemic prolongations. These were more frequent in English than in Spanish. Although it is possible to find similari­ties in the stuttering pattern suggesting general stuttering laws, differences associated not only with language-specific idiosyncrasies but also with the individual’s bilingualism characteristics were also found.

En este artículo se presenta el estudio de la distribución del flujo en un tanque de almacenamiento de crudo de 36.5 m de diámetro. El tanque está equipado con dos agitadores mecánicos de entrada lateral ubicados a 90° y 45° de ángulo de montaje. Se emplea la dinámica computacional de fluidos (CFD) para simular las condiciones del tanque a 7.7 m de altura de llenado. Adicionalmente, se realiza el análisis del tiempo de homogenización de dos crudos de diferentes propiedades para el caso de los agitadores a 45°. Se emplea el modelo de dos fases (Volume of fluid, VOF) para el proceso de mezclado, la rotación de los agitadores se simula con múltiples marcos de referencia (MFR) y se resuelve el fenómeno utilizando la versión RNG del modelo de turbulencia k-ε.

Introduction: 80 % of adults experience back pain at least once in their life. Back pain is the third leading cause of consultation in the emergency room, the fourth in general practice, the second of disability pension and the first job relocation. Objective: To compare the criteria that guide decision making of a group of physiotherapists in Bogota Colombia for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain management criteria contained in the guide COST B13 (European Guidelines For The Management Of Chronic Non- specific Low Back Pain, 2004). Material and methods: This was a descriptive study, for which clinical practice guideline COST B13 for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain through the AGREE tool is selected and a survey was applied to 50 physiotherapists through a convenience sample with to compare the clinical practices that are performed with the recommendations given guidance. Results: 56 % of respondents had some type of training for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain (DLCI). 94 % of patients with DLCI served range in age from 40 to 59, with female predominance. In 80 % of respondents stated that physiotherapists diagnostic help with counting for the management of patients is the radiological image. 80 % of physiotherapists evaluated variable lumbar pain experienced by the patient and 54 % stance. Other aspects were reported in lower percentage. In the treatment of DLCI, physiotherapists reported use of stretching in 80 % of cases, the superficial thermotherapy in 70 % and isometric muscle strength in 70 %, all with favorable results.Conclusion: There are differences between clinical practice of physiotherapists and guidelines contained in the recommendations of the guide in the cost DLCI B13. Mainly in the processes of physiotherapy assessment of the surveyed population as they are often focused on observation and not always in the rigorous measurement, which makes it difficult to establish indicators of process and outcome in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with DLCI.

The present study corresponds to a single subject design, analyzes the patterns of stuttering in the speech corpus in various oral language tasks, under the conditions of use or non-use of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF), in order to establish the effect of the DAF in the frequency of occur¬rence and type of dysrhythmia. The study concludes the positive effect of the DAF, with a rate of return of 25 % on the errors of fluency, with variation depending on the type of oral production task. This in turn suggests that 75 % of the disfluency or linked with top encode failures or not susceptible to resolve or compensated by the DAF. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for therapeutic intervention in stuttering.

This article describes the knowledge management practices derived from clinical research, and some hospitals and academic institutions in Colombia. The profile of these institutions and the variables involved in knowledge management and research are presented. Objective: Exploring the practices that some Colombian institutions have to build or strengthen their capacity to con-duct clinical research. Materials and methods: We conducted an exploratory study by consulting a convenience sample, the use of specific practices in knowledge management. In a documentary analysis on knowledge management. The information was obtained of primary sources by semi-structured interview applied to selected key players. Results: In the institutions that participated in the study, it was observed as determinants in knowledge management: structure and strategic management, intellectual capital, technological resources, and the continuity and sustainability of the processes. Conclusion: Include research processes in services delivery institutions is criti¬cal to improving the quality of health care and encourage their intellectual capital. Colombia has institutions working with determination to the generation of knowledge from clinical practice.

Objetivo: Identicar os fatores prognósticos em disfagia depois de um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), reportados na literatura cientí ca, como resultado da revisão e busca sistemática. Materiais e métodos: A busca e revisão sistemática se realizou nas bases de dados PubMed, ebsco e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (bvs). Foram revisadas publicações entre os anos 2002 e 2012: pesquisas com seres humanos, maiores de 19 anos, estudos pertencentes à área da saúde e publicações arbitradas; além disso, se consideraram as referências citadas dos últimos 10 anos de cinco revi- sões sistemáticas. Com os artigos obtidos, construiu-se uma base de dados em função da base de dados de origem, tipo de artigo, ano, país de publicação, autores e títulos. Os artigos foram lidos e selecionados de acordo ao objetivo de estudo. Por último, identi caram-se e classi caram-se os fatores prognósticos como endógenos ou exógenos, e se ordenaram em uma matriz com base nos construtos da Classi cação Internacional da Funcionalidade, a De ciência e a Saúde (CIF). Resultados: Incluíram-se 83 artigos. A maior produção de publicações registrou-se para o ano 2009 e se concentrou nos países desenvolvidos. As variáveis endógenas reportadas com maior frequência foram: aspiração, localização da lesão e idade. Conclusões: Não existe consenso sobre os fatores que devem-se ter em conta para determinar o prognóstico da disfagia depois de um AVC e, em consequência, se requere de um maior esforço de investigação nesta área.

Introducción. La rehabilitación integral es un concepto de difícil consenso, dado que es resultado de una evolución histórica. Objetivo. Presentar los hallazgos del estudio “Acceso a los servicios de rehabilitación integral en Colombia: una aproximación desde los conceptos y las prácticas de distintos actores sociales” y describir las comprensiones de la rehabilitación integral de parte de diversos actores desde una perspectiva comprensiva de la discapacidad. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, cualitativo y de múltiples fuentes de evidencia para identificar las percepciones de actores responsables de formular e implementar políticas públicas (FP), académicos (A), profesionales (P), representantes de organizaciones sociales (OS), gestores de servicios (GS), gestores y profesionales de servicios de educación inclusiva (EI), personas con discapacidad (PCD) y cuidadores (C), involucrados en la rehabilitación integral en una ciudad colombiana. Se realizaron entrevistas a 18 actores y se desarrollaron seis grupos focales. Para el análisis de datos, se usó el Atlas ti®, el acuerdo entre jueces y el análisis de las narrativas. Resultados. La rehabilitación integral es percibida de distintas maneras por los actores, entre las que priman tres concepciones de ella: como resultado de un proceso de rehabilitación funcional, como derecho y como garante de inclusión social. Conclusiones. Mientras exista diversidad y dispersión acerca de la rehabilitación integral, será difícil concebir, implementar, evaluar y participar activamente en dicho proceso. En consecuencia, las barreras de acceso a ella se incrementarán y estará lejos de entenderse como un derecho que se ejerce desde una visión integral de ser humano. Dicho esto, se enuncian implicaciones para la academia, los prestadores de servicios y las políticas públicas.

Introdução: a terapia de restrição induzida em afasia (tria) é um método terapêutico para a recuperação funcional da linguagem expressiva em pacientes com afasia, cujo efeito tem sido comprovado a partir de estudos de corte experimental desde há mais de uma década em países como os Estados Unidos e a Alemanha e, mais recentemente, se tem instaurado na prática profissional do fonoaudiólogo na Colômbia. O presente artigo mostra um desenho de sujeito único em afasia de condução, no qual se estima o efeito de um protocolo de terapia de restrição induzida da linguagem. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de uma paciente de gênero feminino de 49 anos, com nível de educação superior e com afasia de condução resultado de um acidente cerebrovascular de dois anos de evolução, quem recebeu tria com uma intensidade de duas horas diárias, cinco dias à semana, durante quatro semanas. Como parte do protocolo de tria foram apresentados 40 estímulos verbais diferentes cada cinco sessões (grupo de estímulos 1 e 2: verbos e substantivos, grupo 3: expressões frequentes e grupo 4: antónimos) para um total de 160 estímulos, com estratégias de estimulação e facilitação da linguagem oral, mas com restrição das formas não verbais da comunicação. Tomaram-se medições antes e depois da tria, mediante o uso de provas estandardizadas. Resultados: o rendimento comparativo pré- e pós- das provas indicam uma melhoria em vários domínios da linguagem expressivo, tais como: a fluidez verbal, a longitude de frase, a linha melódica, a forma gramatical, a produção de estruturas sintáticas de maior complexidade, o incremento no uso de conetores, substantivos, adjetivos e verbos, e a diminuição de neologismos, parafasias, dubitações e batologias. A hipótese inicial apresenta que a tria induz mudanças no desempenho verbal dos pacientes; no entanto, requer-se de uma exposição sustentada no tempo para induzir generalização das aprendizagens.

Objective: this study compares the performance of two groups of participants with and without aphasia anomic in a lexical decision tasks (LDT) and spelling, in relation to the effect of the variables of word frequency and syllable. Materials and methods: a prospective study with a 2x2x2 design, which administered the LDT, in which each she/he had to decide if it was a real Spanish word or not, pressing one of two keys. To the task of spelling, they had to spell orally each of words presented auditorily. Results: It was found that in the LTD, the experimental group made more errors in the high-frequency stimuli syllable while the control group had more errors in the low-frequency syllables. In terms of reaction times was evident that the experimental group took longer to solve the task than the control group. The spelling task performance showed no difference in groups or conditions (lexical frequency and syllable). Conclusions: similar than other researches in normalized population, the results of this study demonstrate the effect of lexical frequency facilitation and inhibition that generates high syllable frequency.

Objective: characterize the behavior of clinical research in Physiotherapy, through the analysis of theproduction of scientific literature in a period of five years in order to identify areas of concentrationand dispersion, collaborative research and types of clinical studies have conducted. Methods andmaterials: descriptive study on the papers in Medline/PubMed from 2005-2009. Were considereda total 404 publications, clinical trials and epidemiological studies side, analyzed according to thepercentage distribution of articles by clinical area, year of publication, and institutional affiliation ofresearchers. Results: It found a greater number of trials (93%) systematic reviews represented thegreatest number of epidemiological studies side. The clinical areas pulmonary and cardiovascularaccount for 65% of scientific publications in the studies analyzed. The year with highest numberof publications was 2008. Half of the clinical research produced in this five-year have affiliationwith academic institutions, and secondly, studies conducted in hospitals. Conclusions: the clinicalresearch publications in Physiotherapy in Medline/PubMed registered show sustained activity ofscientific production in the pulmonary and cardiovascular areas, consistent with the major healthconcerns in the world. The findings suggest that the ability of physiotherapists to develop qualityresearch, use and transfer of results into clinical practice should achieve greater development.

Durante siglos Cádiz ha sido puerta de entrada de músicas y danzas procedentes de América, hecho que fue trascendental en la etapa de conformación del flamenco. La importante presencia de piezas musicales mexicanas que fueron integradas en esta ciudad hasta el punto de convertirse en nuevos estilos preflamencos propiamente gaditanos, es un fenómeno que no ha sido atendido en la literatura flamenca. El estudio del diálogo musical transatlántico entre Andalucía y México desde un enfoque etnomusicológico, es decisivo para la comprensión de los procesos de cambio musical producidos durante la etapa preflamenca, en la que Cádiz desempeñó un papel vertebrador.Over the centuries Cadiz has been a gateway for musics and dances from America. This fact was capital during flamenco conformation process. A significant presence of mexican music was integrated into the city, to the point of becoming new “gaditano” preflamencos styles. This phenomena has not been analyzed properly in flamenco literature until now. The study of transoceanic musical dialogue between Andalusia and Mexico from an ethnomusicological approach, is capital for the understanding of musical change processes during preflamenco period, being Cadiz an important point of convergence.

El propósito de este texto es revisar una serie de referentes concluyentes de la investigación en neurociencias y derivar un fundamento para la intervención en los desórdenes de la comunicación con origen neurológico. La evidencia sobre los desenlaces de recuperación de las alteraciones neurocomunicativas señala que es difícil predecir, a largo plazo, la funcionalidad de un paciente con lesión cerebral. A pesar de que el curso de la recuperación de los desórdenes de origen neurológico del habla y el lenguaje es diferente atendiendo a la naturaleza, extensión y localización de la lesión, existe evidencia que cerca del 80% de los pacientes con daño cerebral adquirido muestran mejoría importante entre las 10 y 22 semanas posteriores a la lesión. El patrón de recuperación no permite predecir los progresos en razón del tiempo; dado que diversos tipos de plasticidad tienen lugar en diferentes estadios de las lesiones neurológicas. La evidencia neurocientífica señala la existencia de variables relacionadas con la neurorehabilitación y la recuperación de las alteraciones neurocomunicativas, susceptibles de ser manipuladas tales como: el tiempo, la intensidad, la cantidad del tratamiento y otras variables de la intervención, así como las propias condiciones neurales; de la misma manera se han identificado variables de resultado del proceso de neurorehabilitación relacionadas con la adquisición, la generalización, el mantenimiento, la interferencia y los efectos de la neurobiología que soporta los comportamientos cognoscitivo-lingüísticos.

In the last three decades many methods havebeen proposed in order to calculate the world’shealth condition, in terms of knowing the wholeand particular burden of morbidity and disabilityand to estimate the efficacy of the interventionsmade in public health. In Colombia, the most significantprogress made in terms of disability is the“Registry for Locating and Characterize Peoplewith Disability”, made by the DANE1 in 2003.The investigation used the data from the registryand analyzed the contextual environmental,personal and social factors in the CIF2, in order toidentify which were the determinants of disability.A secondary analysis comes from the data from86.622 registries (DANE (3), 2005-2006), from thetwenty sectors contained in the Distrito Capital deBogotá. The variables were selected by convenience,following empiric referents of the determinantfactors for the CIF (2) that were related to the registrymodules about localization and residence,personal identification, characterization and originof the disability, health, education and participation.Frequency distributions were obtained inpercentage and absolute values for each variable.The global analysis for cluster of personal and environmentalfactors suggests that the latter have abigger weight in the generation and exacerbationof the disability, as they answer to determinantsrelated to conditions and ways of living associatedwith services, systems and politics.

Some aspects related with disability andemployment are discussed in this text, includingconcepts related with employment discriminationbased on disability. Highlights the costsderived from avoid social responsibility ofrehabilitation, and suggests a change of mindon disability like an economical policy affair

Antecedentes: la demencia tipo Alzheimer representa un 50-70% de las enfermedades demenciales. Su prevalencia es del 3-5% en personas mayores de 65 años y su incidencia de 1- 2% al año en la población general; se caracteriza por alteraciones progresivas en la memoria, el lenguaje, la atención, el comportamiento y la presencia de déficit visoespaciales. Objetivo: hacer un análisis descriptivo-comparativo de una muestra poblacional con demencia tipo Alzheimer, en especial una descripción fenomenológica de las alteraciones del lenguaje presentes en esa población. Métodos: como criterios de inclusión se usaron: diagnóstico de demencia tipo Alzheimer, dominancia manual derecha, escolaridad superior a quinto de primaria y capacidad para rendir las pruebas propuestas. Se comparó el rendimiento en las subpruebas de lenguaje del examen mínimo del estado mental (MMSE); en denominación y fluidez semántica y fonológica y se analizó el deterioro lingüístico en dos estadios de la demencia tipo Alzheimer. Resultados: en el estadio leve se evidencian déficit ligeros en todas las pruebas. Sinembargo los dominios con rendimiento más bajo fueron la fluidez fonológica y semántica. En el estadio moderado se evidenciaron diferencias en el rendimiento; las tareas de denominación, fluidez semántica y fluidez fonológica tuvieron rendimiento más bajo. Conclusiones: el lenguaje es un dominio que suele comprometerse en la demencia tipo Alzheimer. Los resultados reflejan el deterioro progresivo de la habilidad lingüística, manifiesto en un amplio rango de frecuencia entre el estadio leve y el moderado de la demencia. Existe un perfil similar de deterioro para los estadios leve y moderado con patrones independientes en las pruebas específicas.