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En este trabajo se aborda el análisis de la influencia del género en la gestión de diversos tipos de entidades españolas, tanto en el ámbito privado como público. Son numerosos los estudios que han puesto de manifiesto las diferencias, en cuanto a la forma de gestionar, entre hombres y mujeres, y la repercusión que supone la diversidad de género en los grupos de trabajo. Este estudio se ha llevado a cabo en el contexto español cuyo universo empresarial está constituido, básicamente, por micro empresas y pequeñas empresas. España es el país pionero en contar con una legislación específica sobre Economía Social (Ley 5/2011, de 29 de marzo). Y, en el ámbito público, presenta una descentralización de las responsabilidades públicas mayor en comparación con el resto de los países, alimentando el debate sobre la eficiencia operacional de los gobiernos locales. La escasez de este tipo de trabajos en nuestro país ha constituido una de las principales motivaciones de esta tesis doctoral. El primer estudio, titulado “The influence of gender on financial decisions: Evidence from small start-up firms in Spain”, analiza la influencia de género en la estructura financiera de microempresas y pequeñas empresas que se encuentran en la primera fase de creación empresarial. Al contrario que en trabajos previos se analiza no sólo el nivel de deuda sino también el coste y el vencimiento de la financiación, utilizando la metodología estadística de Mínimos Cuadrados en Tres Etapas, por la peculiaridad de la muestra, ya que sólo se dispone de datos de un año. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto una influencia negativa, tanto de la presencia de la mujer en la propiedad y dirección de las pequeñas empresas como de la diversidad de género en los grupos de toma de decisiones, sobre el nivel de endeudamiento. Además, implican un menor coste y mayor plazo de la financiación. El segundo estudio, cuyo título es “Gestión empresarial y género: Evidencia para cooperativas en España”, analiza la influencia de género en la gestión de las cooperativas bajo los preceptos de la teoría de la agencia y en la gestión del riesgo. Para ello se ha utilizado la metodología estadística de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, ya que sólo se dispone datos para un año. Los pocos estudios que han considerado el problema de agencia en el ámbito de las cooperativas se han basado en la creencia generalizada de la no separación de propiedad y control en estas entidades. Si a esto le añadimos el problema de la mala definición de los derechos de propiedad en las cooperativas, conlleva que no siempre va a coincidir el nivel de riesgo asumido por la cooperativa con las preferencias personales de los socios. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las cooperativas con mayor representación femenina en su Consejo Rector tienden a unos niveles de rentabilidad económica y de rentabilidad financiera superiores. Además, presentan un menor endeudamiento y un menor nivel de riesgo económico, por la mayor aversión al riesgo que puede presentar la mujer. El tercer estudio titulado “Economic situation and gender: Evidence from local governments in Spain” analiza la influencia de género en la gestión presupuestaria de los ayuntamientos aplicando la técnica del Método Generalizado de Momentos Sistemático (System GMM) a un panel de datos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que los ayuntamientos gestionados por mujeres tienden a unos menores gastos totales. Además, presentan menores gastos en pasivos financieros. También se observa unos mayores gastos en seguridad, protección y promoción social, lo que es consistente con el hecho de que a las mujeres se les atribuyan atributos de emocionalidad, sensibilidad, comunicación, empatía, cooperación, buscan el bienestar del grupo., This paper deals with the analysis of the influence of gender in the management of different types of Spanish institutions, both private and public. There are numerous studies that have revealed differences in how to manage, between men and women, and the impact posed by the diversity of gender in the groups of working. This study has been conducted in the Spanish context whose business universe consists, basically, of micro companies and small companies. Spain is the pioneer country in having a specific legislation on Social economy (law 5/2011, March 29). And, in the public sphere, it presents a decentralization of public responsibilities increased in comparison with the rest of the countries, feeding the debate on the operational efficiency of local governments. The shortage of this type of works in our country has been one of the main motivations of this dissertation. The first study entitled "The influence of gender on financial decisions: Evidence from small startup firms in Spain", examines the influence of gender on the financial structure of micro and small enterprises that are in the first phase of business creation. Unlike that previous Works, is analyzed not only the level of debt but also the cost and maturity of funding, using the methodology of Statistical Least Squares in Three Stages, by the peculiarity of the sample, since only one year data are available. The results of this study highlight a negative influence, both the presence of women in the ownership and management of small enterprises and gender diversity in the groups of decisions, in the level of indebtedness. In addition, those results imply a lower cost and longer-term of funding. The second study entitled "Gender and business management: evidence for cooperatives in Spain", examines the influence of gender in the management of cooperatives under the precepts of the Agency theory and the risk management. The statistical methodology that has been used is Ordinary Least Squares, since data is only available for one year. The few studies that have considered the problem of Agency in the field of cooperatives have been based on the widespread belief in the separation of ownership and control in these organizations. And whether we add the problem of the poor definition of the property rights in cooperatives, it implies that it will not always match the level of risk assumed by the cooperative with the personal preferences of the partners. The results of this study highlight that the cooperatives with greater female representation on its Boards tend to higher profitability and financial profitability levels. In addition, they presented a lower debt and a lower level of economic risk, by increased aversion to risk that women may present. The third study entitled "Economic situation and gender: Evidence from local governments in Spain", examines the influence of gender on the budget management of the municipalities by applying the technique of the generalized method of moments systematic (System GMM) a panel of data. The results of the third study highlight that the municipalities managed by women tend to lower total expenses. In addition, they presented some lower expenses on financial liabilities. Also, the results presented higher costs in security, protection and social promotion, which is consistent with the fact that is attributed to women attributes of emotionality, empathy, sensitivity, communication, cooperation, seek the welfare of the group.

In freshly deposited sulphidic mine tailings, the pH is neutral or slightly alkaline. Due to pyrite oxidation, the pH decreases to values lower than 3 at which acidophilic iron- and sulphur-oxidizing prokaryotes prevail and accelerate the oxidation processes. Portman Bay is heavily polluted as a result of historical mining and processing activities, during which time great amounts of wastes were produced, characterised by a high potentially toxic elements (PTE) content, acidic pH and minerals resulting from supergene alteration. Three soil samples were collected from the most recent exploitation stage, stored in containers for a year and moistened simulating rainfall events. The percolates obtained were collected and naturally evaporated, obtaining three efflorescence samples. The existence of bacterial activity was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). C15 sample is characterised by copiapite small crystals generating an homogeneous, porous mass. Inside the mass of copiapite crystals, both pyrite and gypsum were also found. In this sample, a laminae of material fills the pore space. The high carbon content shown in the spectrum of this material permits to characterise it as a biofilm. In the cross section sample of C15, a noticeable lamination of copiapite crystals has been observed, probably originated by dissolution processes. A clear limit between the lamination zone and the upper zone of the efflorescence was noticed, and here arborescent forms are developed. C17 and C18 also presented copiapite crystals, but, unlike C15, they do not present lamination and are characterized by an irregular shape and massive fabric. In C17, small crystals growing in the surface of this material were observed, generating small crusts. According to the spectrum analysis, these crusts are formed by alunogen. In C18, crystals of acicular morphology are present, and appear grouped at certain points. Therefore, out of the three natural efflorescences, biotic activity was only found in C15. This efflorescence differs significantly in morphology and fabric from samples C17 and C18. Besides the morphology, the PTEs content is also different, suggesting that chemical properties of this soil favoured the organic activity. An important factor could be related to a high iron content, since, as demonstrated in similar materials, iron performs a fundamental factor for bioinducted nucleation.

In this paper the claim for the market for a new business management to ensure the presence of women in decision -making to respond to new social needs addressed. Thus, this paper analyzes the influence of gender diversity of the directors on the profitability and the level of debt for a sample of 5,199 Spanish cooperatives. Unlike capitalist societies, these organizations have a number of peculiarities in their government, and that the partners are themselves major time, agents and customers. The study focuses on the Spanish context, where there is an open debate on the importance of women's business management, as in other countries, driven by the proliferation of legislation on gender equality, being, in addition, Spain, the pioneer in having specific legislation on Social Economy. The results show that cooperatives with greater female representation in theirs Boards have higher profitability. On the other hand, those Boards with a higher percentage of women show a lower level of indebtedness. En el presente trabajo se aborda la reclamación por el mercado de una nueva gestión empresarial que asegure la presencia de la mujer en la toma de decisiones para dar respuesta a las nuevas necesidades sociales. Así, este trabajo analiza la influencia de la diversidad de género de los consejeros sobre la rentabilidad y el nivel de endeudamiento para una muestra de 5.199 cooperativas españolas. A diferencia de las sociedades capitalistas, estas organizaciones presentan una serie de peculiaridades en su gobierno, ya que los socios son a su vez principales, agentes y clientes. El estudio se centra en el contexto español, donde existe un debate abierto sobre la importancia de la gestión empresarial femenina impulsado, como en otros países, por la proliferación de legislación sobre la igualdad de género, siendo, además, España el país pionero en contar con una legislación específica sobre Economía Social. Los resultados muestran que las cooperativas con mayor representación femenina en su Consejo Rector presentan una mayor rentabilidad. Por otro lado, en aquellos consejos con un mayor porcentaje de mujeres muestran un menor nivel de endeudamiento.