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Interactions among community stakeholders act as a buffer against disasters and present a way to build community resilience. Several decision support frameworks have been proposed in the literature to improve community resilience, but none focus on interactions among stakeholders. This paper presents a decision support framework to guide decision-makers in prioritizing areas of interaction based on their mutual impact. The framework is built on three components. The first involved conducting a literature review to identify areas of interaction among community stakeholders; resulting in identifying 27 factors that reflect the various interaction areas. The second was to implement a Delphi study to capture the dependency among the different areas. The third was to prioritize the identified areas of interaction through network analysis techniques to understand the propagating impacts of a change in one area on the others. The framework was applied to Spain, utilizing data provided by Spanish resilience experts. Our findings indicate a high degree of interdependence among all areas of interaction. Decentralization of the decision-making process and effective leading capabilities of emergency organizations have been identified as top priority areas. By utilizing this framework, decision-makers can systematically enhance interactions among diverse stakeholders, creating a roadmap to improve community resilience.

Actualmente la mayor parte de la población mundial se concentra en las áreas urbanas. Estas áreas se han convertido en sistemas muy complejos, que afrontan un contexto cambiante condicionado por factores como la dependencia de las infraestructuras críticas (ICs), o el cambio climático (CC). Hoy en día, los impactos del CC son una realidad y los municipios sufren cada vez más el aumento de la temperatura media o el incremento en la frecuencia e intensidad de los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. El CC tiene un elemento diferencial, es una amenaza dinámica y con un elevado grado de incertidumbre asociado. Este hecho hace que los municipios deban desarrollar capacidades adecuadas que les permitan afrontar los escenarios actuales y futuros asociados al CC. En este sentido, además de adoptar medidas de mitigación y adaptación, las áreas urbanas deben mejorar su resiliencia. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la resiliencia no es un camino exento de dificultades y barreras estructurales, sociales, culturales, económicas, medioambientales y de gobernanza. En este sentido, los últimos años se han desarrollado marcos para ayudar a las ciudades a desarrollar y mejorar sus estrategias de resiliencia. Por otro lado, estos marcos reconocen la necesidad de gestionar las ICs para mejorar la resiliencia de la ciudad y su capacidad para afrontar las crisis, pero no especifican cómo hacerlo. Esta tesis se centra en la gobernanza de las ICs urbanas para la mejora de la resiliencia. El objetivo es proporcionar a los municipios una herramienta que les ayude a desarrollar su modelo de gobernanza de sus ICs para mejorar la resiliencia en el contexto del CC. Con este objetivo, la investigación que se ha llevado a cabo combina metodologías para acceder tanto al conocimiento académico y como al conocimiento basado en la experiencia de las personas. En este sentido, se ha priorizado la utilización de metodologías participativas en la fase de desarrollo. Como resultado, esta tesis propone una guía para ayudar a los municipios a desarrollar un modelo de gobernanza de sus ICs con enfoque de resiliencia en el contexto del CC. La guía propone un proceso de cuatro fases en base a cinco preguntas, que ayudarán a los municipios a establecer objetivos estratégicos, y a identificar los mecanismos de gestión adecuados, que les ayuden a mejorar su resiliencia en el contexto del CC. Para ello, se han identificado unos factores habilitantes y catalizadores de la gobernanza. Además, partiendo de la identificación de los agentes más relevantes y sus roles, se proponen varias opciones de estructuras organizativas para el sistema de gobernanza. Se han identificado, además, unas dimensiones básicas de resiliencia y se proponen unas acciones asociadas a ellas. Finalmente se han identificado instrumentos y prácticas que facilitan el despliegue de la estrategia. Finalmente, la guía se ha verificado mediante la metodología del caso de estudio. Para ello se han llevado a cabo dos casos de estudio en el País Vasco, una ciudad capital de provincia y un municipio pequeño. Today, most of the world's population is concentrated in urban areas. These areas have become highly complex systems, facing a changing context conditioned by factors such as climate change (CC), or the dependency on critical infrastructures (CIs). Cities are increasingly suffering CC impacts such as the sea-level rise or more extreme weather events (in terms of an increase in the frequency and intensity of the extreme events and the likelihood of extremely hot days and nights). Moreover, CC has a differential element, it is a dynamic threat with a high degree of uncertainty associated with it. This fact means that municipalities must develop adequate capacities to enable them to face current and future scenarios associated with CC. In this sense, in addition to adopting mitigation and adaptation measures, urban areas must improve their resilience. However, building resilience is not an easy task and entitles many structural, social, cultural, economic, environmental, and governance challenges. In this regard, in recent years many frameworks have been developed to help cities develop and improve their resilience strategies. These frameworks recognize the need to manage urban CIs for developing city resilience but do not specify how to do so. This thesis focuses on the governance of urban CIs for improving city resilience. This research aims to provide municipalities with a tool to help them in the development of governance models for their CIs, for improving city resilience to CC. To that end, different methodologies have been applied to access both academic knowledge and expert knowledge based on people's experience. In this sense, in the development phase, the use of participatory methodologies has been prioritized. As a result, this thesis proposes a guide to help municipalities develop a governance model for their CIs to improve resilience to CC. The guide proposes a four-step process based on five questions that will help municipalities to set strategic objectives and identify appropriate governance mechanisms to improve their resilience to CC. To that end, governance enabling factors and drivers have been identified. Furthermore, based on the identification of the most relevant actors and their roles, several options for governance structures are proposed. In addition, basic resilience dimensions have been identified and fifteen actions are proposed. Finally, some instruments and good practices have been identified to facilitate the implementation of the strategies. Finally, the case study methodology has been to validate the guide. In this sense, two case studies have been carried out in the Basque Country, a city and a small municipality.

Over the last 20 years, disaster events have been increasing with 3.25 billion people affected. The public are not only affected by these incidents but also, they are the first on the disaster scene. To fully utilize the public’s potential and define their role in assisting in disaster management, we need to hear the voice of the main responsible for handling a disaster, the authorities, and emergency personnel. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and prioritize their needs through conducting a survey and interviews with members of authorities and emergency organizations in several European Union countries, namely; France, Israel, Italy, Norway, Romania, Spain, and Sweden. The highest-ranked needs identified are getting credible information as soon as possible from the disaster scene as well as following authorities’ recommendations. Additionally, this study identifies some barriers associated with the engagement of society in disaster management. An example of such a barrier is that citizens could hurt themselves or others and hamper the intervention efforts through their interference. Despite the barriers, the emergency organizations are in favor of engaging the society in the response and recovery phases. The identified needs and barriers help to define procedures and policies that can improve the engagement of citizens and consequently, social resilience.

The constantly evolving cyber threat landscape is a latent problem for today’s companies. This is especially true for the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) because they have limited resources to face the threats but, as a group, represent an extensive payload for cybercriminals to exploit. Moreover, the risk of cyber incidents is not only due to cybercriminals but can be evoked from multiple sources such as human error, system failure, etc. In any case, the costs of these cyber incidents are high and can considerably affect SMEs. On the other hand, the traditional cybersecurity approach of protecting against known threats cannot withstand the rapidly evolving technologies and threats. In this sense, this study claims that cyber resilience, a more holistic approach to cybersecurity, could help SMEs anticipate, detect, withstand, recover from and evolve after cyber incidents. However, to operationalize cyber resilience is not an easy task since it requires technical and strategical knowledge and experience for its broad scope, holistic and multidimensional nature. Although the current literature regarding the operationalization of cyber resilience has widely covered the actions and areas of knowledge (often called policies and domains) required to operationalize cyber resilience, their prioritization and specific implementation strategies are not clear. Moreover, the differences between the actions suggested among the authors require companies to select one approach and later prioritize these actions. Therefore, it requires decision capabilities, knowledge and experience to know what is best for the company. In SMEs, this knowledge and experience might not be present since in most cases cybersecurity is not the core of their business. Therefore, this study tries to facilitate the cyber resilience operationalization process for SMEs. To achieve the goal of aiding SMEs in cyber resilience operationalization, this study presents an operationalization framework to help them prioritize the required cyber resilience policies and develop effective strategies to implement them. For this, the study presents a classification with the essential cyber resilience domains and policies required to operationalize cyber resilience in SMEs. Once these policies have been established, it also presents an implementation order for effective a cyber resilience operationalization. Moreover, the study presents example progressions for each policy in a progression model in order for companies to be able to strategize how to implement and later improve the required policies. These results are combined into a self-assessment tool and simulation models that could be used by companies in their decision-making process in order to take into account the findings of this study when operationalizing cyber resilience. El panorama de las ciberamenazas, en constante evolución, es un problema latente para las empresas actuales. Esto es especialmente cierto para las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMEs) porque tienen recursos limitados para hacer frente a las amenazas pero, como grupo, representan un amplio mercado para que los ciberdelincuentes exploten. Además, el riesgo de incidentes cibernéticos no se debe únicamente a los ciberdelincuentes, sino que puede provenir de múltiples fuentes, como errores humanos, fallos del sistema, etc. En cualquier caso, los costes de estos ciber incidentes son elevados y pueden afectar considerablemente a las PYMEs. Por otra parte, el enfoque tradicional de ciberseguridad de protección contra las amenazas conocidas no puede resistir la rápida evolución de las tecnologías y las amenazas. En este sentido, este estudio afirma que la ciberresiliencia, un enfoque más holístico de la ciberseguridad, podría ayudar a las PYMEs a anticipar, detectar, resistir, recuperarse y evolucionar tras los ciberincidentes. Sin embargo, operacionalizar la ciberresiliencia no es una tarea fácil, ya que requiere conocimientos técnicos y estratégicos y experiencia por su amplio enfoque, su naturaleza holística y multidimensional. Aunque la literatura actual relativa a la operacionalización de la ciberresiliencia ha cubierto ampliamente las acciones y áreas de conocimiento (a menudo llamadas políticas y dominios) requeridas para operacionalizar la ciberresiliencia, su priorización y las estrategias específicas de implementación no están claras. Además, las diferencias entre las acciones sugeridas entre los distintos autores obligan a las empresas a seleccionar un enfoque y a priorizar posteriormente estas acciones. Por lo tanto, se requiere capacidad de decisión, conocimiento y experiencia para saber qué es lo mejor para la empresa. En las PYMES, estos conocimientos y experiencia pueden no estar presentes ya que en la mayoría de los casos la ciberseguridad no es el núcleo de su negocio. Por lo tanto, este estudio trata de facilitar el proceso de operacionalización de la ciberresiliencia para las PYMEs. Para lograr el objetivo de ayudar a las PYMEs en la operacionalización de la ciberresiliencia, este estudio presenta un marco de operacionalización para ayudarles a priorizar las políticas de ciberresiliencia necesarias y desarrollar estrategias efectivas para implementarlas. Para ello, el estudio presenta una clasificación con los dominios y políticas de ciberresiliencia esenciales para operacionalizar la ciberresiliencia en las PYMEs. Una vez establecidas estas políticas, también presenta un orden de implementación para una operacionalización efectiva de la ciberresiliencia. Además, el estudio presenta ejemplos de progresión para cada política en un modelo de progresión con el fin de que las empresas puedan elaborar estrategias para implementar y posteriormente mejorar las políticas requeridas. Estos resultados se combinan en una herramienta de autoevaluación y en modelos de simulación que podrían ser utilizados por las empresas en su proceso de toma de decisiones para tener en cuenta las conclusiones de este estudio a la hora de hacer operativa la ciberresiliencia.

The constantly evolving cyber threat landscape is a latent problem for today’s companies. This is especially true for the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) because they have limited resources to face the threats but, as a group, represent an extensive payload for cybercriminals to exploit. Moreover, the traditional cybersecurity approach of protecting against known threats cannot withstand the rapidly evolving technologies and threats used by cybercriminals. This study claims that cyber resilience, a more holistic approach to cybersecurity, could help SMEs anticipate, detect, withstand, recover from and evolve after cyber incidents. However, to operationalize cyber resilience is not an easy task, and thus, the study presents a framework with a corresponding implementation order for SMEs that could help them implement cyber resilience practices. The framework is the result of using a variation of Design Science Research in which Grounded Theory was used to induce the most important actions required to implement cyber resilience and an iterative evaluation from experts to validate the actions and put them in a logical order. Therefore, this study proposes that the framework could benefit SME managers to understand cyber resilience, as well as help them start implementing it with concrete actions and an order dictated by the experience of experts. This could potentially ease cyber resilience implementation for SMEs by making them aware of what cyber resilience implies, which dimensions it includes and what actions can be implemented to increase their cyber resilience.

A growing majority of the world's population lives in cities. This rapid urbanization increases the concentration of people and critical services in cities, which also upscale their exposure to acute shocks and long-term stresses such as floods, earthquakes, climate change or social dynamics. While all of these challenges are complex in themselves, in most cases, cities must face a combination of them. Resilience thinking demands cities plan holistically so that they are prepared for whatever shocks and stresses may arise. Although there is a set of frameworks aimed at building city resilience, frameworks specifically aimed at operationalizing the resilience-building process within cities remain undeveloped. This research begins to fill this gap by developing a Resilience Maturity Model (RMM) that provides cities with a roadmap for operationalizing the resilience-building process. For that purpose, the RMM defines a sequence of maturity stages and a set of policies that help cities to assess their current maturity stage and identify the policies that need to be implemented to improve their resilience level.

Climate change (CC) is one of the most challenging issues ever faced, as it affects every system worldwide at any scale. Urban areas are not an exception. Extreme weather-related events have seriously affected urban areas in recent years, and they have a significant impact on the welfare of people. According to UN projections, by 2050 more than 68% of the world’s population could be concentrated in urban areas. Additionally, daily life in urban areas is highly dependent on certain critical services and products provided by critical infrastructures (CIs). Therefore, it is especially relevant to understand how CC affects urban CIs in order to develop mechanisms to improve their capacity to handle crises derived from CC. In this context, resilience-based strategies provide a holistic approach, considering both predictable and unpredictable threats. This paper proposes a guide for assessing and enhancing the resilience level of cities against CC, considering urban CIs as key agents in improving the city’s capacity to face and recover from CC-related crises. The guide was developed through a co-creation process in which two cities in the Basque Country (Spain) worked together with CI providers and other relevant stakeholders in the resilience-building process. The resulting guide is to be used by city stakeholders at a strategic level, providing them with: (1) a qualitative assessment of the city’s current resilience level in the CC context; (2) better knowledge about urban CI sectors, their interdependency relationships and the chain of impacts due to cascading effects in the short, medium and in the long term and; (3) a set of policies that enhance city resilience.

Nowadays, the majority of the world’s population lives in cities and, according to projections, this number will increase over the coming decades. Accelerated globalization has dramatically increased the complexity and perceived unpredictability of threats and hazards. As cities continue to grow and grapple with uncertainties, cities across the world face an increasing variety of challenges ranging from short-term disasters such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes, to long-term disasters such as climate change. In most cities, the approach to managing disasters has limited to top-down initiatives directed by disjointed departments and entities of the local government who adopted a reactive response to disasters. In this context, city stakeholders such as volunteer organizations, citizens, media, academic, educational and scientific entities, and private and public companies were informed without becoming actively involved in the resilience-building process. The capacity of a city to adapt to disasters requires a resilience approach that not only takes into consideration the contribution of each stakeholder independently but also tackles the functioning of a city in a comprehensive and holistic manner. The approach to building resilience focuses on the innate strengths of city stakeholders and the need to collaborate to maximize efforts and existing resources. Building city resilience therefore, requires analyzing the needs of the different city stakeholders and empowering them to take actions. Currently, however, frameworks that help governments to improve collaboration with city stakeholders in the resilience-building process remain undeveloped. Therefore, frameworks that help local governments to understand and assess how to engage stakeholders at the most appropriate time and in a manner that contributes to the resilience-building process need to be developed. The contribution of this research is the development of a stakeholder-collaboration maturity model. The stakeholder-collaboration maturity model defines five sequential maturity stages to help local governments to improve progressively the collaboration with city stakeholders in the resilience-building process. Each maturity stage indicates the stakeholders that need to be involved, the policies that need to be implemented, and the indicators that evaluate the implementation of the policies. The stakeholder-collaboration maturity model was developed as a result of an iterative process that included semi-structured interviews with representatives from six different cities committed to improving their level of city resilience. Furthermore, two case studies were carried out in two cities in order to implement the stakeholder-collaboration maturity model. These case studies aimed at gathering evidence of the evolution of the collaboration between the local government and city stakeholders and to validate the sequence of stages and policies presented in the maturity model. Moreover, the stakeholder-collaboration maturity model made it possible to assess the current maturity stage of the cities under study and to provide recommendations for improving collaboration with different city stakeholders.

This book/bachelors-thesis in mainly focused on showing the procedure for building an online business, regarding wib design and the programming needed for it.The online business I'm using for my thesis is one I founded with a couple of friends called Öland Design, which is an online platform for design students to get professional experience when they have free time, earning some money from the transaction...No wait... All 100% of the money from the transaction.Why did I choose this for my Thesis (final project)?,wll, it's actually kind of simple: I wanted to do something productive and helpful for the design world, so that college student can have a beautifully designed and easy to use tool for gaining experience designing stuff and making great contacts with the design leaders of tomorrow. My final project memory (or bacheors thesis) will be structured as any software development would. The steps I'm taking in developing this project will be next.1.Functions. I will go throughly what the designers and companies vould expect and need from this website to consider it modern and easy to use. 2. Sotoryboard/UI. The user steps around the website. 3. Database (MySQL). Build an "Entity/Relation" diagram for sotring the application data. 4. Web destin (HTML 5 & CSS 3). Designing the webpage from front end to the modern techniques of respoonive design. 5. PHP Programming. Programming the website app functions in PHP 5.0. I wil comment roughly about the managerial part as it not the main focus of my project. But I will use some of the strategical management information when necessary.

Critical Infrastructures (CIs) such as Energy, Information and Communication Technologies, Transport, etc. have become critical for society since in the last decades society’s dependency on the proper performance of CIs has increased. Recent crises such as Haitian and Japanese earthquakes (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) or Sandy hurricane (2012) have made evident this dependency. These crises have severely affected CIs and therefore, impacts on society have been aggravated. Consequently, effort on how to reduce future crises impacts with special focus on CIs and their dependencies has to be made. The main objective of crisis management is to decrease crisis impacts. Thus, in order to reduce impacts crisis managers must identify the possible impacts that can occur, how these impacts can be assessed, the causes that generate impacts and their evolution over time. The consequences that crises lead to affect society in different ways and even if some impacts are unavoidable through a proper crisis management these impacts can at least be reduced. Moreover, impacts origins have evolved as the criticality of CIs has increased. As a result of the increased dependency on CIs, a failure in any CI entails important disturbances for society. Moreover, CIs are dependent among each other and consequently when a CI fails it can affect other CIs through cascading effects. As a result, CIs have a relevant role in impact generation when a crisis strikes. In light of this situation, research on how to lessen the impacts of crises must be performed. Therefore, this research aims to reduce future crises impacts. The use of the Crisis Management Toolbox which is focused on the Relevant Role of Critical Infrastructures and their Dependencies (the CriMaCID toolbox) will help crisis managers and CI managers improving future crisis management increasing their awareness about impacts and their causes. Consequently, geographic area’s and CIs’ resilience will also be improved. In order to develop and to validate this research the collaboration of experts such as crisis managers and CI managers has been essential. Moreover, different research methods such as literature review, multiple case studies analysis, survey, simulation and interviews have been applied. Las infraestructuras críticas (ICs) como son la Energía, las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación, el Transporte, etc. son críticas para la sociedad ya que, en las últimas décadas, se ha incrementado la dependencia de la sociedad en su correcto funcionamiento. Recientes crisis como los terremotos de Haití y Japón (en 2010 y 2011 respectivamente) o el huracán Sandy (2012) han hecho evidente esta dependencia. Estas crisis han afectado severamente las ICs y por lo tanto, los impactos en la sociedad se han visto agravados. Por ello, se debe realizar un esfuerzo para reducir los impactos de futuras crisis con especial atención en las ICs y sus dependencias. El objetivo principal de la gestión de crisis se centra en disminuir los impactos de las crisis. Por lo tanto, con el fin de reducir los impactos los gestores de crisis debe identificar los posibles impactos que se pueden producir, deben conocer cómo se pueden gestionar estos impactos así como las causas que los generan y su evolución en el tiempo. Las consecuencias que las crisis generan afectan a la sociedad de diferentes maneras y, aunque algunos impactos son inevitables, mediante una adecuada gestión de crisis estos impactos pueden al menos reducirse. Asimismo, las causas de los impactos han evolucionado debido al incremento de la criticidad de las ICs. Como resultado del incremento de la dependencia en las ICs, el fallo de cualquier IC conlleva importantes perjuicios para la sociedad. Asimismo, las ICs son dependientes entre sí y por lo tanto cuando una IC no funciona correctamente puede afectar a otras ICs a través de efectos en cascada. Como resultado, las ICs tienen un papel relevante en la generación de impactos cuando se produce una crisis. En consecuencia, se debe investigar la forma de reducir los impactos de las crisis. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo reducir los impactos de futuras crisis. El uso del conjunto de herramientas para la gestión de crisis centrado en el relevante papel de las ICs y de sus dependencias (denominado CriMaCID) ayudará a los gestores de crisis y a los gestores de ICs a mejorar la gestión de futuras crisis, incrementando su conocimiento sobre los impactos y sus causas. En consecuencia, también se mejorará la resiliencia del área geográfica y de las ICs. Con el fin de desarrollar y validar esta investigación, la colaboración de expertos, como gestores de crisis y de CIs, ha sido esencial. Asimismo, se han aplicado diferentes métodos de investigación tales como revisión de la literatura, múltiples estudios de caso, encuesta, simulación y entrevistas.

The welfare of society has increased significantly in the last few decades throughout the world due to advances in many sectors such as technology, health, communication, etc. But at the same time, this has also increased our dependency towards the correct functioning of these Critical Infrastructures (CIs). Therefore, a proper functioning and a high service reliability level of CIs are vital for the society’s welfare. In light of this situation, it is paramount to improve the resilience level of the CIs in order to prevent crises occurrence and absorb the impact when they occur. Resilience is defined as a capacity of a system to prevent a crisis occurrence, and in case it occurs, the capacity to absorb the magnitude of the impact and recover efficiently to the normal situation. Literature presents several definitions and perspectives regarding the resilience concept. However, it lacks to provide a detailed prescription about how crisis managers can improve their CI’s resilience level holistically. This research presents a framework that would help crisis managers to improve the resilience level of CIs. This framework provides a list of policies and sub-policies that crisis managers should implement in their CIs to enhance the resilience level. These policies have beendefined holistically taking into account internal and external stakeholders taking part in a major industrial accident as well as covering the four dimensions of resilience already defined in the literature. Furthermore, the influence of each resilience policy on the three resilience lifecycle stages has been determined. The main conclusion obtained from this analysis is that internal policies are the ones which most influence during the prevention stage whereas both internal and external policies assist on the absorption and recovery stages. An implementation methodology has also been defined in order to efficiently implement this framework in practice. It is difficult to implement all the policies at the same time. Furthermore, some policies require others prior implementation to achieve higher efficiency in their implementation. Therefore, this implementation methodology provides the temporal order in which the policies and sub-policies should be implemented in order to achieve a high resilience level. In order to carry out this research different kinds of research methods have been employed. Some methods aim to gather experts’ knowledge through workshops and questionnaires such as Group Model Building, Delphi, and Survey methods. Others, on the other hand, are based on analysis of past major industrial accidents or real cases such as case studies in CIs. From this variety of methods valuable and complementary information was gathered in order to develop and validate the resilience framework for CIs.

Las aplicaciones de Realidad Virtual son cada vez más frecuentes en áreas como la industria o la medicina ya que pueden utilizarse como herramientas de trabajo o de aprendizaje. La necesidad actual de que estos sistemas sean cada vez más realistas obliga a introducir el sentido del tacto aumentando de forma considerable la precisión y eficiencia con la que pueden desarrollarse las tareas además de la inmersión de los usuarios en este tipo de entornos. Los dispositivos hápticos permiten al usuario interactuar con objetos del entorno virtual a través del sentido del tacto percibiendo una respuesta de fuerza a cualquier colisión con el entorno. Sin embargo, esta tecnología háptica es todavía reciente lo que no permite obtener una respuesta estable y realista en casos complejos. La presente Tesis investiga y ofrece soluciones en dos áreas fundamentales de la háptica: el cálculo de las fuerzas y pares de contacto como resultado de las acciones de los usuarios en entornos virtuales y la percepción multisensorial. La detección y respuesta de colisión en tiempo real es una tarea complicada y esencial para la efectividad de estos sistemas hápticos. Este trabajo desarrolla un método de renderizado háptico capaz de calcular una respuesta háptica estable y agradable incluso en situaciones complejas tales como las tareas de desensamblado en entornos aeronáuticos. Además, se analiza la eficacia de combinar los distintos canales sensoriales disponibles para mejorar la percepción global del sistema así como la inmersión final del usuario.