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Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth where cancer cells take advantage of surrounding cellular populations to obtain resources and promote invasion. Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer accounting for almost 90% of cancer cases. One of the major subtypes of carcinomas are adenocarcinomas, which originate from glandular cells that line certain internal organs. Cancers such as breast, prostate, lung, pancreas, colon, esophageal, kidney are often adenocarcinomas. Current treatment strategies include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, and more recently immunotherapy. However, patients with adenocarcinomas often develop resistance or recur after the first line of treatment. Understanding how networks of tumor cells interact with each other and the tumor microenvironment is crucial to avoid recurrence, resistance, and high-dose therapy toxicities. In this review, we explore how mathematical modeling tools from different disciplines can aid in the development of effective and personalized cancer treatment strategies. Here, we describe how concepts from the disciplines of ecology and evolution, economics, and control engineering have been applied to mathematically model cancer dynamics and enhance treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) are the two major antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV). Objectives: To characterize a homogenous AAV cohort and to assess the impact of clinicopathological profiles and ANCA serotypes on clinical presentation and prognosis. Clinical differences in GPA patients according to ANCA serotype and the diagnostic yield for vasculitis of biopsies in different territories were also investigated. Results: This retrospective study (2000–2021) included 152 patients with AAV (77 MPA/75 GPA). MPA patients (96.1% myeloperoxidase [MPO]–ANCA and 2.6% proteinase 3 [PR3]–ANCA) presented more often with weight loss, myalgia, renal involvement, interstitial lung disease (ILD), cutaneous purpura, and peripheral nerve involvement. Patients with GPA (44% PR3–ANCA, 33.3% MPO, and 22.7% negative/atypical ANCA) presented more commonly with ear, nose, and throat and eye/orbital manifestations, more relapses, and higher survival than patients with MPA. GPA was the only independent risk factor for relapse. Poor survival predictors were older age at diagnosis and peripheral nerve involvement. ANCA serotypes differentiated clinical features in a lesser degree than clinical phenotypes. A mean of 1.5 biopsies were performed in 93.4% of patients in different territories. Overall, vasculitis was identified in 80.3% (97.3% in MPA and 61.8% in GPA) of patients. Conclusions: The identification of GPA presentations associated with MPO–ANCA and awareness of risk factors for relapse and mortality are important to guide proper therapeutic strategies in AAV patients. Biopsies of different affected territories should be pursued in difficult‐to‐diagnose patients based on their significant diagnostic yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A combined deep-penetrating tumour redefined as WNT-activated deep-penetrating/plexiform melanocytoma (DPM), may pose challenging clinical and histological diagnoses. Objectives To review the clinicopathological characteristics of combined DPMs and characterize the molecular profile of atypical and malignant forms. Methods The study included 51 patients with combined DPMs diagnosed at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and the University of Florence between 2012 and 2020. Clinical data, dermoscopy images (when available) and histological characteristics were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, LEF1, HMB45, Ki67, p16 and PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma) was performed. Atypical forms underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel analysis, including driver genes implicated in DPMs, TERT -promoter (p) mutations and the investigation of the 9p21 locus via fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results Among the 51 patients (32 females and 19 males, age range 4–74 years), 68% with available clinical data (15/22) were initially suspected of having melanoma. Except for one patient, complete excision resulted in no recurrences or metastases. One patient who had an incompletely excised combined DPM developed a lymph node melanoma metastasis 10 years later. In the 51 patients, 10 samples (20%) showed atypical histological features; 7 (14%) exhibited a significant loss of p16 expression; and 2 (4%) showed a high-proliferative index (Ki67 over 5%). NGS analysis in 11 patients revealed a double mutation BRAF V600E and exon 3 CTNNB1 ; no TERT p mutations were detected. Conclusions Clinical suspicion of melanoma is common in combined DPMs, but malignant progression is infrequent in tumours lacking high-grade atypia or proliferation. These findings are congruent with the consideration of these lesions as intermediate-grade tumours or melanocytomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow regime is essential in the photoreactor's performance in pollutant degradation in the aqueous medium, especially in fluidized systems. Therefore, this study is focused on determining the fluidization conditions of a granular catalyst based on TiO2-CuO nanoparticles (1 wt.% CuO) immobilized on beach sand granules using an FBP photoreactor. COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 was employed for inlet velocities between 0.1 m/s and 1.0 m/s, mainly from the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence model and the Stokes drag law. The results indicated that the average velocities in the annular section are much higher (4.11 u t and 5.42 u t ) than the required particle terminal velocity. Moreover, the pressure contour lines revealed that these flow velocities do not represent excessive pressures in the concentric cylinders, with maximum gauge pressures of 740.52 Pa and 1310 Pa for inlet velocities U o = 0.75 and 1.0 m/s, respectively. Finally, it was determined that the Reynolds number adjusted ( Re pf ) values lower than or equal to 1.37 × 10 − 3 allow high fluidization after 2 seconds. This information makes it possible to adapt and assemble the FBP equipment for future photocatalytic evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]