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Objective: To characterize the clinical signs, diagnostic and surgical findings, and outcome in dogs with spinal epidural empyema (SEE)., Study Design: Retrospective study., Animals: Seven dogs., Methods: Dogs with SEE between 1992 and 2001 were identified from a computerized medical record system. Inclusion criteria were: neurologic examination, vertebral column radiographs, myelography, antimicrobial culture and susceptibility of material collected surgically from the vertebral canal, a definitive diagnosis of SEE confirmed by surgery, and microscopic examination of tissue from the vertebral canal., Results: Common signs were lethargy, fever, anorexia, apparent spinal pain, and paraparesis/plegia. Common laboratory abnormalities were peripheral neutrophilia, and neutrophilic pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Three dogs had concurrent discospondylitis and 1 of these had vertebral luxation. On myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was focal (2 dogs), multifocal (3), or diffuse (2). Bacteria were isolated not from CSF but from blood, surgical site, pleural fluid, or urine in 6 dogs. Dogs were administered antibiotics and had surgical decompression by hemilaminectomy. Five dogs improved neurologically and had a good long-term outcome. Two dogs were euthanatized, 1 because of worsening of neurologic signs and pneumonia, and the other because of herniation of a cervical intervertebral disc 1 month postoperatively, unrelated to the SEE., Conclusion: Dogs with SEE may have a good outcome when treated by surgical decompression and antibiotic administration., Clinical Relevance: SEE should be included in a list of possible causes for dogs with fever, apparent spinal pain, and myelopathy.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a commonly inherited disorder (1/1000) in humans characterized by fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Defects in the PKD genes, PKD1 and PKD2, cause 85% and 15% of human ADPKD cases, respectively. Mutations in the PKHD1 gene cause autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). Mutations in several genes, including Nek8, cause PKD in mice. Although PKD affects 38% of Persian cats worldwide, making it the most prominent inherited feline disease, a causative gene has not been identified. Feline PKD is an autosomal dominant disease with clinical presentations similar to human ADPKD. Forty-three microsatellites were chosen from the feline genetic maps based on known homology with human chromosomal regions containing the PKD1, PKD2, PKHD1, and Nek8 genes. Linkage analysis using seven Persian cat pedigrees segregating for PKD has shown significant linkage and no recombinants (Z=5.83, theta=0) between the PKD disease phenotype and marker FCA476, which is within 10 cR of the feline PKD1 gene on Chromosome E3. This suggests that the PKD1 gene or another gene within this region may cause feline PKD. Further investigation into the cause of PKD will be valuable for feline health and provide insights into human ADPKD.

Objective: To determine clinical signs and rhinoscopic, computed tomographic, and histologic abnormalities in dogs with idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis., Design: Retrospective case series., Animals: 37 dogs., Procedure: Clinical information was obtained from medical records. Nasal computed tomographic images and histologic slides of biopsy specimens were reviewed., Results: Dogs ranged from 1.5 to 14 years old (mean, 8 years); most (28) were large-breed dogs. Nasal discharge was unilateral in 11 of 26 (42%) dogs and bilateral in 15 of 26 (58%) dogs. In dogs with unilateral disease, duration of clinical signs ranged from 1.5 to 36 months (mean, 8.25 months; median, 2 months), and in dogs with bilateral disease, duration of signs ranged from 1.25 to 30 months (mean, 6.5 months; median, 4 months). Computed tomography (n = 33) most often revealed fluid accumulation (27/33 [82%]), turbinate destruction (23/33 [70%]), and frontal sinus opacification (14/33 [42%]). Rhinoscopy (n = 37) commonly demonstrated increased mucus and epithelial inflammation; turbinate destruction was detected in 8 of 37 (22%) dogs. Bilateral biopsy specimens from all 37 dogs were examined. Four dogs had only unilateral inflammatory changes. The remaining 33 dogs had bilateral lesions; in 20, lesions were more severe on 1 side than the other., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Findings suggest that idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis is a key contributor to chronic nasal disease in dogs and may be more common than previously believed. In addition, findings suggest that idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis is most often a bilateral disease, even among dogs with unilateral nasal discharge.

Objective: To determine sensitivity and specificity of radiography, ultrasonography, and antegrade pyelography for detection of ureteral obstructions in cats., Design: Retrospective study., Animals: 11 cats., Procedure: Medical records of cats that had radiography, ultrasonography, and antegrade pyelography performed for suspected ureteral obstructions were examined. Ultrasound-guided pyelocentesis and fluoroscopic-assisted antegrade pyelography were performed on 18 kidneys in 11 cats. Obstructive ureteral lesions were confirmed in all cats by surgical or necropsy examination. Sensitivity and specificity of survey radiography, ultrasonography, and antegrade pyelography for identification of ureteral obstructions were calculated. Surgical or necropsy findings were used as the standard for comparison., Results: All cats were azotemic. Mean +/- SD serum creatinine and BUN concentrations were 10.2 +/- 6.1 and 149 +/- 82 mg/dL, respectively. Fifteen of 18 ureters were found to be obstructed at surgery or necropsy. Sensitivity and specificity were 60 and 100% for radiography and 100 and 33% for ultrasonography, respectively, in identification of ureteral obstructions. Leakage of contrast material developed in 8 of 18 kidneys during antegrade pyelography and prevented diagnostic interpretation in 5 of 18 studies. For the 13 diagnostic studies, specificity and sensitivity were 100% by use of the antegrade pyelography technique. Correct identification of the anatomic location of the ureteral obstruction was obtained in 100% of diagnostic antegrade pyelography studies and in 60% of radiography or ultrasonography studies., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Antegrade pyelography can be a useful alternative in the diagnosis and localization of ureteral obstructions in azotemic cats, although leakage of contrast material may prevent interpretation of the study.

Objective: To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis., Design: Retrospective case series., Animals: 24 dogs., Procedure: Clinical information and results of clinicopathologic testing were obtained from medical records. Thoracic radiographs were reviewed to characterize abnormalities., Results: Dogs ranged from 1 to 10 years old at the time of diagnosis, with 12 dogs being between 1 and 3 years old. Historical complaints included cough, lameness, signs of head or neck pain, and difficulty breathing. Mild anemia, neutrophilia, and monocytosis were common. All dogs had hypoalbuminemia, and 8 of 15 had hyperglobulinemia. Thoracic radiographs of 19 dogs were reviewed. Pulmonary infiltrates were seen in 13 dogs, with an interstitial pattern of infiltration being most common. Hilar lymphadenopathy was seen radiographically in 10 dogs. Serum from 20 dogs was tested for antibodies against Coccidioides immitis. One dog was positive for IgM antibodies, 5 were positive for IgM and IgG antibodies, and 14 were positive for IgG antibodies. Quantitative IgG titers measured in 14 dogs ranged from 1:2 to 1:128 (median and mode, 1:32). In 6 dogs, histologic examination of biopsy samples revealed fungal spherules ranging from 8 to 70 microm in diameter., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggest that in dogs, coccidioidomycosis may be associated with a wide spectrum of nonspecific respiratory and musculoskeletal abnormalities. The chronic nature of the disease makes diagnosis difficult, even in regions in which the organism is endemic.

An 8-year-old, domestic short hair cat with a known history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and previous aortic thromboembolism was presented for 24 h of vomiting and pyrexia. Initial abdominal radiographs were unremarkable. On an upper gastrointestinal series, delayed gastric emptying and prolonged small intestinal transit time were found. An initial abdominal ultrasound revealed a focal region of aperistaltic small intestine with mild wall thickening, however, intestinal wall layering in this area appeared normal. By 72 h, there was a diffusely hypoechoic portion of thickened small bowel (0.51 cm) with loss of the normal layering and hyperechoic mesentery surrounding this segment of bowel. A small bowel infarction and focal peritonitis were suspected and confirmed at surgery.

Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of radiographic evaluation of radio-ulnar incongruence in canine elbow joints in vitro., Study Design: Radiographic evaluation of induced radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs by radiologists blinded to study design., Sample Population: Six cadaveric canine left forelimbs., Methods: Extended lateral, 90 degrees flexed lateral, and cranio-caudal projections were taken of the elbow joint of six cadaveric canine forelimbs. A four-pin, type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) with a linear motor side bar was attached to the medial aspect of the radius, and a 2-cm segment of bone was removed from the mid-diaphysis. A 3.5-mm cortical bone screw placed from the medial to lateral styloid processes prevented relative movement between the distal radius and ulna during radial shortening. The ESF was used to progressively shorten the radius in increments of 0.5 mm to a total of 4 mm. The three radiographic projections were repeated after each incremental change of length. After the study, each elbow joint was disarticulated to confirm the presence of a step defect. The original radiographs and three copies were randomized and then evaluated by four radiologists blinded to the study design. Radiologists were asked to evaluate whether the joint was normal or abnormal and if there was evidence of radio-ulnar incongruence. The ability of each radiologist to correctly identify congruent elbows (specificity) and incongruent elbows (sensitivity) was calculated., Results: The median specificity was 86% using the lateral projection and 82% using the cranio-caudal projection. The median sensitivities using the lateral and cranio-caudal radiographic projections were 78% and 79%, respectively. The degree of radial shortening required for individual radiologists to achieve a sensitivity of 90% ranged from 1.5 mm to greater than 4 mm., Clinical Relevance: Standard radiographic evaluation for radio-ulnar incongruence in the dog may be associated with relatively poor sensitivity and specificity. Invasive surgical procedures and screening programs that rely on radiographic diagnosis of radio-ulnar incongruence should be discouraged until a more reliable method of diagnosis of this type of elbow joint incongruence is available., (Copyright 2002 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons)

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a safe and reliable technique for percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein via a major splenic vein using ultrasound guidance. Three separate catheter systems were evaluated on five anesthetized dogs. At least five attempts at catheterization of the splenic vein and subsequently the portal vein were attempted on each animal. Following the procedure the dogs were necropsied to assess for intrasplenic and intraabdominal hemorrhage. A technique using an introducer system and a large catheter was not successful on seven attempts. A technique using an over the needle catheter was successful in gaining access to the splenic vein on two out of five attempts; however the catheter could not be advanced into the portal vein. A technique utilizing 19 or 17 gauge needles with 22 or 19 catheter through-the-needle-catheters was successful in catheterization of the splenic vein and advancement to the portal vein on twelve of fifteen attempts. The smaller gauge needle and catheter system provided for easier access to the splenic vein and subsequent catheter manipulation facilitating access to the portal circulation.

Objective: To report the clinical signs and management of 4 foals with persistent frenulum of the epiglottis., Study Design: Case report., Animals: Four newborn foals., Methods: Foals were admitted with a complaint of oronasal reflux after nursing. Variable systemic signs of aspiration pneumonia were evident. Nasal endoscopy confirmed persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Persistent frenulum of the epiglottis, confirmed by oral endoscopic examination, was transected., Results: After surgery, all foals had the epiglottis positioned normally, dorsal to the soft palate. Clinical signs of oronasal reflux resolved by the second nursing attempt in 3 foals, whereas this was difficult to assess in one foal that was nursed intermittently because of the mares behavior. This foal died 2 days later. The other 3 foals have had normal epiglottic function for 2-4 years., Conclusions: Persistent frenulum of the epiglottis should be considered in foals with oronasal reflux from birth. With appropriate medical and surgical management the prognosis for resolution should be good.