Author: "Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski"' showing total 48 results

Start Over Author "Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski"

48 results on '"Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski"'

1. Comparison of the effects of host-associated (autochthonous) and commercial probiotics on immune responses, growth parameters and intestinal microbiota of Caspian whitefish (Rutilus frisii kutum) fry

Author: Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Seyyed Morteza Hoseini, Ali Taheri Mirghaed, Melika Ghelichpour, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Hien Van Doan, Ehab El-Haroun, Roghieh Safari, and Majid Khanzadeh
Subjects: whitefish, autochthonous probiotic, Pediococcus pentosaceus, growth indicators, nonspecific immunity, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Probiotics are helpful bacteria that safeguard host animals from harmful pathogens. In fish farming, the primary aim of using probiotics is to preserve or reestablish a balance between pathogenic microorganisms and the native bacteria that constitute the intestinal and skin microbial communities of fish. This study investigates the effects of host-associated probiotic (HAP) vs commercial probiotic (CP) on the growth performance, antioxidant defense and immunity of Caspian whitefish fry. Three hundred whitefish fry (1.15 ± 0.03 g) were randomly divided into five treatments in triplicate. Treatments included feeding with the control group (zero), P. acidilactici as a commercial probiotic (CP) at 6 × 108 CFU g -1, and HA Pediococcus pentosaceus at 106, 107 and 108 CFU g-1 for eight weeks. Dietary HAP and CP did not have significant effects on growth indices compared to the control group (P > 0.05). However, HAP at 107 and 108 CFU g-1 and CP significantly increased protein in whitefish carcasses compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Different levels of HAP and CP had a significant effect on whole-body extract (WBE) lysozyme (LZM) activity (P < 0.05). HAP treatment significantly increased WBE ACH50 and bactericidal activity compared to the control and CP group (P < 0.05). Also, in the case of mucosal immune response, different levels of HAP could significantly increase LZM, total immunoglobulin (Ig), agglutination titer, protease and alkaline phosphatase activity compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Whitefish fed HAP showed a significant increase in the activity of WBE antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT and GPx) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Also, feeding with HAP could significantly increase autochthonous LAB levels compared control group (P < 0.05); while the total count of intestinal heterotrophic bacteria was not affected (P > 0.05). Overall, the present study showed HA Pediococcus pentosaceus can be considered as beneficial feed additive for whitefish.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Risk factors and treatment outcome of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A five-year study in the North of Iran

Author: Roghieh Golsha, Mahdi Mazandarani, Ahmad Sohrabi, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Hamidreza Kamalinia, Atefeh Rezaeifar, and Mandana Fattahi
Subjects: tuberculosis, risk factor, poverty, socioeconomic status, general practitioners training., Internal medicine, RC31-1245
Abstract: Background: It is essential to constantly review the risk factors and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB). This study evaluated some important risk factors of TB over five years. Methods: Between 2013 and 2018, all available information and possible risk factors related to TB patients were analyzed from the TB registry program of the health district of Gorgan, Iran. Results: Among 349 TB patients, 194 (55.59%) were males and 167 (47.85%) had at least a comorbidity. The death rate was higher in the age group more than 65 years (p < 0.001), the low-educated group (P = 0.012), and patients with underlying diseases, especially diabetes (p < 0.001). In total, univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes showed that having comorbidity (OR = 4.34; 95% CI 1.49 – 13.49), as well as, being jobless (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.19 – 8.59) were the main factors influencing the adverse events. Conclusion: According to the study, aging, underlying diseases, and cultural poverty include a higher share of the main risk factors for active TB and/or treatment outcomes. By considering these risk factors and training the medical staff continually, we can reduce the time of TB diagnosis, and prevent it from spreading.
Published: 2024

3. Anesthesia and analgesia for common research models of adult mice

Author: Siavash Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh, Mohammad Farajli Abbasi, Maedeh Ghasemi, Gholamreza Bayat, Nahid Davoodian, Ehsan Sharif-Paghaleh, Seyedeh Mahsa Poormoosavi, Melika Rafizadeh, Maryam Maleki, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Hossein Kargar Jahromi, Masoomeh Dadkhah, Bahman Khalvati, Tahereh Safari, Mohammad Amin Behmanesh, Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam, Gholamreza Houshmand, and Sayyed Alireza Talaei
Subjects: Anesthetic, Analgesic, Mouse, Pharmacology, Side effect, Preclinical, Medicine (General), R5-920, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Abstract Anesthesia and analgesia are major components of many interventional studies on laboratory animals. However, various studies have shown improper reporting or use of anesthetics/analgesics in research proposals and published articles. In many cases, it seems “anesthesia” and “analgesia” are used interchangeably, while they are referring to two different concepts. Not only this is an unethical practice, but also it may be one of the reasons for the proven suboptimal quality of many animal researches. This is a widespread problem among investigations on various species of animals. However, it could be imagined that it may be more prevalent for the most common species of laboratory animals, such as the laboratory mice. In this review, proper anesthetic/analgesic methods for routine procedures on laboratory mice are discussed. We considered the available literature and critically reviewed their anesthetic/analgesic methods. Detailed dosing and pharmacological information for the relevant drugs are provided and some of the drugs’ side effects are discussed. This paper provides the necessary data for an informed choice of anesthetic/analgesic methods in some routine procedures on laboratory mice.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Occurrence and risk factors of nontuberculous mycobacteria in tuberculosis-suspected patients in the north of Iran

Author: Maryam Shafipour, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Masoumeh Taziki, Maya Babai Kochkaksaraei, and Somayeh Rahimi
Subjects: Nontuberculous mycobacteria, Tuberculosis, 16S rDNA, Sequence alignment, Sequence homology, Mycobacterium simiae, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Some Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) can occasionally infect the human population and cause infections having symptoms similar to tuberculosis (TB). This study tried to provide updated data about the frequency and diversity of NTM species. Materials and Methods: Suspicious samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with both positive results in Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and Löwenstein-Jensen medium culturing were evaluated during January 2016 and December 2018 in Gorgan, Iran. After determination of MTB isolates by the growth rate, pigmentation status, the niacin test, and the insertion sequence 6110 (IS6110) PCR assay, other unknown isolates (presumably NTM) were detected by the 16S rDNA sequencing method and drawing the phylogenetic tree. Based on the patients’ demographic information, their risk factors were also assessed. Results: Among 226 culture-positive samples, obtained from 2994 individuals with suspected symptoms of TB, the analyses found 12 (5.3%) NTM and three Mycobacterium caprae isolates. Mycobacterium simiae (6/12) was the most prevalent NTM species. The average nucleotide similarity value was 98.2% ± 3.7. In comparison to patients with MTB (211 confirmed cases), other mycobacterium infections were more common in patients over 65 years old (Odd ratio (95% convenience interval): 2.96 (0.69 - 12.59), P = 0.14). Conclusion: Although the NTM species has a small portion in TB suspected patients, their prevalence has increased, mainly in elderly patients. Moreover, M. simiae was the most prevalent NTM species in our region. Therefore, identification of common species in each region is recommended and clinicians should pay more attention to them in each region.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Letter to the editor: efficacy of different methods of combination regimen administrations including dexamethasone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and interferon-beta to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Author: Nafiseh Abdolahi, Effat Kaheh, Roghieh Golsha, Behnaz Khodabakhshi, Alireza Norouzi, Mahmoud Khandashpoor, Sima Besharat, Samane Tavassoli, Somayeh Livani, Sadegh Ali Azimi, Mohammad Hadi Gharib, Babak Peivandi, Abdolreza Fazel, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, and Gholamreza Roshandel
Subjects: COVID-19, Randomised controlled trial, Protocol, Corticosteroids, Patients management, Inflammation, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract Objectives There is little information about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) management for critically ill patients. Most of these patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to excessive inflammatory response and the ensuing cytokine storm. Anti-inflammatory drugs including corticosteroids can be used to effectively reduce the effect of this cytokine storm and lung damage. However, corticosteroids can have side effects, so simultaneous administration of immunoglobulin (IV-IG) and interferon-beta can help manage treatment using corticosteroids. Therefore, we designed a trial to test our hypothesis that early administration of dexamethasone in combination with IV-IG and interferon-beta can reduce the effect of the cytokine storm in critically ill patients COVID-19. Trial design A phase two multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three parallel arms (1:1:1 ratio). Participants They will be hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 who have positive RT-PCR test and have blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) less than 90% and respiratory rate higher than 24 per minute or have involvement of more than 50% of their lung when viewed using computed tomography (CT)-scan. The age range of patients will be 18-70 years old. Exclusion criteria: the need for intubation; allergy, intolerance, or contraindication to any study drug including dexamethasone, IV-IG, and interferon-beta; pregnancy or lactation; known HIV positive or active hepatitis B or C. The study will be conducted in several hospitals of the Golestan province, Iran. Intervention and comparator The study subjects will be randomly allocated to three treatment arms: two experimental groups (two arms: Intervention 1 and Intervention 2) and one Control Group, which will be matched for age and sex using frequency matching method. Each eligible patient in the control arm will receive the standard treatment for COVID-19 based on WHO guidelines and the Ministry of the Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran. Each patient in the Intervention Group 1 will receive the standard treatment for COVID-19 and dexamethasone, at the first 24 hours’ time of admission. The intervention begins with the administration of dexamethasone based on the SpO2 levels. If the level of SpO2 does not improve after 24 hours, IV-IG (400 mg/kg once daily for 5 days) and interferon-beta (7 doses every other day) will be prescribed along with dexamethasone administration. In Intervention Group 2, the administration of dexamethasone will be started within the first 24 hours’ time of admission and will be continued for 48-72 hours and then the SpO2 level will be checked. Then, if the level of SpO2 has not improved after that time, IV-IG and interferon-beta will be prescribed as the same dosage as Group 1. If the percentages of the SpO2 level are between 85 and 90/ 80 and 85/ 75 and 80/ less than 75, the dosages will be 4 mg every 12 hours/ 4 mg every 8 hours/ 8 mg every 12 hours/ 8 mg every 8 hours, respectively. According to the WHO recommendation, all participants will have the best available supportive care with full monitoring. Main outcomes Primary: An increase in the SpO2 level to reach more than 90% in each case, which will be assessed by the oximeter. Secondary: The duration of hospital stays; intubation status and the percentage of patients who are free of mechanical ventilation; the mortality rates during hospitalization and one month after the admission time. Randomisation Participants will be allocated into either control or intervention groups with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio using a computer random number generator to generate a table of random numbers for simple randomization. Blinding (masking) The project's principal investigator (PI) is unblinded. However, the PI will not analyse the data and interpret the results. An unblinded researcher (a pharmacist) will cover the drug’s bottles with aluminium foil and prepare them interventions and control drugs in a syringe with a code so that patients are blinded. This person will have no patients contact. The staff and nurses, caring for the patients, will be unblinded for each study group due to the nature of this study. The staff that take outcome measurements will be blinded. The laboratory technicians will also be blinded as well as the statistical team. These study statisticians will have access to coded data and will analyse the data labelled as group X, group Y, and group Z. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) The target sample size will be 105 critically ill COVID-19 patients, who will be allocated randomly to the three trial arms with 35 patients in each group. Trial status Recruitment is ongoing. The study began on April 18 2020 and will be completed June 19 2020. This summary describes protocol version 1; April 2 2020. Trial registration https://www.irct.ir/ . Identifier: IRCT20120225009124N4 version 1; Registration date: April 2 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting the dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The full protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. A systematic review and meta-analysis for association of Helicobacter pylori colonization and celiac disease.

Author: Fazel Isapanah Amlashi, Zahra Norouzi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Alireza Norouzi, Ali Ashkbari, Naghme Gilani, Seyed Alireza Fatemi, and Sima Besharat
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Background and objectivesBased on some previous observational studies, there is a theory that suggests a potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization and celiac disease (CeD); however, the type of this relationship is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore all related primary studies to find any possible association between CeD and human H. pylori colonization.Data sourcesStudies were systematically searched and collected from four databases and different types of gray literature to cover all available evidence. After screening, the quality and risk of bias assessment of the selected articles were evaluated.Synthesis methodsMeta-analysis calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) on the extracted data. Furthermore, heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroups, and publication bias analyses were assessed.ResultsTwenty-six studies were included in this systematic review, with a total of 6001 cases and 135512 control people. The results of meta-analysis on 26 studies showed a significant and negative association between H. pylori colonization and CeD (pooled OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.45-0.70; P < 0.001), with no publication bias (P = 0.825). The L'Abbé plots also showed a trend of having more H. pylori colonization in the control group. Among subgroups, ORs were notably different only when the data were stratified by continents or risk of bias; however, subgroup analysis could not determine the source of heterogeneity.ConclusionsAccording to the meta-analysis, this negative association might imply a mild protective role of H. pylori against celiac disease. Although this negative association is not strong, it is statistically significant and should be further considered. Further investigations in both molecular and clinic fields with proper methodology and more detailed information are needed to discover more evidence and underlying mechanisms to clear the interactive aspects of H. pylori colonization in CeD patients.Systematic review registration number (prospero)CRD42020167730 https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=167730.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses as Selective Factors for Antibiotic Resistance along the Farm to Fork Continuum

Author: Federica Giacometti, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, and Susana Ferreira
Subjects: antimicrobial resistance, food chain, stressors, cross-resistance, adaptive response, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem and there has been growing concern associated with its widespread along the animal–human–environment interface. The farm-to-fork continuum was highlighted as a possible reservoir of AMR, and a hotspot for the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the extent of the role of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and other food-related stresses as selective factors is still in need of clarification. This review addresses the use of non-antibiotic stressors, such as antimicrobials, food-processing treatments, or even novel approaches to ensure food safety, as potential drivers for resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The co-selection and cross-adaptation events are covered, which may induce a decreased susceptibility of foodborne bacteria to antibiotics. Although the available studies address the complexity involved in these phenomena, further studies are needed to help better understand the real risk of using food-chain-related stressors, and possibly to allow the establishment of early warnings of potential resistance mechanisms.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. The high prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain at an early age and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases

Author: Hanifeh Erie, Hami Kaboosi, Naeme Javid, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Masoumeh Taziki, Maya Babaee Kuchaksaraee, and Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
Subjects: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Beijing, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, Real-time PCR, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is still responsible for a wide range of deaths worldwide. Beijing genotype is one of the most important and virulent strains in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was designed for determination Beijing genotypes of M. tuberculosis in Golestan province, north of Iran. Materials and Methods: In the current descriptive study, 238 clinical MTB isolates, obtained from patients with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB in north of Iran, were evaluated. Oligonucleotide primers for the Beijing and non-Beijing genotypes and specific probes for their detection by a real-time PCR method were employed. In addition, an association between the Beijing genotype and possible clinical and demographic factors was evaluated. Results: The method revealed that 33 cases (13.9%) were the Beijing lineage and 205 (86.1%) the non-Beijing genotype. The mean age of patients infected with the Beijing and non-Beijing strains was 37.27 ± 18.3 and 51 ± 21.2 years, respectively; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.001). In addition, the prevalence of the Beijing strain decreased with age. Patients with a TB infection caused by the Beijing genotype were also more vulnerable to treatment failure. Based on the origin of the samples, the Beijing genotype was more often observed in extra-pulmonary samples compared with Pulmonary ones (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The Beijing genotype of MTB is prevalent in our region especially among young people which could indicate the risk of further expansion in the future.
Published: 2018

9. Differentiation of COVID-19 pneumonia from other lung diseases using CT radiomic features and machine learning: A large multicentric cohort study.

Author: Isaac Shiri, Yazdan Salimi, Abdollah Saberi, Masoumeh Pakbin, Ghasem Hajianfar, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Amirhossein Sanaat, Azadeh Akhavanallaf, Shayan Mostafaei, Zahra Mansouri, Dariush Askari, Mohammadreza Ghasemian, Ehsan Sharifipour, Saleh Sandoughdaran, Ahmad Sohrabi, Elham Sadati, Somayeh Livani, Pooya Iranpour, Shahriar Kolahi, Bardia Khosravi, Maziar Khateri, Salar Bijari, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Sajad P. Shayesteh, Mohammadreza Babaei, Elnaz Jenabi, Mohammad Hasanian, Alireza Shahhamzeh, Seyed Yaser Foroghi Ghomi, Abolfazl Mozafari, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Fatemeh Movaseghi, Rama Bozorgmehr, Neda Goharpey, Hamid Abdollahi, Parham Geramifar, Amir Reza Radmard, Hossein Arabi, Kiara Rezaei-Kalantari, Mehrdad Oveisi, Arman Rahmim, and Habib Zaidi
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. COVID-19 prognostic modeling using CT radiomic features and machine learning algorithms: Analysis of a multi-institutional dataset of 14, 339 patients.

Author: Isaac Shiri, Yazdan Salimi, Masoumeh Pakbin, Ghasem Hajianfar, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Amirhossein Sanaat, Shayan Mostafaei, Azadeh Akhavanallaf, Abdollah Saberi, Zahra Mansouri, Dariush Askari, Mohammadreza Ghasemian, Ehsan Sharifipour, Saleh Sandoughdaran, Ahmad Sohrabi, Elham Sadati, Somayeh Livani, Pooya Iranpour, Shahriar Kolahi, Maziar Khateri, Salar Bijari, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Sajad P. Shayesteh, Bardia Khosravi, Mohammadreza Babaei, Elnaz Jenabi, Mohammad Hasanian, Alireza Shahhamzeh, Seyed Yaser Foroghi Ghomi, Abolfazl Mozafari, Arash Teimouri, Fatemeh Movaseghi, Azin Ahmari, Neda Goharpey, Rama Bozorgmehr, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Roozbeh Mortazavi, Jalal Karimi, Nazanin Mortazavi, Sima Besharat, Mandana Afsharpad, Hamid Abdollahi, Parham Geramifar, Amir Reza Radmard, Hossein Arabi, Kiara Rezaei-Kalantari, Mehrdad Oveisi, Arman Rahmim, and Habib Zaidi
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019

Author: Kevin S Ikuta, Lucien R Swetschinski, Gisela Robles Aguilar, Fablina Sharara, Tomislav Mestrovic, Authia P Gray, Nicole Davis Weaver, Eve E Wool, Chieh Han, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Amirali Aali, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Getachew Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Amir Parsa Abhari, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Juan Manuel Acuna, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Alicia V Aleman, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kasim Allel, Sami Almustanyir, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Arianna Maever L Amit, Nivedita Anandavelane, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Dewi Anggraini, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Timur Aripov, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Sameh Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Darshan B B, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Indrajit Banerjee, Aleksandra Barac, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Neeraj Bedi, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Rose G Bender, Bharti Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Saeid Bitaraf, Danilo Buonsenso, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jiao Cai, Daniela Calina, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Rosario Cárdenas, Muge Cevik, Joshua Chadwick, Jaykaran Charan, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Patrick R Ching, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Xiaochen Dai, Saswati Das, Anna Dastiridou, Sisay Abebe Debela, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Diriba Dereje, Msganaw Derese, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Belay Desye, Kartik Dhaduk, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Eleonora Dubljanin, Susanna J Dunachie, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur, Habtamu Bekele Ejigu, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Hassan El-Abid, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Amir Emami, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Farshid Etaee, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Shahab Falahi, Aida Fallahzadeh, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, João C Fernandes, Allegra Ferrari, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Balasankar Ganesan, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Reza Ghanbari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Amador Goodridge, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Md. Abdul Hannan, Harapan Harapan, Shoaib Hassan, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie C D Iwu, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Linda Merin J, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Jayarajah, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Himal Kandel, Neeti Kapoor, Samad Karkhah, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Patrick DMC Katoto, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mona M Khater, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Niranjan Kissoon, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Fiorella Krapp Lopez, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Naveen Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Stephen S Lim, Wei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Michael J Loftus, Ayush Lohiya, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Galana Ayana Mamo, Yosef Manla, Miquel Martorell, Clara N Matei, Barney McManigal, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Georgia Micha, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Neda Milevska Kostova, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Catrin E Moore, Maryam Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Shane Douglas Morrison, Majid Motaghinejad, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Getaneh Baye B Mulu, Sandra B Munro, Saravanan Muthupandian, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Himanshi Narang, Zuhair S Natto, Muhammad Naveed, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Shumaila Naz, Ionut Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Jerry John Nutor, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Rahman Md Obaidur, Vivek Anand Ojha, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Nikita Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Shahina Pardhan, Jose L Paredes, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Seoyeon Park, Ashish Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Minjin Peng, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Marcos Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Norberto Perico, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Indrashis Podder, Nayanum Pokhrel, Ramesh Poluru, Maarten J Postma, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Ibrahim Qattea, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Saber Raeghi, Sima Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Leila Rahbarnia, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Sowmya J Rao, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Melese Abate Reta, Nazila Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Abanoub Riad, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Saeid Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Mohsen Safaei, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Francesco Sanmarchi, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Purva Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Ali Sheikhy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Damtew Damtew Solomon, Yimeng Song, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Miklós Szócska, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Elahe Taki, Ker-Kan Tan, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Belay Negash Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Samar Tharwat, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Imad I Tleyjeh, Christopher E Troeger, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Jef Van den Eynde, H. Rogier van Doorn, Siavash Vaziri, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Harimadhav Viswanathan, Bay Vo, Abdul Waris, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Sajad Yaghoubi, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mazyar Zahir, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Sojib Bin Zaman, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Peng Zheng, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zoladl, Alimuddin Zumla, Simon I Hay, Christiane Dolecek, Benn Sartorius, Christopher J L Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Ikuta, Kevin S, Swetschinski, Lucien R, Robles Aguilar, Gisela, Sharara, Fablina, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Gray, Authia P, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Wool, Eve E, Han, Chieh, Gershberg Hayoon, Anna, Aali, Amirali, Abate, Semagn Mekonnen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abebe, Getachew, Abedi, Aidin, Abhari, Amir Parsa, Abidi, Hassan, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Absalan, Abdorrahim, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Adane, Tigist Demssew, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adnan, Mohammad, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Aghdam, Zahra Babaei, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Rizwan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Jivan Qasim, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Aldeyab, Mamoon A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Syed Shujait, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Allel, Kasim, Almustanyir, Sami, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Anandavelane, Nivedita, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anggraini, Dewi, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Areda, Demelash, Aripov, Timur, Artamonov, Anton A, Arulappan, Judie, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Asaduzzaman, Muhammad, Ashraf, Tahira, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atlaw, Daniel, Attia, Sameh, Ausloos, Marcel, Awoke, Tewachew, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, B, Darshan B, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghcheghi, Nayereh, Bagherieh, Sara, Baig, Atif Amin, Banerjee, Indrajit, Barac, Aleksandra, Bardhan, Mainak, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Basu, Saurav, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Bedi, Neeraj, Belete, Melaku Ashagrie, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bender, Rose G, Bhandari, Bharti, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bitaraf, Saeid, Buonsenso, Danilo, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cai, Jiao, Calina, Daniela, Camargos, Paulo, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cevik, Muge, Chadwick, Joshua, Charan, Jaykaran, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Ching, Patrick R, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Dadras, Omid, Dagnaw, Fentaw Teshome, Dai, Xiaochen, Das, Saswati, Dastiridou, Anna, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Demisse, Fitsum Wolde, Demissie, Solomon, Dereje, Diriba, Derese, Msganaw, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Dessalegn, Fikadu Nugusu, Dessalegni, Samuel Abebe A, Desye, Belay, Dhaduk, Kartik, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhingra, Sameer, Diao, Nancy, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dora, Bezabih Terefe, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Dunachie, Susanna J, Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Ejigu, Habtamu Bekele, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyru, El-Abid, Hassan, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Emami, Amir, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Enyew, Daniel Berhanie, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Eshrati, Babak, Etaee, Farshid, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Falahi, Shahab, Fallahzadeh, Aida, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fekadu, Ginenu, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Allegra, Fetensa, Getahun, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gadanya, Muktar A, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Ganesan, Balasankar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Ghanbari, Reza, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golinelli, Davide, Goodridge, Amador, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajat Da, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Guta, Alemu, Habibzadeh, Parham, Haddadi Avval, Atla, Halwani, Rabih, Hanif, Asif, Hannan, Md. Abdul, Harapan, Harapan, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hoogar, Praveen, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Hussein, Nawfal R, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imam, Mohammad Tarique, Immurana, Mustapha, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iradukunda, Arnaud, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, J, Linda Merin, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamshidi, Elham, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Javidnia, Javad, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh, Jebai, Rime, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamal, Vineet Kumar, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karkhah, Samad, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khan, Abba, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Moien AB, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khater, Mona M, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kompani, Farzad, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Krapp Lopez, Fiorella, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha, Kumar, Naveen, Kurmi, Om P, Kuttikkattu, Ambily, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lám, Judit, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lee, Sang-woong, Lenzi, Jacopo, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Wei, Lodha, Rakesh, Loftus, Michael J, Lohiya, Ayush, Lorenzovici, László, Lotfi, Mojgan, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Majeed, Azeem, Majidpoor, Jamal, Makki, Alaa, Mamo, Galana Ayana, Manla, Yosef, Martorell, Miquel, Matei, Clara N, McManigal, Barney, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehrotra, Ravi, Melese, Addisu, Mendoza-Cano, Oliver, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Micha, Georgia, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Mirghafourvand, Mojgan, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Misganaw, Abay Sisay, Misganaw, Awoke, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Syam, Mohseni, Mohammad, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Maryam, Moradi Sarabi, Mostafa, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Motaghinejad, Majid, Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mousavi-Aghdas, Seyed Ali, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mulita, Francesk, Mulu, Getaneh Baye B, Munro, Sandra B, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nair, Tapas Sadasivan, Naqvi, Atta Abba, Narang, Himanshi, Natto, Zuhair S, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Naz, Shumaila, Negoi, Ionut, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Ngwa, Che Henry, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Noroozi, Nafise, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nutor, Jerry John, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obaidur, Rahman Md, Ojha, Vivek Anand, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Otstavnov, Nikita, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palicz, Tamá, Pana, Adrian, Pardhan, Shahina, Paredes, Jose L, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Seoyeon, Pathak, Ashish, Paudel, Rajan, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peng, Minjin, Pensato, Umberto, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Marco, Peres, Mario F P, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Podder, Indrashi, Pokhrel, Nayanum, Poluru, Ramesh, Postma, Maarten J, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Prashant, Akila, Qattea, Ibrahim, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Raeghi, Saber, Rafiei, Sima, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahbarnia, Leila, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ram, Pradhum, Ranjha, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rasul, Azad, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Regasa, Misganu Teshoma, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Reta, Melese Abate, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezapour, Aziz, Riad, Abanoub, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rudd, Kristina E, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeed, Umar, Safaei, Mohsen, Safary, Azam, Safi, Sher Zaman, Sahebazzamani, Maryam, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Salahi, Saina, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salari, Hedayat, Salehi, Sana, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanadgol, Nima, Sankararaman, Senthilkumar, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Seylani, Allen, Shah, Pritik A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku, Sharifi-Razavi, Athena, Sharma, Purva, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Sheikhy, Ali, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin, Shivakumar, K M, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Sunil, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sikder, Mustafa Kamal, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigue, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, Siwal, Samarjeet Singh, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Socea, Bogdan, Solomon, Damtew Damtew, Song, Yimeng, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Suleman, Muhammad, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sultana, Saima, Szócska, Mikló, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabish, Mohammad, Taheri, Majid, Taki, Elahe, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tandukar, Sarmila, Tat, Nathan Y, Tat, Vivian Y, Tefera, Belay Negash, Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tharwat, Samar, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Tleyjeh, Imad I, Troeger, Christopher E, Umapathi, Krishna Kishore, Upadhyay, Era, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Van den Eynde, Jef, van Doorn, H. Rogier, Vaziri, Siavash, Verras, Georgios-Ioanni, Viswanathan, Harimadhav, Vo, Bay, Waris, Abdul, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhong, Chenwen, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Hay, Simon I, Dolecek, Christiane, Sartorius, Benn, Murray, Christopher J L, and Naghavi, Mohsen
Subjects: Male, Bacteria, Syndrome, Bacterial Infections, General Medicine, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Sepsis, Humans, Female, Mortality, Child, Africa South of the Sahara
Abstract: Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
Published: 2022

12. The effects of dietary stachyose as prebiotic on immunity and antioxidant related genes’ expression and lipid metabolism in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Mahsan Bayani, Mojtaba Reeisi, Mohsen Khalili, Ehab El-Haroun, and Hien Van Doan
Abstract: An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of stachyose as a prebiotic on immune parameters, antioxidant-/immune-related genes’ expression, and lipid metabolism of zebrafish. Three hundred zebrafish (0.45 ± 0.08 g) were fed four diets containing different stachyose levels at 0, 1, 2 and 4 g kg−1, respectively. After eight weeks of the feeding trial, immunity, antioxidant defence and lipid metabolism were tested. It was observed that the addition of stachyose to the diet induced no significant influence (P>0.05) in SOD, GPX, and CAT, gene’s expression, compared to the control diet. The inclusion of stachyose resulted in no significant changes in immune gene expression (Lyz, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF) in zebrafish (P>0.05) compared to the control diet. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) significantly (P−1 stachyose, while fish fed the control diet and 1 g.kg−1 recorded the highest significant value of LDL (P−1 stachyose, recorded the lowest HDL value (P
Published: 2022

13. Evaluation of Mutations Related to Streptomycin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates

Author: Maryam Shafipour, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh, Kiarash Ghazvini, Samin Zamani, Pezhman Mahmoodi Koohi, Sayeh Ghaemi, and Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
Subjects: Aspartic Acid, Glutamates, Proline, Lysine, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Streptomycin, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, General Medicine, Arginine, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology
Abstract: Drug resistance to streptomycin in the clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) needs special consideration. It can mostly be caused by mutations in four genes with the names rpsL, rrs, gidB, and whiB7. The main objective of this study was the evaluation of the type and frequency of mutations in these mentioned genes using the PCR-sequencing method. This study was performed on 15 streptomycin-resistant and five streptomycin-sensitive isolates. Among resistant isolates, 11 samples contained mutations in codon 43 of the rpsL gene, which caused the lysine to be converted to arginine. Additionally, all of the isolates had mutations in the gidB. Missense mutations in codons 92 and 20 of this gene result in the amino acids Glutamic acid or Arginine being changed to Aspartic acid or Proline, respectively. No mutations in the rrs or whiB7 were found in any of the samples. Simultaneous mutations of rpsL and gidB were found in 10 isolates, the majority of which were Beijing strain. The results showed that the mutations of rpsL and gidB genes are mostly responsible for the streptomycin resistance in the evaluated MTB isolates. Furthermore, the discovery of dual mutations in Beijing strains highlights the strain's considerable potential for developing Tuberculosis drug resistance.
Published: 2022

14. Mycobacterium tuberculosis typing using Allele-specific oligonucleotide multiplex PCR (ASO–PCR) method

Author: Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Somayeh Rahimi, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Basireh Baei, Masoume Taziki, Maya Babaii Kochaksaraei, Ahmad Sohrabi, Maryam Shafipour, and Kiarash Ghazvini
Subjects: Tuberculosis, biology, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, Virology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tandem repeat, Allele-specific oligonucleotide, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, medicine, Typing, Genotyping
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) genotyping provides valuable information related to the origin and the evolution of the isolates. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) technique for lineages identification of M. tuberculosis and compare it with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) method. The lineages of 162 clinically isolates were evaluated using six pair primers by Multiplex-PCR based on SNPs. Among 162 isolates, 70 (43.2%) isolates were lineage 4, following that 62 (38.3%) and 22 (13.6%) isolates were lineage 3 and 2, respectively. The method could not type 8 (4.9%) isolates. Moreover, we could identify 71 out of 79 unknown isolates resulted from the MIRU-VNTR method. The results showed that the SNP typing method has the potential to determine the lineages of M. tuberculosis as a rapid laboratory screening test.
Published: 2021

15. The Prevalence of plcD Gene and Evaluation of IS6110 Insertion Status in This Gene in Some Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates

Author: Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Ghorban Ali Mahghani, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Masoumeh Taziki, Maryam Shafipour, Maya Babaii Kochaksaraii, Somaiyeh Rahimi Alang, and Ahmad Sohrabi
Subjects: Genetics, Tuberculosis, biology, Pcr cloning, Disease, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pathogenesis, Infectious Diseases, Polymorphism (computer science), Virology, medicine, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Molecular Biology, Gene
Abstract: Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is a dangerous and fatal infection. Phospholipid genes can be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aims of this study were evaluation of the plcD gene prevalence and polymorphisms in some clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the position of IS6110 element in this gene. Methods: This study was conducted on 250 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. The frequency and polymorphism of the plcD gene were detected by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). As well as, the ability and place of the IS6110 element to insert into the plcD gene were evaluated. Results: The plcD gene was present in 88 (35.2%) isolates. Among them, 73 cases (82.95%) had a normal PCR product without the IS6110 element, and the size of PCR products of plcD was 2837 bp in other positive cases, which indicated the presence of the IS6110 element. Surprisingly, the plcD gene was absent in all Beijing isolates. Conclusions: Based on the data, the plcD gene is one of the normal sites for the insertion of the IS6110 element. In addition, these findings indicated that the role of plcD in the pathogenesis of TB may be covered by other plc genes, as this gene was deleted in all Beijing isolates studied in this research.
Published: 2021

16. COVID-19 prognostic modeling using CT radiomic features and machine learning algorithms: Analysis of a multi-institutional dataset of 14,339 patients

Author: Isaac Shiri, Yazdan Salimi, Masoumeh Pakbin, Ghasem Hajianfar, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Amirhossein Sanaat, Shayan Mostafaei, Azadeh Akhavanallaf, Abdollah Saberi, Zahra Mansouri, Dariush Askari, Mohammadreza Ghasemian, Ehsan Sharifipour, Saleh Sandoughdaran, Ahmad Sohrabi, Elham Sadati, Somayeh Livani, Pooya Iranpour, Shahriar Kolahi, Maziar Khateri, Salar Bijari, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Sajad P. Shayesteh, Bardia Khosravi, Mohammad Reza Babaei, Elnaz Jenabi, Mohammad Hasanian, Alireza Shahhamzeh, Seyaed Yaser Foroghi Ghomi, Abolfazl Mozafari, Arash Teimouri, Fatemeh Movaseghi, Azin Ahmari, Neda Goharpey, Rama Bozorgmehr, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Roozbeh Mortazavi, Jalal Karimi, Nazanin Mortazavi, Sima Besharat, Mandana Afsharpad, Hamid Abdollahi, Parham Geramifar, Amir Reza Radmard, Hossein Arabi, Kiara Rezaei-Kalantari, Mehrdad Oveisi, Arman Rahmim, and Habib Zaidi
Subjects: Machine Learning, Lung Neoplasms, COVID-19, Humans, Health Informatics, Prognosis, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Algorithms, Computer Science Applications, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: ObjectiveIn this large multi-institutional study, we aimed to analyze the prognostic power of computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics models in COVID-19 patients.MethodsCT images of 14,339 COVID-19 patients with overall survival outcome were collected from 19 medical centers. Whole lung segmentations were performed automatically using a previously validated deep learning-based model, and regions of interest were further evaluated and modified by a human observer. All images were resampled to an isotropic voxel size, intensities were discretized into 64-binning size, and 105 radiomics features, including shape, intensity, and texture features were extracted from the lung mask. Radiomics features were normalized using Z-score normalization. High-correlated features using Pearson (R2>0.99) were eliminated. We applied the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOT) algorithm in only the training set for different models to overcome unbalance classes. We used 4 feature selection algorithms, namely Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal- Wallis (KW), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), and Relief. For the classification task, we used seven classifiers, including Logistic Regression (LR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost (AB), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The models were built and evaluated using training and testing sets, respectively. Specifically, we evaluated the models using 10 different splitting and cross-validation strategies, including different types of test datasets (e.g. non-harmonized vs. ComBat-harmonized datasets). The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were reported for models evaluation.ResultsIn the test dataset (4301) consisting of CT and/or RT-PCR positive cases, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.83±0.01 (CI95%: 0.81-0.85), 0.81, and 0.72, respectively, were obtained by ANOVA feature selector + RF classifier. In RT-PCR-only positive test sets (3644), similar results were achieved, and there was no statistically significant difference. In ComBat harmonized dataset, Relief feature selector + RF classifier resulted in highest performance of AUC, reaching 0.83±0.01 (CI95%: 0.81-0.85), with sensitivity and specificity of 0.77 and 0.74, respectively. At the same time, ComBat harmonization did not depict statistically significant improvement relevant to non-harmonized dataset. In leave-one-center-out, the combination of ANOVA feature selector and LR classifier resulted in the highest performance of AUC (0.80±0.084) with sensitivity and specificity of 0.77 ± 0.11 and 0.76 ± 0.075, respectively.ConclusionLung CT radiomics features can be used towards robust prognostic modeling of COVID-19 in large heterogeneous datasets gathered from multiple centers. As such, CT radiomics-based model has significant potential for use in prospective clinical settings towards improved management of COVID-19 patients.
Published: 2022

17. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Aaron J Cohen, Joao Conde, Sandra Cortés, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Anna Danielewicz, An Thi Minh Dao, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Meseret Derbew Molla, Diriba Dereje, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Gashaw Dessie, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sareh Edalati, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Donatus U Ekwueme, Maha El Tantawi, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Tegegne Eshetu, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Tahir Eyayu, Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Jawad Fares, Abbas Farmany, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Wafa Fatima, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Allegra Allegra Ferrari, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Roham Foroumadi, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Muktar A Gadanya, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Nasrin Galehdar, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Mariana Gaspar Fonseca, Yosef Haile Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Melaku Getachew, Motuma Erena Getachew, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Fariba Ghassemi, Ajnish Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Sherief Ghozy, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mohamad Golitaleb, Giuseppe Gorini, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Giuseppe Grosso, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mekdes Kondale Gurara, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Adel Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Aram Halimi, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Sanam Hariri, Netanja I Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Abbas M Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Zahra Heidarymeybodi, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Marianne Holm, Nobuyuki Horita, Mohammad Hoseini, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Fernando N Hugo, Ayesha Humayun, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Kaire Innos, Pooya Iranpour, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Md Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Farhad Islami, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Linda Merin J, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Shahram Jalilian, Elham Jamshidi, Sung-In Jang, Chinmay T Jani, Tahereh Javaheri, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Bedru Jemal, Wonjeong Jeong, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Farin Kamangar, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Eswar Kandaswamy, Himal Kandel, HyeJung Kang, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Abinet Gebremickael Kebede, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gemechu Gemechu Kejela, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Maryam Keramati, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Mehdi Khezeli, Mahmoud Khodadost, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Miloslav Klugar, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Akshay Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Arista Lahiri, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Ayush Lohiya, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R Mafi, Sameh Magdeldin, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Morteza Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Sneha Deepak Mallya, Mohammed A Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Elezebeth Mathews, Manu Raj Mathur, Vasundhara Mathur, Martin McKee, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Khalid Mehmood, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, SIsay Derso Mengesha, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Andry Yasmid Mera Mera-Mamián, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mehari Woldemariam Merid, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Belsity Temesgen Meselu, Mahboobeh Meshkat, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Ted R Miller, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Seyed Kazem Mirinezhad, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Alex Molassiotis, Mariam Molokhia, Kaveh Momenzadeh, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ute Mons, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fateme Montazeri, Arnulfo Montero, Mohammad Amin Moosavi, Abdolvahab Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Daniel Munblit, Sandra B Munro, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Jonah Musa, Ashraf F Nabhan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Gabriele Nagel, Mohammadreza Naghipour, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Wogene Wogene Negash, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Kazem Nejati, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Emad Omer, Abidemi E Emmanuel Omonisi, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Hans Orru, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Bilcha Oumer, Oluwatomi Funbi Owopetu, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Babak Pakbin, Keyvan Pakshir, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Suman Pant, Shahina Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Seoyeon Park, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Mihaela Paun, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Minjin Peng, Jeevan Pereira, Renato B Pereira, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Raffaele Pezzani, Cristiano Piccinelli, Julian David Pillay, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Tobias Pischon, Maarten J Postma, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Raghu Anekal Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Mojtaba Raeisi, Ata Rafiee, Alireza Rafiei, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Obaidur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Juwel Rana, Kamal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Ashfaq Ur Rehman, Inayat ur Rehman, Marissa B Reitsma, Andre M N Renzaho, Maryam Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Aziz Rezapour, Abanoub Riad, Reza Rikhtegar, Maria Rios-Blancas, Thomas J Roberts, Peter Rohloff, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Manjula S, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Mohsen Safaei, Azam Safary, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Hedayat Salari, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Fatemeh Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Nicolas Sayegh, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Michaël Schwarzinger, Mario Šekerija, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Kenbon Seyoum, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Pritik A Shah, Saeed Shahabi, Izza Shahid, Mohammad Amin Shahrbaf, Hamid R Shahsavari, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohammed Feyisso Shaka, Elaheh Shaker, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Azam Sharifi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Purva Sharma, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Aziz Sheikh, Mahdi Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Ali Sheikhy, Peter Robin Shepherd, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Ranjitha S Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Reza Shirkoohi, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Siddharudha Shivalli, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Nicola Silvestris, Wudneh Simegn, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Ambrish Singh, Garima Singh, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Abiy H Sinke, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Freddy Sitas, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Matthew J Soeberg, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Yonatan Solomon, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Houman Sotoudeh, Alieu Sowe, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Ryan Suk, Muhammad Suleman, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Daniel Sur, Miklós Szócska, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Takahiro Tabuchi, Hooman Tadbiri, Ensiyeh Taheri, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Ken Takahashi, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Ahmad Tavakoli, Arash Tavakoli, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Yohannes Tekalegn, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Viveksandeep Thoguluva Chandrasekar, Nihal Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Roman Topor-Madry, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Sana Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Marco Vacante, Maryam Vaezi, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Constantine Vardavas, Shoban Babu Varthya, Siavash Vaziri, Diana Zuleika Velazquez, Massimiliano Veroux, Paul J Villeneuve, Francesco S Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Abdul Wadood Wadood, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Richard G Wamai, Cong Wang, Fang Wang, Ning Wang, Yu Wang, Paul Ward, Abdul Waris, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Melat Woldemariam, Berhanu Woldu, Hong Xiao, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Lalit Yadav, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Yigizie Yeshaw, Yazachew Yismaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Fatemeh Yousefian, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Nazar Zaki, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Moein Zangiabadian, Fariba Zare, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Armin Zarrintan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Mohammad A Zeineddine, Dongyu Zhang, Jianrong Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Linghui Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Mohammad Zoladl, Theo Vos, Simon I Hay, Lisa M Force, Christopher J L Murray, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tran, K, Lang, J, Compton, K, Xu, R, Acheson, A, Henrikson, H, Kocarnik, J, Penberthy, L, Aali, A, Abbas, Q, Abbasi, B, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdoli, G, Abdulkadir, H, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abidi, H, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Absalan, A, Abtew, Y, Abubaker Ali, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Acuna, J, Addison, D, Addo, I, Adegboye, O, Adesina, M, Adnan, M, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afrin, S, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Aiman, W, Ajami, M, Akalu, G, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Aklilu, A, Akonde, M, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alessy, S, Algammal, A, Al-Hanawi, M, Alhassan, R, Ali, B, Ali, L, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Al-Maweri, S, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alqalyoobi, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Al-Rifai, R, Al-Sabah, S, Al-Tammemi, A, Altawalah, H, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, E, Aminian Dehkordi, J, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amusa, G, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, J, Animut, Y, Anoushiravani, A, Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, M, Antony, B, Antwi, M, Anwar, S, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Argaw, A, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Aryannejad, A, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, M, Asemi, Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Assadi, R, Athar, M, Athari, S, Atout, M, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awedew, A, Awoke, M, Awoke, T, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayana, T, Ayen, S, Azadi, D, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami-Aghdash, S, Azanaw, M, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, Azizi, H, Azzam, A, Babajani, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghcheghi, N, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Baig, A, Baker, J, Bakhtiari, A, Bakshi, R, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Bashir, N, Bashiri, A, Basu, S, Batiha, A, Begum, A, Bekele, A, Belay, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bell, A, Belo, L, Benzian, H, Berhie, A, Bermudez, A, Bernabe, E, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhandari, B, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bhuyan, S, Bibi, S, Bilchut, A, Bintoro, B, Biondi, A, Birega, M, Birhan, H, Bjorge, T, Blyuss, O, Bodicha, B, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Buchanan, C, Bulamu, N, Bustamante-Teixeira, M, Butt, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, M, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, P, Charalampous, P, Chattu, V, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chirinos-Caceres, J, Cho, D, Cho, W, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Cohen, A, Conde, J, Cortes, S, Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, G, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, F, Dahlawi, S, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Danielewicz, A, Dao, A, Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, R, Darwesh, A, Das, S, Davitoiu, D, Davtalab Esmaeili, E, De la Hoz, F, Debela, S, Dehghan, A, Demisse, B, Demisse, F, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Derakhshani, A, Derbew Molla, M, Dereje, D, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Desalegn, M, Dessalegn, F, Dessalegni, S, Dessie, G, Desta, A, Dewan, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, L, Dixit, S, Doaei, S, Doan, L, Doku, P, Dongarwar, D, dos Santos, W, Driscoll, T, Dsouza, H, Durojaiye, O, Edalati, S, Eghbalian, F, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, Ekwueme, D, El Tantawi, M, Elbahnasawy, M, Elbarazi, I, Elghazaly, H, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Emamian, M, Engelbert Bain, L, Enyew, D, Erkhembayar, R, Eshetu, T, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Etaee, F, Etemadimanesh, A, Eyayu, T, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fagbamigbe, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhradiyev, I, Faraon, E, Fares, J, Farmany, A, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Fasanmi, A, Fatehizadeh, A, Fatima, W, Fattahi, H, Fekadu, G, Feleke, B, Ferrari, A, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroumadi, R, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, P, Gad, M, Gadanya, M, Gaipov, A, Galehdar, N, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Gebremariam, Y, Gebremeskel, T, Gebremichael, M, Geda, Y, Gela, Y, Gemeda, B, Getachew, M, Ghaffari, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, S, Ghasemi Nour, M, Ghassemi, F, Ghimire, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Ghozy, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Gizaw, A, Glasbey, J, Godos, J, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, B, Grosso, G, Guadie, H, Gubari, M, Gudayu, T, Guerra, M, Gunawardane, D, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gurara, M, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi Avval, A, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hajj Ali, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, E, Halimi, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hariri, S, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hartono, R, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, S, Hasani, H, Hashemi, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidarymeybodi, Z, Herrera-Serna, B, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hlongwa, M, Holla, R, Holm, M, Horita, N, Hoseini, M, Hossain, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, A, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Hugo, F, Humayun, A, Hussain, S, Hussein, N, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Iftikhar, P, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Innos, K, Iranpour, P, Irham, L, Islam, M, Islam, R, Islami, F, Ismail, N, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, J, L, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jalili, M, Jalilian, S, Jamshidi, E, Jang, S, Jani, C, Javaheri, T, Jayarajah, U, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, S, Jebai, R, Jemal, B, Jeong, W, Jha, R, Jindal, H, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kacimi, S, Kadashetti, V, Kahe, F, Kakodkar, P, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamal, V, Kamangar, F, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandaswamy, E, Kandel, H, Kang, H, Kanno, G, Kapoor, N, Kar, S, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Kassa, B, Katoto, P, Kauppila, J, Kaur, H, Kebede, A, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Kejela, G, Kemp Bohan, P, Keramati, M, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khan, A, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khanali, J, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khayat Kashani, H, Khazeei Tabari, M, Khezeli, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klugar, M, Klugarova, J, Kolahi, A, Kolkhir, P, Kompani, F, Koul, P, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kulimbet, M, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kuttikkattu, A, La Vecchia, C, Lahiri, A, Lal, D, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Larijani, B, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lauriola, P, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Legesse, S, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M, Lim, S, Liu, G, Liu, J, Lo, C, Lohiya, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorenzovici, L, Lotfi, M, Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mafi, A, Magdeldin, S, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahmoudi, M, Mahmoudimanesh, M, Mahumud, R, Majeed, A, Majidpoor, J, Makki, A, Makris, K, Malakan Rad, E, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Mallhi, T, Mallya, S, Mamun, M, Manda, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Masoumi, S, Matei, C, Mathews, E, Mathur, M, Mathur, V, Mckee, M, Meena, J, Mehmood, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mehrotra, R, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, S, Mensah, L, Mentis, A, Mera-Mamian, A, Meretoja, T, Merid, M, Mersha, A, Meselu, B, Meshkat, M, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mijena, G, Miller, T, Mir, S, Mirinezhad, S, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misganaw, A, Misra, S, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mohseni, M, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molassiotis, A, Molokhia, M, Momenzadeh, K, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mons, U, Montasir, A, Montazeri, F, Montero, A, Moosavi, M, Moradi, A, Moradi, Y, Moradi Sarabi, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, S, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mostafavi, E, Mousavi, S, Mousavi Isfahani, H, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Munblit, D, Munro, S, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musa, J, Nabhan, A, Nagarajan, A, Nagaraju, S, Nagel, G, Naghipour, M, Naimzada, M, Nair, T, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, A, Nassereldine, H, Natto, Z, Nayak, B, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, S, Negash, W, Nejadghaderi, S, Nejati, K, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Noor, N, Noori, M, Noroozi, N, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Nzoputam, O, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Oghenetega, O, Ogunsakin, R, Oguntade, A, Oh, I, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, A, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olakunde, B, Olufadewa, I, Omer, E, Omonisi, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Orru, H, Otstavnov, S, Oulhaj, A, Oumer, B, Owopetu, O, Oyinloye, B, P A, M, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, J, Pakbin, B, Pakshir, K, Pakzad, R, Palicz, T, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pant, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E, Park, S, Patel, J, Pati, S, Paudel, R, Paudel, U, Paun, M, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peng, M, Pereira, J, Pereira, R, Perna, S, Perumalsamy, N, Pestell, R, Pezzani, R, Piccinelli, C, Pillay, J, Piracha, Z, Pischon, T, Postma, M, Pourabhari Langroudi, A, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Qadir, M, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, R, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi, M, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Ratan, Z, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, M, Rehman, A, Rehman, I, Reitsma, M, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezapour, A, Riad, A, Rikhtegar, R, Rios-Blancas, M, Roberts, T, Rohloff, P, Romero-Rodriguez, E, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, G, S, M, Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Safaei, M, Safary, A, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sajid, M, Salari, H, Salehi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samodra, Y, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sarvi, F, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sayegh, N, Schneider, I, Schwarzinger, M, Sekerija, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Seyoum, K, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shah, P, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shahrbaf, M, Shahsavari, H, Shaikh, M, Shaka, M, Shaker, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharew, M, Sharifi, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, P, Shashamo, B, Sheikh, A, Sheikh, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, R, Sheikhy, A, Shepherd, P, Shetty, A, Shetty, J, Shetty, R, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shirzad-Aski, H, Shivakumar, K, Shivalli, S, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shokri Varniab, Z, Shorofi, S, Shrestha, S, Sibhat, M, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Sidemo, N, Silva, D, Silva, L, Silva Julian, G, Silvestris, N, Simegn, W, Singh, A, Singh, G, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, D, Sinke, A, Siraj, M, Sitas, F, Siwal, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Socea, B, Soeberg, M, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Solomon, Y, Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, R, Soshnikov, S, Sotoudeh, H, Sowe, A, Sufiyan, M, Suk, R, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szocska, M, Tabaeian, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, S, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taheri, E, Taheri, M, Taheri Soodejani, M, Takahashi, K, Talaat, I, Tampa, M, Tan, K, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tavakoli, A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalegn, Y, Tesfay, F, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Ticoalu, J, Tiyuri, A, Tollosa, D, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, M, Tripathy, J, Ukke, G, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vardavas, C, Varthya, S, Vaziri, S, Velazquez, D, Veroux, M, Villeneuve, P, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vu, L, Wadood, A, Waheed, Y, Walde, M, Wamai, R, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Waris, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Woldemariam, M, Woldu, B, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yang, L, Yazdanpanah, F, Yeshaw, Y, Yismaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefian, F, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yunusa, I, Zahir, M, Zaki, N, Zaman, B, Zangiabadian, M, Zare, F, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeineddine, M, Zhang, D, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Zoladl, M, Vos, T, Hay, S, Force, L, Murray, C, Epidemiologie, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

18. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Avina Vongpradith, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Amanda Novotney, Christopher E Troeger, Matthew C Doxey, Rose G Bender, Jorge R Ledesma, Molly H Biehl, Samuel B Albertson, Joseph Jon Frostad, Katrin Burkart, Fiona B Bennitt, Jeff T Zhao, William M Gardner, Hailey Hagins, Dana Bryazka, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Gholamreza Abdoli, Aidin Abedi, Vida Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Kidist Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Luciana Albano, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Musa Mohammed Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, John H Amuasi, Dickson A Amugsi, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Engi F Attia, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Tewachew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Samad Azari, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Quique Bassat, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Abate Bekele Belachew, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Parth Bhatt, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Ali Bijani, Saeid Bitaraf, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Danilo Buonsenso, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Jiao Cai, Paulo Camargos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Muluken Genetu Chanie, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Patrick R Ching, Sungchul Choi, Yuen Yu Chong, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie L Cobb, Aaron J Cohen, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, An Thi Minh Dao, Sisay Abebe Debela, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Solomon Demissie, Diriba Dereje, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Belay Desye, Sameer Dhingra, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Eleonora Dubljanin, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Eman D El Desouky, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Ahmed Mahmoud Rabie Elkhapery, Amir Emami, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Farshid Etaee, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Shahab Falahi, Aida Fallahzadeh, Anwar Faraj, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Pietro Ferrara, Allegra Allegra Ferrari, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Joanne Flavel, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Santosh Gaihre, Nasrin Galehdar, Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Damtew Gebrehiwot, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Bradford D Gessner, Melaku Getachew, Asmare Getie, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Rakesh Ghosh, Sherief Ghozy, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Giuseppe Gorini, Alessandra C Goulart, Girma Garedew Goyomsa, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Zewdie Gudisa, Rashid Abdi Guled, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Md Abdul Hannan, Mehdi Harorani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Abbas M Hassan, Shokoufeh Hassani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Mohammad Heidari, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Sung Hwi Hong, Nobuyuki Horita, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Masao Iwagami, Jalil Jaafari, Elham Jamshidi, Sung-In Jang, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Tahereh Javaheri, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Javad Javidnia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Alelign Tasew Jema, Wonjeong Jeong, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Vaishali K, Zubair Kabir, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K Kanko, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Samad Karkhah, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Harkiran Kaur, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Yusra H Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mina Khosravifar, Jagdish Khubchandani, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Luke D Knibbs, Sonali Kochhar, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Iván Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka, Gang Liu, Wei Liu, Rakesh Lodha, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Yosef Manla, Clara N Matei, Alexander G Mathioudakis, Richard James Maude, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Addisu Melese, Ziad A Memish, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mehari Woldemariam Merid, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Reza Mirfakhraie, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Agha Zeeshan Mirza, Moonis Mirza, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Md Moniruzzaman, Fateme Montazeri, Catrin E Moore, Abdolvahab Moradi, Lidia Morawska, Jonathan F Mosser, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Majid Motaghinejad, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Seyed Ali Mousavi-Aghdas, Sumaira Mubarik, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Ghulam Mustafa, Sanjeev Nair, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Houshang Najafi, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Chimedsuren Ochir, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Eyal Oren, Erika Ota, Nikita Otstavnov, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Anamika Pandey, Suman Pant, Shahina Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Rajan Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Minjin Peng, Gavin Pereira, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, David M Pigott, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Vivek Podder, Roman V Polibin, Maarten J Postma, Hamid Pourasghari, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Mathieu Raad, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Saber Raeghi, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Obaidur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Juwel Rana, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Usha Rani, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Azad Rasul, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Marissa B Reitsma, Andre M N Renzaho, Mohsen Rezaeian, Abanoub Riad, Reza Rikhtegar, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Emma L B Rogowski, Luca Ronfani, Kristina E Rudd, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Azam Safary, Sher Zaman Safi, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sateesh Sakhamuri, Sana Salehi, Muhammad Salman, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Maryam Sarkhosh, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Allen Seylani, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Hina Shamshad, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Asaad Sharhani, Azam Sharifi, Purva Sharma, Ali Sheidaei, Suchitra M Shenoy, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, K M Shivakumar, Siddharudha Shivalli, Parnian Shobeiri, Wudneh Simegn, Colin R Simpson, Harpreet Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Prashant Sood, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Muhammad Suleman, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Elahe Taki, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Azene Tesfaye, Degefa Gomora Tesfaye, Belay Tessema, Rekha Thapar, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Imad I Tleyjeh, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Derara Girma Tufa, Irfan Ullah, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Rohollah Valizadeh, Constantine Vardavas, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Yu Wang, Abdul Waris, T Eoin West, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Xiaoyue Xu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Alireza Zandifar, Moein Zangiabadian, Heather J Zar, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Armin Zarrintan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Wu Zeng, Mengxi Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zoladl, Alimuddin Zumla, Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, Mohsen Naghavi, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Kyu, H. H., Vongpradith, A., Sirota, S. B., Novotney, A., Troeger, C. E., Doxey, M. C., Bender, R. G., Ledesma, J. R., Biehl, M. H., Albertson, S. B., Frostad, J. J., Burkart, K., Bennitt, F. B., Zhao, J. T., Gardner, W. M., Hagins, H., Bryazka, D., Dominguez, R. -M. V., Abate, S. M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdoli, A., Abdoli, G., Abedi, A., Abedi, V., Abegaz, T. M., Abidi, H., Aboagye, R. G., Abolhassani, H., Abtew, Y. D., Abubaker Ali, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Zaid, A., Adamu, K., Addo, I. Y., Adegboye, O. A., Adnan, M., Adnani, Q. E. S., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, A. R., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, J. Q., Ahmed Rashid, T., Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M., Al Hamad, H., Albano, L., Aldeyab, M. A., Alemu, B. M., Alene, K. A., Algammal, A. M., Alhalaiqa, F. A. N., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, B. A., Ali, L., Ali, M. M., Ali, S. S., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Al-Jumaily, A., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Al-Rifai, R. H. H., Alryalat, S. A. S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Ameyaw, E. K., Aminian Dehkordi, J. J., Amuasi, J. H., Amugsi, D. A., Anbesu, E. W., Ansar, A., Anyasodor, A. E., Arabloo, J., Areda, D., Argaw, A. M., Argaw, Z. G., Arulappan, J., Aruleba, R. T., Asemahagn, M. A., Athari, S. S., Atlaw, D., Attia, E. F., Attia, S., Aujayeb, A., Awoke, T., Ayana, T. M., Ayanore, M. A., Azadnajafabad, S., Azangou-Khyavy, M., Azari, S., Azari Jafari, A., Badar, M., Badiye, A. D., Baghcheghi, N., Bagherieh, S., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Banerjee, I., Bardhan, M., Barone-Adesi, F., Barqawi, H. J., Barrow, A., Bashiri, A., Bassat, Q., Batiha, A. -M. M., Belachew, A. B., Belete, M. A., Belgaumi, U. I., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhatt, P., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bhuyan, S. S., Bijani, A., Bitaraf, S., Bodicha, B. B. A., Briko, N. I., Buonsenso, D., Butt, M. H., Cai, J., Camargos, P., Camera, L. A., Chakraborty, P. A., Chanie, M. G., Charan, J., Chattu, V. K., Ching, P. R., Choi, S., Chong, Y. Y., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Cobb, N. L., Cohen, A. J., Cruz-Martins, N., Dadras, O., Dagnaw, F. T., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dao, A. T. M., Debela, S. A., Demisse, B., Demisse, F. W., Demissie, S., Dereje, D., Desai, H. D., Desta, A. A., Desye, B., Dhingra, S., Diao, N., Diaz, D., Digesa, L. E., Doan, L. P., Dodangeh, M., Dongarwar, D., Dorostkar, F., dos Santos, W. M., Dsouza, H. L., Dubljanin, E., Durojaiye, O. C., Edinur, H. A., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., Eini, E., Ekholuenetale, M., Ekundayo, T. C., El Desouky, E. D., El Sayed, I., El Sayed Zaki, M., Elhadi, M., Elkhapery, A. M. R., Emami, A., Engelbert Bain, L., Erkhembayar, R., Etaee, F., Ezati Asar, M., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Falahi, S., Fallahzadeh, A., Faraj, A., Faraon, E. J. A., Fatehizadeh, A., Ferrara, P., Ferrari, A. A., Fetensa, G., Fischer, F., Flavel, J., Foroutan, M., Gaal, P. A., Gaidhane, A. M., Gaihre, S., Galehdar, N., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Garg, T., Gebrehiwot, M. D., Gebremichael, M. A., Gela, Y. Y., Gemeda, B. N. B., Gessner, B. D., Getachew, M., Getie, A., Ghamari, S. -H., Ghasemi Nour, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Gholizadeh, A., Ghosh, R., Ghozy, S., Goleij, P., Golitaleb, M., Gorini, G., Goulart, A. C., Goyomsa, G. G., Guadie, H. A., Gudisa, Z., Guled, R. A., Gupta, S., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Guta, A., Habibzadeh, P., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Hamidi, S., Hannan, M. A., Harorani, M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasani, H., Hassan, A. M., Hassani, S., Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., Hassankhani, H., Hayat, K., Heibati, B., Heidari, M., Heyi, D. Z., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hong, S. H., Horita, N., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Househ, M., Hoveidamanesh, S., Huang, J., Hussein, N. R., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Immurana, M., Ismail, N. E., Iwagami, M., Jaafari, J., Jamshidi, E., Jang, S. -I., Javadi Mamaghani, A., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Javidnia, J., Jayapal, S. K., Jayarajah, U., Jayaram, S., Jema, A. T., Jeong, W., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., K, V., Kabir, Z., Kacimi, S. E. O., Kadashetti, V., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kamble, B. D., Kandel, H., Kanko, T. K., Karaye, I. M., Karch, A., Karkhah, S., Kassa, B. G., Katoto, P. D., Kaur, H., Kaur, R. J., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. N., Khan, M. A., Khan, Y. H., Khatatbeh, M. M., Khosravifar, M., Khubchandani, J., Kim, M. S., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L. D., Kochhar, S., Kompani, F., Koohestani, H. R., Korshunov, V. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kurmi, O. P., Kuttikkattu, A., Lal, D. K., Lam, J., Landires, I., Ledda, C., Lee, S. -W., Levi, M., Lewycka, S., Liu, G., Liu, W., Lodha, R., Lorenzovici, L., Lotfi, M., Loureiro, J. A., Madadizadeh, F., Mahmoodpoor, A., Mahmoudi, R., Mahmoudimanesh, M., Majidpoor, J., Makki, A., Malakan Rad, E., Malik, A. A., Mallhi, T. H., Manla, Y., Matei, C. N., Mathioudakis, A. G., Maude, R. J., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Melese, A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza-Cano, O., Mentis, A. -F. A., Meretoja, T. J., Merid, M. W., Mestrovic, T., Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sa, A. C., Mijena, G. F. W., Minh, L. H. N., Mir, S. A., Mirfakhraie, R., Mirmoeeni, S., Mirza, A. Z., Mirza, M., Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M., Misganaw, A. S., Misganaw, A. T., Mohammadi, E., Mohammadi, M., Mohammed, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, S., Mohseni, M., Moka, N., Mokdad, A. H., Momtazmanesh, S., Monasta, L., Moniruzzaman, M., Montazeri, F., Moore, C. E., Moradi, A., Morawska, L., Mosser, J. F., Mostafavi, E., Motaghinejad, M., Mousavi Isfahani, H., Mousavi-Aghdas, S. A., Mubarik, S., Murillo-Zamora, E., Mustafa, G., Nair, S., Nair, T. S., Najafi, H., Naqvi, A. A., Narasimha Swamy, S., Natto, Z. S., Nayak, B. P., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Nguyen, H. V. N., Niazi, R. K., Nogueira de Sa, A. T., Nouraei, H., Nowroozi, A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Nzoputam, O. J., Oancea, B., Ochir, C., Odukoya, O. O., Okati-Aliabad, H., Okekunle, A. P., Okonji, O. C., Olagunju, A. T., Olufadewa, I. I., Omar Bali, A., Omer, E., Oren, E., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Oulhaj, A., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Pakshir, K., Pakzad, R., Palicz, T., Pandey, A., Pant, S., Pardhan, S., Park, E. -C., Park, E. -K., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Paudel, R., Pawar, S., Peng, M., Pereira, G., Perna, S., Perumalsamy, N., Petcu, I. -R., Pigott, D. M., Piracha, Z. Z., Podder, V., Polibin, R. V., Postma, M. J., Pourasghari, H., Pourtaheri, N., Qadir, M. M. F., Raad, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Raeghi, S., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, A., Rahman, M. O., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. M., Rahmanian, V., Ram, P., Ramezanzadeh, K., Rana, J., Ranasinghe, P., Rani, U., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, S., Rashidi, M. -M., Rasul, A., Ratan, Z. A., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Razeghinia, M. S., Redwan, E. M. M., Reitsma, M. B., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaeian, M., Riad, A., Rikhtegar, R., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Rogowski, E. L. B., Ronfani, L., Rudd, K. E., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Saeed, U., Safary, A., Safi, S. Z., Sahebazzamani, M., Sahebkar, A., Sakhamuri, S., Salehi, S., Salman, M., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A. M., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Sarkhosh, M., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Saya, G. K., Seidu, A. -A., Seylani, A., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shaker, E., Shamshad, H., Sharew, M. M., Sharhani, A., Sharifi, A., Sharma, P., Sheidaei, A., Shenoy, S. M., Shetty, J. K., Shiferaw, D. S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shirzad-Aski, H., Shivakumar, K. M., Shivalli, S., Shobeiri, P., Simegn, W., Simpson, C. R., Singh, H., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Siwal, S. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Soltani-Zangbar, M. S., Song, S., Song, Y., Sood, P., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Steiropoulos, P., Suleman, M., Tabatabaeizadeh, S. -A., Tahamtan, A., Taheri, M., Taheri Soodejani, M., Taki, E., Talaat, I. M., Tampa, M., Tandukar, S., Tat, N. Y., Tat, V. Y., Tefera, Y. M., Temesgen, G., Temsah, M. -H., Tesfaye, A., Tesfaye, D. G., Tessema, B., Thapar, R., Ticoalu, J. H. V., Tiyuri, A., Tleyjeh, I. I., Togtmol, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tufa, D. G., Ullah, I., Upadhyay, E., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P. R., Valizadeh, R., Vardavas, C., Vasankari, T. J., Vo, B., Vu, L. G., Wagaye, B., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y., Waris, A., West, T. E., Wickramasinghe, N. D., Xu, X., Yaghoubi, S., Yahya, G. A. T., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yon, D. K., Yonemoto, N., Zaman, B. A., Zandifar, A., Zangiabadian, M., Zar, H. J., Zare, I., Zareshahrabadi, Z., Zarrintan, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zeng, W., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zoladl, M., Zumla, A., Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Naghavi, M., Brauer, M., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Tampere University, Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Kyu, H, Vongpradith, A, Sirota, S, Novotney, A, Troeger, C, Doxey, M, Bender, R, Ledesma, J, Biehl, M, Albertson, S, Frostad, J, Burkart, K, Bennitt, F, Zhao, J, Gardner, W, Hagins, H, Bryazka, D, Dominguez, R, Abate, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdoli, A, Abdoli, G, Abedi, A, Abedi, V, Abegaz, T, Abidi, H, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Abtew, Y, Abubaker Ali, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Zaid, A, Adamu, K, Addo, I, Adegboye, O, Adnan, M, Adnani, Q, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, J, Ahmed Rashid, T, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Aldeyab, M, Alemu, B, Alene, K, Algammal, A, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, B, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Al-Jumaily, A, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Al-Rifai, R, Alryalat, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Ameyaw, E, Aminian Dehkordi, J, Amuasi, J, Amugsi, D, Anbesu, E, Ansar, A, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Areda, D, Argaw, A, Argaw, Z, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Asemahagn, M, Athari, S, Atlaw, D, Attia, E, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Awoke, T, Ayana, T, Ayanore, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari, S, Azari Jafari, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghcheghi, N, Bagherieh, S, Baig, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bashiri, A, Bassat, Q, Batiha, A, Belachew, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhatt, P, Bhojaraja, V, Bhutta, Z, Bhuyan, S, Bijani, A, Bitaraf, S, Bodicha, B, Briko, N, Buonsenso, D, Butt, M, Cai, J, Camargos, P, Camera, L, Chakraborty, P, Chanie, M, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Ching, P, Choi, S, Chong, Y, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cobb, N, Cohen, A, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, F, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dao, A, Debela, S, Demisse, B, Demisse, F, Demissie, S, Dereje, D, Desai, H, Desta, A, Desye, B, Dhingra, S, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, L, Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, dos Santos, W, Dsouza, H, Dubljanin, E, Durojaiye, O, Edinur, H, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Desouky, E, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, Elkhapery, A, Emami, A, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Etaee, F, Ezati Asar, M, Fagbamigbe, A, Falahi, S, Fallahzadeh, A, Faraj, A, Faraon, E, Fatehizadeh, A, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, A, Fetensa, G, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Foroutan, M, Gaal, P, Gaidhane, A, Gaihre, S, Galehdar, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremichael, M, Gela, Y, Gemeda, B, Gessner, B, Getachew, M, Getie, A, Ghamari, S, Ghasemi Nour, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, A, Ghosh, R, Ghozy, S, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, A, Goyomsa, G, Guadie, H, Gudisa, Z, Guled, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hannan, M, Harorani, M, Hasaballah, A, Hasani, H, Hassan, A, Hassani, S, Hassanian-Moghaddam, H, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Heyi, D, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hong, S, Horita, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hoveidamanesh, S, Huang, J, Hussein, N, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Ismail, N, Iwagami, M, Jaafari, J, Jamshidi, E, Jang, S, Javadi Mamaghani, A, Javaheri, T, Javanmardi, F, Javidnia, J, Jayapal, S, Jayarajah, U, Jayaram, S, Jema, A, Jeong, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, K, V, Kabir, Z, Kacimi, S, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kamble, B, Kandel, H, Kanko, T, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karkhah, S, Kassa, B, Katoto, P, Kaur, H, Kaur, R, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keykhaei, M, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, Y, Khatatbeh, M, Khosravifar, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kochhar, S, Kompani, F, Koohestani, H, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kurmi, O, Kuttikkattu, A, Lal, D, Lam, J, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Liu, G, Liu, W, Lodha, R, Lorenzovici, L, Lotfi, M, Loureiro, J, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahmoudi, R, Mahmoudimanesh, M, Majidpoor, J, Makki, A, Malakan Rad, E, Malik, A, Mallhi, T, Manla, Y, Matei, C, Mathioudakis, A, Maude, R, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Melese, A, Memish, Z, Mendoza-Cano, O, Mentis, A, Meretoja, T, Merid, M, Mestrovic, T, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sa, A, Mijena, G, Minh, L, Mir, S, Mirfakhraie, R, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza, A, Mirza, M, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Misganaw, A, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mohseni, M, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moniruzzaman, M, Montazeri, F, Moore, C, Moradi, A, Morawska, L, Mosser, J, Mostafavi, E, Motaghinejad, M, Mousavi Isfahani, H, Mousavi-Aghdas, S, Mubarik, S, Murillo-Zamora, E, Mustafa, G, Nair, S, Nair, T, Najafi, H, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Natto, Z, Nayak, B, Nejadghaderi, S, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Nogueira de Sa, A, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Nzoputam, O, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, O, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, A, Okonji, O, Olagunju, A, Olufadewa, I, Omar Bali, A, Omer, E, Oren, E, Ota, E, Otstavnov, N, Oulhaj, A, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pakzad, R, Palicz, T, Pandey, A, Pant, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Peng, M, Pereira, G, Perna, S, Perumalsamy, N, Petcu, I, Pigott, D, Piracha, Z, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Postma, M, Pourasghari, H, Pourtaheri, N, Qadir, M, Raad, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Raeghi, S, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, M, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, A, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranasinghe, P, Rani, U, Rao, S, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, M, Rasul, A, Ratan, Z, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, M, Redwan, E, Reitsma, M, Renzaho, A, Rezaeian, M, Riad, A, Rikhtegar, R, Rodriguez, J, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rudd, K, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeed, U, Safary, A, Safi, S, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Sakhamuri, S, Salehi, S, Salman, M, Samadi Kafil, H, Samy, A, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Sarkhosh, M, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saya, G, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shaker, E, Shamshad, H, Sharew, M, Sharhani, A, Sharifi, A, Sharma, P, Sheidaei, A, Shenoy, S, Shetty, J, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shirzad-Aski, H, Shivakumar, K, Shivalli, S, Shobeiri, P, Simegn, W, Simpson, C, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Siwal, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Song, Y, Sood, P, Sreeramareddy, C, Steiropoulos, P, Suleman, M, Tabatabaeizadeh, S, Tahamtan, A, Taheri, M, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taki, E, Talaat, I, Tampa, M, Tandukar, S, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tefera, Y, Temesgen, G, Temsah, M, Tesfaye, A, Tesfaye, D, Tessema, B, Thapar, R, Ticoalu, J, Tiyuri, A, Tleyjeh, I, Togtmol, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tufa, D, Ullah, I, Upadhyay, E, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Valizadeh, R, Vardavas, C, Vasankari, T, Vo, B, Vu, L, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Waris, A, West, T, Wickramasinghe, N, Xu, X, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Zaman, B, Zandifar, A, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, H, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeng, W, Zhang, M, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Lim, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Brauer, M, Hay, S, Murray, C, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology
Subjects: Adult, Male, Global Health, Time, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Humans, Ambient air-quality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, MCC, Sex Characteristics, Malnutrition, Pyridinolcarbamate, Bayes Theorem, 3rd-DAS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Infectious Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Child, Preschool, Female, Particulate Matter, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Covid-19, LRI
Abstract: Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Publisher PDF
Published: 2022

19. Association Between Helicobacter pylori Colonization and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Author: Alireza Norouzi, Aabbas Ali Keshtkar, Sima Besharat, Ahmad Sohrabi, Taghi Amiriani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Sabine Kienesberger, and Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski
Subjects: Funnel plot, medicine.medical_specialty, Helicobacter Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Odds Ratio, Humans, Medicine, Colonization, Helicobacter pylori, biology, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Odds ratio, Publication bias, Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, biology.organism_classification, digestive system diseases, Confidence interval, Study heterogeneity, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, business
Abstract: Background Various observational studies have examined a potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori colonization and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs); however, results are inconclusive. This systematic review evaluates articles reporting an association between human H. pylori colonization and IBD. Methods A systematic search of studies was conducted to evaluate a possible relationship between H. pylori colonization and IBD. Seven databases and different types of gray literature were searched. After screening for relevant articles, selection and data extraction were done. After that, the data were analyzed, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated, using meta-analysis. Heterogeneity, sensitivity, and subgroups analyses were conducted. Funnel plots followed by Begg and Egger tests were done to assess the publication bias. Results Among 58 studies, including 13,549 patients with IBD and 506,554 controls, the prevalence of H. pylori colonization was 22.74% and 36.30%, respectively. A significant negative association was observed between H. pylori colonization and IBD (pooled OR: 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.39-0.53, P≤0.001). The random-effect model showed significant statistical heterogeneity in the included studies (I=79%). No publication bias was observed. Among subgroups, ORs were notably different when the data were stratified by the age difference between patient and control group, and by study regions and/or continent. Finally, the meta-regression analysis showed significant results, in terms of the age difference and region variables. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, all statistical data support the theory that H. pylori has a protective role in IBD. However, more primary studies using proper methodology are needed to confirm this association.
Published: 2020

20. In Vitro Synergistic Effect of Vancomycin and Some Antibacterial Agents Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant and Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Vahid Khori, and Hamideh Mohammadi-Berenjestanaki
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Pharmacology, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, fungi, Immunology, food and beverages, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, In vitro, Antimicrobial drug, 03 medical and health sciences, Staphylococcus aureus, medicine, Vancomycin, business, 030304 developmental biology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be responsible for serious long-term infections. Sometimes monotherapy can be ineffective for the treatment of these infections; hence, it is ...
Published: 2020

21. Evaluation of Accuracy of Microplate Alamar Blue Assay and Proportion Method for Prompt Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Clinical Isolates of Multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis

Author: Masoomeh Atarjalali, Hesamaddin shirzad Aski, Elahe Rafiee, Raj Goswami, Nasser Behnampour, Alireza Jafari, and Masoomeh Taziki
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Tuberculosis, biology, business.industry, Isoniazid, Drug resistance, Reference laboratory, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Predictive value, Molecular biology, Alamar blue, Multiple drug resistance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Infectious Diseases, medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis is appraised to cause the deaths of more than a billion people in the last decades. Objectives: The current study compares the performance of microplate Alamar blue assay for clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Microplate Alamar blue assay was performed in a central tuberculosis laboratory at Golestan University of Medical Sciences in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: In the first step, the microplate Alamar blue assay was used for the detection of 78 clinical isolates in the Golestan regional tuberculosis reference laboratory, and the results were compared with those of the proportion assay. In the second step, the microplate Alamar blue assay and the proportion assay were used for the drug-susceptibility of 35 isolates. Results: In the microplate Alamar blue assay, the sensitivity was 100 (90.97 - 100), with a specificity of 74.36 (57.87 - 86.96), positive predictive value of 79.59 (65.66 - 89.76), and negative predictive value of 100 (88.06 - 100). For the microplate Alamar blue assay with rifampin, the sensitivity was 100 (89.11 - 100), specificity was 100 (29.24 - 100), positive predictive value was 100 (89.11 - 100), and negative predictive value was 100 (29.24 - 100). For the microplate Alamar blue assay with isoniazid, the sensitivity was 84.38 (67.21 - 94.72), specificity was 66.67 (9.43 - 99.16), positive predictive value was 96.43 (81.65 - 99.91), and negative predictive value was 28.57 (3.67 - 70.96). Conclusions: We found high accuracy between the microplate Alamar blue assay with rifampin and the proportion assay. The rapid and low-cost microplate Alamar blue assay is an inexpensive and appropriate assay for the detection of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in low-income countries.
Published: 2021

22. Mycobacterium tuberculosis typing using Allele-specific oligonucleotide multiplex PCR (ASO-PCR) method

Author: Maryam, Shafipour, Hesamaddin, Shirzad-Aski, Ezzat Allah, Ghaemi, Ahmad, Sohrabi, Maya, Babaii Kochaksaraei, Masoume, Taziki, Somayeh, Rahimi, Kiarash, Ghazvini, and Basireh, Baei
Subjects: Genotype, Oligonucleotides, Minisatellite Repeats, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Alleles, Bacterial Typing Techniques
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) genotyping provides valuable information related to the origin and the evolution of the isolates. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) technique for lineages identification of M. tuberculosis and compare it with mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) method. The lineages of 162 clinically isolates were evaluated using six pair primers by Multiplex-PCR based on SNPs. Among 162 isolates, 70 (43.2%) isolates were lineage 4, following that 62 (38.3%) and 22 (13.6%) isolates were lineage 3 and 2, respectively. The method could not type 8 (4.9%) isolates. Moreover, we could identify 71 out of 79 unknown isolates resulted from the MIRU-VNTR method. The results showed that the SNP typing method has the potential to determine the lineages of M. tuberculosis as a rapid laboratory screening test.
Published: 2021

23. Antimicrobial resistances, and molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates, separated from food-producing animals and diarrhea patients in Iran

Author: Hami Kaboosi, Golnaz Divsalar, Fatemeh Peyravii Ghadikolaii, Rahem Khoshbakht, and Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
Subjects: Diarrhea, Nalidixic acid, 040301 veterinary sciences, Tetracycline, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Erythromycin, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Drug resistance, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Campylobacter jejuni, Poultry, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibiotic resistance, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Campylobacter Infections, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Poultry Diseases, General Veterinary, biology, Campylobacter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Molecular Typing, Ciprofloxacin, Red Meat, Infectious Diseases, Cattle, Abattoirs, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, medicine.drug
Abstract: The aims of this study were to regain new epidemiology information about frequency, drug resistance rates, and typing of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates, obtained from some poultry and cattle farms, slaughterhouses, and people with diarrhea. In this regard, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics and the associated antibiotic resistance genes, including tetO, tetA, cmeB, and blaOXA-61 were evaluated. The isolates were also typed, using the Fla-RFLP method. Generally, between 233 food animal samples, 80 (34.33%) C. jejuni were isolated. Moreover, 20 out of 74 (27%) human specimens suspected to infectious diarrhea were C. jejuni positive. High frequencies of resistance to tetracycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (95%), and nalidixic acid (86%), and low frequencies of resistance to florfenicol (0%), erythromycin (5%), and gentamicin (8%) were observed. Furthermore, in the tetracycline-resistant isolates, the existences of tetO, tetA, and cmeB were 86%, 23%, and 48%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the cluster types obtained from Fla-RFLP method and antibiotic resistance pattern. The results suggested that the genomic link between Campylobacter spp. should be always evaluated in each country to provide an insight about the Campylobacter spp., spread in the region, in order to implement the health-controlling programs efficiently.
Published: 2019

24. Evaluation of Hepatitis B Virus Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Resistance mutations in Treatment-Naïve Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Mohsen Ebrahimi, and Alireza Mohebbi
Subjects: Hepatitis B virus, Therapy naive, Text mining, business.industry, Meta-analysis, Medicine, business, medicine.disease_cause, Virology
Abstract: Background: For detection of the nucleus(t)ide analog resistance (NAr) mutants among Hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasispecies, the selection of appropriate methodologies is necessary. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of different methods for the detection of NAr mutations among treatment-naïve patients with chronic HBV (CHB) infection.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, five databases were searched. Desired data were extracted from the selected studies. The I2 was used as an indicator of heterogeneity. The NAr mutations rate was investigated with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: The overall ratio of occurrence of NAr within treatment-naïve CHB patients (14653) from 128 studies was 0.085 (95% CI, 0.069-0.103, p-value < 0.0001). Direct sequencing was the most prevalent method of DNA sequencing (56.25%). The rates of NAr mutations in the different methodologies, including the direct sequencing, InnoLipa, NGS, and PASS, were 0.079 (0.037-0.160, p < 0.0001), 0.058 (0.021-0.152, p < 0.0001), 0.729 (0.441-0.902, p = 0.114), and 0.448 (0.281-0.628, p = 0.001), respectively.Conclusions: Drug-resistant quasispecies of HBV exist in treatment-naïve patients in relatively high abundance. More sensitive methodologies like NGS should be used for detecting NAr fractions of the viral population. Replacement of current therapy with novel anti-HBV candidates also should be considered.
Published: 2020

25. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic and associated factors for mortality in Golestan province, Iran: a retrospective cohort study

Author: Mohammad Reza, Honarvar, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Hesamaddin, Shirzad-Aski, Alijan, Tabarraei, Alireza, Tahamtan, Mousa, Ghelichi-Ghojogh, Abdolreza, Fazel, Serajeddin, Arefnia, Nahid, Jafari, Mohsen, Mansoury, Alireza, Jafari, and Abdolhalim, Rajabi
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, COVID-19, Comorbidity, Iran, Middle Aged, Hospitalization, Death, Sex Factors, Risk Factors, Humans, Female, Hospital Mortality, Pandemics, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Research Paper
Abstract: Summary Background We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia and risk factors associated for mortality. Methods In this study, we included inpatient with acute respiratory distress syndrome at Golestan Hospitals who had been discharged or had died in 2020. Epidemiological, and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between recovered and died cases. We used multiple logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Results Overall 2,835 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients were included in this study, and 874 (30.83%) were positive for 2019-nCoV. Five hundred and sixty-three patients (19.86%) died, 1,687 patients (59.51%) were recovered. Of the total deaths, only 288 (10.15%) were attributed to COVID-19. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were respiratory distress [1,795 (63.32%)], fever [1,601 (56.47%)], dry cough [1,595 (56.26%)], sore throat [445 (15.70%)], and myalgia [342 (12.06%)]. One thousand and twelve (35.7%) had 1 or more coexisting medical conditions. In multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with the death included older age [OR (Odds Ratio) = 1.03; 95% CI; 1.02-1.04], blood oxygen level (SPO2 < 93%) (OR = 2.44; 95% CI; 1.79-3.31), comorbidities (OR = 2.15; 95% CI; 1.62-2.84), respiratory distress (OR = 1.74; 95% CI; 1.28-2.37), and headache (OR = 0.44 95% CI; 0.21-0.92). Conclusions The 2019-nCoV infection caused collections of severe respiratory illness and was associated to a high ratio of hospitalization in ICU and high mortality. Older age and comorbidities were associated with more risk of death among patients with 2019-nCoV.
Published: 2020

26. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Association of Helicobacter pylori Colonization and Celiac Disease

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Ali Ashkbari, Sima Besharat, Fazel Isapanah Amlashi, Naghme Gilani, Alireza Norouzi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Zahra Norouzi, and Seyed Alireza Fatemi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Subgroup analysis, Publication bias, Odds ratio, Disease, Helicobacter pylori, biology.organism_classification, Internal medicine, Meta-analysis, medicine, Colonization, Observational study, business
Abstract: Background and objectivesBased on some previous observational studies there is a theory that suggests a potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization and celiac disease (CD), however, the type of this relationship is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore all related primary studies to find any possible association between CD and human H. pylori colonization.Data sourcesStudies were systematically searched and collected from four databases and different types of gray literature to cover all available evidence. After screening, the quality and risk of bias assessment of the selected articles were evaluated.Synthesis methodsMeta-analysis calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) on the extracted data. Furthermore, heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroups, and publication bias analyses were assessed.ResultsTwenty-four studies were included in this systematic review, with a total of 5241 cases and 132947 control people. The results of meta-analysis on 24 studies showed a significant and negative association between H. pylori colonization and CD (pooled OR= 0.58; 95% CI = 0.45 - 0.76; P < 0.001), with no publication bias (P = 0.407). The L’Abbé plots also showed a trend of having more H. pylori colonization in the control group. Among subgroups, ORs were notably different only when the data were stratified by continents or risk of bias; however, subgroup analysis could not determine the source of heterogeneity.ConclusionsAccording to the meta-analysis, H. pylori has a mild protective role toward CD. Although this negative association is not strong, it is statistically significant and should be further considered. Further investigations in both molecular and clinic fields with proper methodology and more detailed information are needed to discover more evidence and underlying mechanisms to clear the interactive aspects of H. pylori colonization in CD patients.Systematic review registration number (PROSPERO)CRD42020167730
Published: 2020

27. A systematic review and meta-analysis for association of Helicobacter pylori colonization and celiac disease

Author: Naghme Gilani, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Fazel Isapanah Amlashi, Ali Ashkbari, Alireza Norouzi, Seyed Alireza Fatemi, Zahra Norouzi, Sima Besharat, and Ahmad Sohrabi
Subjects: Medical Journals, Disease, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 0302 clinical medicine, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Helicobacter, Medicine and Health Sciences, 030212 general & internal medicine, Immune Response, Multidisciplinary, biology, Statistics, Metaanalysis, Research Assessment, Bacterial Pathogens, Systematic review, Serology, Medical Microbiology, Meta-analysis, Physical Sciences, Medicine, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Pathogens, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Systematic Reviews, Science, Immunology, Subgroup analysis, Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Helicobacter Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Statistical Methods, Microbial Pathogens, Bacteria, business.industry, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Endoscopy, Odds ratio, Publication bias, Helicobacter pylori, biology.organism_classification, Helicobacter Pylori, Celiac Disease, Observational study, business, Medical Humanities, Mathematics
Abstract: Background and objectives Based on some previous observational studies, there is a theory that suggests a potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization and celiac disease (CeD); however, the type of this relationship is still controversial. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore all related primary studies to find any possible association between CeD and human H. pylori colonization. Data sources Studies were systematically searched and collected from four databases and different types of gray literature to cover all available evidence. After screening, the quality and risk of bias assessment of the selected articles were evaluated. Synthesis methods Meta-analysis calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) on the extracted data. Furthermore, heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroups, and publication bias analyses were assessed. Results Twenty-six studies were included in this systematic review, with a total of 6001 cases and 135512 control people. The results of meta-analysis on 26 studies showed a significant and negative association between H. pylori colonization and CeD (pooled OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.45–0.70; P < 0.001), with no publication bias (P = 0.825). The L’Abbé plots also showed a trend of having more H. pylori colonization in the control group. Among subgroups, ORs were notably different only when the data were stratified by continents or risk of bias; however, subgroup analysis could not determine the source of heterogeneity. Conclusions According to the meta-analysis, this negative association might imply a mild protective role of H. pylori against celiac disease. Although this negative association is not strong, it is statistically significant and should be further considered. Further investigations in both molecular and clinic fields with proper methodology and more detailed information are needed to discover more evidence and underlying mechanisms to clear the interactive aspects of H. pylori colonization in CeD patients. Systematic review registration number (PROSPERO) CRD42020167730 https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=167730.
Published: 2020

28. Improved antibacterial activity of sulfasalazine loaded fullerene derivative: computational and experimental studies

Author: Preeti Singla, Alireza Soltani, Syed Sarim Imam, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Mehrdad Aghaei, Sahar Ardalan Khales, Mohammad Shariati, Hanzaleh Balakheyli, Mohammad Ramezanitaghartapeh, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, H. Khandan Fadafan, and Ameeduzzafar Zafar
Subjects: Thermogravimetric analysis, Fullerene, Materials science, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Nanomaterials, Field emission microscopy, Chemical engineering, Drug delivery, Materials Chemistry, Surface modification, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Drug carrier, Spectroscopy
Abstract: Recently, nanomaterials have found application in the biomedical field by providing new and efficient techniques in imaging, drug delivery, diagnosis and many other areas. The present study is a significant contribution in which a well-known zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, fullerene, has been explored as an efficient drug carrier. Specifically, water insoluble fullerene has been made water soluble through chemical functionalization using hydrogen peroxide to form polyhydroxylated fullerene, which is referred to as fullerenol. A well-known antibacterial drug, sulfasalazine (SSZ), has been loaded on to the surface of this fullerenol. The success of functionalization and drug loading has been confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman analysis. Moreover, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) imaging and elemental analysis have also been performed to evaluate the particle size and composition before and after drug loading. In addition, the effect of incorporating the nanomaterial has also been studied by comparing the antibacterial activity of drug loaded fullerenol with pure SSZ towards a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The remarkable performance of SSZ loaded fullerenol show them as an efficient and promising nano drug-carrier.
Published: 2022

29. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality of Inpatients with COVID-19 in Golestan Province, Iran: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Author: Mohammad Reza Honarvar, Gholamreza Roshandel, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Alijan Tabarraei, Alireza Tahamtan, Mousa Ghelichi-Ghojogh, Abdolreza Fazel, Serajeddin Arefnia, Nahid Jafari, Mohsen Mansoury, and Abdolhalim Rajabi
Abstract: Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease that was first reported in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread worldwide. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia and risk factors associated for mortality. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included inpatient with acute respiratory distress syndrome at Golestan University of Medical Sciences Hospitals (Golestan province, Iran) who had been discharged or had died in 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data, including samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between recovered and died cases. We used multiple logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death.Results: In overall 2,835 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients were included in this study, of these patients, 874 (30.83.9%) were positive for 2019nCoV, and 1,046 (36.90%) were negative and 915 (32.28%) were not available for PCR result. Five hundred and sixty-three patients (19.86%) died, 1,687 patients (59.51%) were recovered, and 585 (20.63%) under treatment. Of the total deaths, only 288 (10.15%) were attributed to COVID-19. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were respiratory distress (1,795 [63.32%]), fever (1,601 [56.47%]), dry cough (1,595 [56.26%]), Sore throat (445 [15.70%]), and myalgia (342 [12.06%]).One thousand and twelve (35.7%) had 1 or more coexisting medical conditions. In multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with the death included older age (OR (Odds Ratio), 1.03; 95% CI; 1.02-1.04), blood oxygen level (SpO2Conclusions: The 2019-nCoV infection caused collections of severe respiratory illness and was associated high ratio of hospitalization in ICU and high mortality. Older age and comorbidities were associated with more risk of death among patients with 2019nCoV.
Published: 2020

30. Incidence, risk factors and clinical characteristics of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a ten-year study in the North of Iran

Author: Niloofar Hamidi, Roghieh Golsha, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Ahmad Sohrabi, Abdollah Abbasi, and Jamileh Movahedi
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, 030231 tropical medicine, Disease, Iran, Medical Records, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Extra pulmonary tuberculosis, Sex Factors, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Female patient, Biopsy, Medicine, Humans, Registries, Lymph node, Retrospective Studies, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Age Factors, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Parasitology, Female, business
Abstract: To determine the incidence of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and examine the risk factors and the clinical features of the disease over a ten-year period.Retrospective study of records of patients who were followed and registered in the TB registry programme in the health district of Gorgan, Iran from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2017.Among 2280 TB records, 609 (26.71%) were EPTB. They were mostly female patients (53.7%) and residents in rural areas (56.5%) with a mean age of 40.55 years [±16]. The average age of female patients (37.55 years [±16.99]) was lower than of male patients (44.07 years [±20.59]). The median of the incidence rate was 7.5 per 100 000 inhabitants for EPTB; biopsy and pathology were the best methods for the detection of EPTB. The most frequent forms of EPTB were lymphatic TB (193/609 = 31.7%) and pleural TB (158/609 = 25.9%). In most cases (245/609 = 40.2%), one to three months elapsed between occurrence of symptoms and final confirmation of EPTB. The outcome of EPTB was weaker than of pulmonary TB (PTB).Our most important finding was the increasing incidence of EPTB, which shows the importance of attention to this disease. Lymph node and pleural tissue were the most commonly infected tissues. Skeletal TB presents a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of EPTB.Déterminer l'incidence de la tuberculose extra-pulmonaire (EPTB) et examiner les facteurs de risque et les caractéristiques cliniques de la maladie sur une période de dix ans. MÉTHODES: Etude rétrospective des dossiers des patients qui ont été suivis et enregistrés dans le programme d'enregistrement de la TB dans le district de santé de Gorgan, en Iran, du 1Notre découverte la plus importante a été l'incidence croissante d'EPTB, ce qui montre l'importance de l'attention portée à cette maladie. Les ganglions lymphatiques et les tissus pleuraux étaient les tissus les plus fréquemment infectés. La TB osseuse présente un défi dans le diagnostic et le traitement de l'EPTB.
Published: 2020

31. Letter to the editor: efficacy of different methods of combination regimen administrations including dexamethasone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and interferon-beta to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Author: Roghieh Golsha, Samane Tavassoli, Sima Besharat, Somayeh Livani, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Abdolreza Fazel, Babak Peivandi, Nafiseh Abdolahi, Mahmoud Khandashpoor, Mohammad Hadi Gharib, Effat Kaheh, Gholamreza Roshandel, Sadegh Ali Azimi, Behnaz Khodabakhshi, and Alireza Norouzi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Randomization, Letter, Patients management, medicine.medical_treatment, Psychological intervention, Pharmacist, Medicine (miscellaneous), law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Protocol, Corticosteroids, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Contraindication, Mechanical ventilation, Randomised controlled trial, Inflammation, lcsh:R5-920, business.industry, Standard treatment, COVID-19, Regimen, Emergency medicine, business, lcsh:Medicine (General), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Objectives There is little information about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) management for critically ill patients. Most of these patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to excessive inflammatory response and the ensuing cytokine storm. Anti-inflammatory drugs including corticosteroids can be used to effectively reduce the effect of this cytokine storm and lung damage. However, corticosteroids can have side effects, so simultaneous administration of immunoglobulin (IV-IG) and interferon-beta can help manage treatment using corticosteroids. Therefore, we designed a trial to test our hypothesis that early administration of dexamethasone in combination with IV-IG and interferon-beta can reduce the effect of the cytokine storm in critically ill patients COVID-19. Trial design A phase two multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three parallel arms (1:1:1 ratio). Participants They will be hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 who have positive RT-PCR test and have blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) less than 90% and respiratory rate higher than 24 per minute or have involvement of more than 50% of their lung when viewed using computed tomography (CT)-scan. The age range of patients will be 18-70 years old. Exclusion criteria: the need for intubation; allergy, intolerance, or contraindication to any study drug including dexamethasone, IV-IG, and interferon-beta; pregnancy or lactation; known HIV positive or active hepatitis B or C. The study will be conducted in several hospitals of the Golestan province, Iran. Intervention and comparator The study subjects will be randomly allocated to three treatment arms: two experimental groups (two arms: Intervention 1 and Intervention 2) and one Control Group, which will be matched for age and sex using frequency matching method. Each eligible patient in the control arm will receive the standard treatment for COVID-19 based on WHO guidelines and the Ministry of the Health and Medical Education (MOHME) of Iran. Each patient in the Intervention Group 1 will receive the standard treatment for COVID-19 and dexamethasone, at the first 24 hours’ time of admission. The intervention begins with the administration of dexamethasone based on the SpO2 levels. If the level of SpO2 does not improve after 24 hours, IV-IG (400 mg/kg once daily for 5 days) and interferon-beta (7 doses every other day) will be prescribed along with dexamethasone administration. In Intervention Group 2, the administration of dexamethasone will be started within the first 24 hours’ time of admission and will be continued for 48-72 hours and then the SpO2 level will be checked. Then, if the level of SpO2 has not improved after that time, IV-IG and interferon-beta will be prescribed as the same dosage as Group 1. If the percentages of the SpO2 level are between 85 and 90/ 80 and 85/ 75 and 80/ less than 75, the dosages will be 4 mg every 12 hours/ 4 mg every 8 hours/ 8 mg every 12 hours/ 8 mg every 8 hours, respectively. According to the WHO recommendation, all participants will have the best available supportive care with full monitoring. Main outcomes Primary: An increase in the SpO2 level to reach more than 90% in each case, which will be assessed by the oximeter. Secondary: The duration of hospital stays; intubation status and the percentage of patients who are free of mechanical ventilation; the mortality rates during hospitalization and one month after the admission time. Randomisation Participants will be allocated into either control or intervention groups with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio using a computer random number generator to generate a table of random numbers for simple randomization. Blinding (masking) The project's principal investigator (PI) is unblinded. However, the PI will not analyse the data and interpret the results. An unblinded researcher (a pharmacist) will cover the drug’s bottles with aluminium foil and prepare them interventions and control drugs in a syringe with a code so that patients are blinded. This person will have no patients contact. The staff and nurses, caring for the patients, will be unblinded for each study group due to the nature of this study. The staff that take outcome measurements will be blinded. The laboratory technicians will also be blinded as well as the statistical team. These study statisticians will have access to coded data and will analyse the data labelled as group X, group Y, and group Z. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) The target sample size will be 105 critically ill COVID-19 patients, who will be allocated randomly to the three trial arms with 35 patients in each group. Trial status Recruitment is ongoing. The study began on April 18 2020 and will be completed June 19 2020. This summary describes protocol version 1; April 2 2020. Trial registration https://www.irct.ir/. Identifier: IRCT20120225009124N4 version 1; Registration date: April 2 2020. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting the dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The full protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.
Published: 2020

32. Clinical and Imaging Findings of 427 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Northeast of Iran

Author: Babak Peivandi, Somayye Livani, Behnaz Khodabakhshi, Mohammad Hadi Gharib, Abdolreza Fazel, Roghieh Golsha, Mahmoud Khandashpoor, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Ahmad Sohrabi, Fazel Isapanah Amlashi, Samane Tavassoli, Gholamreza Roshandel, Sima Besharat, Alireza Norouzi, and Nafiseh Abdolahi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, R software, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Hospitalized patients, Liver and kidney, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Internal medicine, Ethics committee, Medicine, Disease, Abnormality, business
Abstract: Background: Since December 2019, the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the world. In this descriptive study, we aim to share the clinical information of 427 Iranian COVID-19 patients. Methods: The different information on COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized from 24 February 2020 to 1 April 2020 was analyzed using R software. The patients were categorized into two groups as non-severe or severe and survivor or non-survivor cases. Outcomes of the cases were followed up until one month after the time of admission. Findings: Overall, the median age of the patients was 53 with a difference of ten years between two categories in each group. Among patients, 50·8% were males who had worse outcomes than female patients. Cough (72·8%), fever (69·3%), and dyspnea (64·0%) were the most common symptoms. There were more underlying comorbidities in the group of severe (73·5%) and non-survivor (77·5%) cases compared to the non-severe (53·6%) and survivor (44·1%) groups. Changes in the pattern of the parameters of complete blood counts including lymphopenia (227/333; 68·2%) were the most prominent findings. Factors associated with the liver and kidney damage were significantly increased in patients, especially in non-survivor cases. Around 90% of the COVID-19 patients had at least one abnormality in the chest CT scans including simultaneously both crazy paving and consolidation patterns (27·1%), followed by the ground-glass opacity (24·7%). Interpretation: According to the results, the patients' age, underlying comorbidities, percentage of SpO2, and blood laboratory findings at the time of admission may indicate the progression of the disease in the coming days. Funding Statement: The Golestan University of Medical of Sciences, Iran. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The ethics committee of Golestan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (IR.GOUMS.REC.1398.383).
Published: 2020

33. Evaluation of the accuracy of the microplate alamar blue assay and the proportion method for the prompt detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates

Author: Elahe Rafiei, Masoomeh Atarjalali, Nasser Behnampour, Hesamaddin shirzad Aski, Ali Mojtahedi, Masoomeh Taziki, and Alireza Jafari
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Tuberculosis, biology, business.industry, Isoniazid, Drug resistance, Reference laboratory, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Alamar blue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Infectious Diseases, Medicine, Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, business, Rifampicin, medicine.drug
Abstract: Aims and objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to have caused the deaths of 1 billion people in the last 200 years. Methods: In the first step, the microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used for the detection of seventy-eight clinical isolates from Golestan Regional Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (GRTRL) and the results were compared with the proportion method. In second step, the MABA was used for the susceptibility testing of 35 clinical isolates and the results were compared with the proportion method. Results: For the MABA, the sensitivity was 100 (90.97-100), specificity was 74.36 (57.87-86.96), positive predictive value (PPV) was 79.59 (65.66-89.76), negative predictive value (NPV) was 100 (88.06-100). The concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) ranged from 1.0-0.01 μg.mL and 2.0-0.03 μg.mL, respectively. For the proportion method, the INH concentration was between 1.0-0.03 μg.mL and the RMP concentration was between 2.0-0.06 μg.mL. For the MABA to RMP, the sensitivity was 100 (89.11-100), specificity was 100 (29.24-100), PPV was 100 (89.11-100), NPV was 100 (29.24-100), and for the MABA to INH, the sensitivity was 84.38 (67.21-94.72), specificity was 66.67 (9.43-99.16), PPV was 96.43 (81.65-99.91), NPV was 28.57 (3.67-70.96). Conclusion: We found the high accuracy between the MABA-RMP and the proportion method. In fact, the rapid and low-cost MABA assay is inexpensive and alternative assays for the detection of RMP resistant tuberculosis in low-income countries.
Published: 2021

34. Occurrence of virulence-associated genes in Pasteurella multocida isolates obtained from different hosts

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski and Mohammad Tabatabaei
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Bacterial capsule, Pasteurella multocida, Genotype, Virulence Factors, Pasteurella Infections, Microbiology, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Dogs, law, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Animals, Gene, Bacterial Capsules, Polymerase chain reaction, chemistry.chemical_classification, Sheep, biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Goats, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Gene expression profiling, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Genes, Bacterial, Transferrin, Cattle, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstract: Pasteurella multocida infects a wide range of animals and the infection may spread to human through animal bites and scratches. Pasteurella multocida isolates, obtained from several clinically healthy and diseased animals (bovine, sheep, goat, poultry, dog and cat), were investigated for capsule biosynthesis (capA, B, D, E and F) and expression of 22 virulence-associated genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Multiplex PCR results revealed expression of capA, capD and capB genes in 81 (61.83%), 30 (22.90%) and 10 isolates (7.29%), respectively. However, neither of the isolates harbored capE or capF genes and ten isolates (7.29%) were negative for all cap genes. The expression of the capB gene was observed in small ruminant isolates. The occurrence of the ompA, ompH, oma87, sodA and sodC genes was noticed in all of the samples. More than 90% of the isolates harbored hgbA (96.18%), ptfA (95.41%), exbBD-tonB (93.12%), nanB (93.12%) and plbB genes (90.83%). The transferrin binding protein encoding gene tbpA was exclusively detected in the ruminant isolates. The limited number of isolates (25.95%) harbored dermonecrotoxin gene (toxA) and the highest occurrence was noted in the small ruminants, and the capsular type D isolates. This study highlights that the toxA, tbpA, and pfhA genes can be considered as important epidemiological markers for the characterization of P. multocida isolates.
Published: 2016

35. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of emergent Arcobacter spp. isolated from cattle and sheep in Iran

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Mohammad Tabatabaei, Mojtaba Raeisi, and Rahem Khoshbakht
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cefalotin, Veterinary medicine, Tetracycline, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, Cattle Diseases, Sheep Diseases, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Oxytetracycline, Iran, Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Ciprofloxacin, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Enrofloxacin, medicine, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Sheep, Domestic, Arcobacter, Sheep, General Veterinary, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Intestines, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Amikacin, Carrier State, Cattle, Gentamicin, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Abattoirs, medicine.drug
Abstract: This study is conducted to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Arcobacter spp. isolated from clinically healthy food animals. A total of 308 samples from cattle (200) and sheep (108) were collected from Shiraz slaughterhouse, southern Iran to investigate the presence of the important Arcobacter spp. using cultivation and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter isolates was determined for 18 antibiotics using disk diffusion method. Among 308 samples, 27 (8.7%) and 44 (14.28%) were positive for the presence of Arcobacter species with cultivation and PCR procedures, respectively. The predominant species was A. butzleri in both cattle (58.33%) and sheep (55%). In addition, concurrent incidence of the species was observed in 25% of the positive samples. All Arcobacter isolates were resistant to rifampicin, vancomycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim and cephalothin. The isolates showed high susceptibility to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin. No significant difference among cattle and sheep isolates in resistance pattern was observed. The results indicate that cattle and sheep are significant intestinal carriers for Arcobacter spp. Moreover, tetracycline and aminoglycosides showed great effects on Arcobacter species in antibiogram test and can be used for treatment of human Arcobacter infections.
Published: 2016

36. Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Raw Milk, Fish, Poultry, and Red Meat

Author: Ezzat Allah Ghaemi, Mojtaba Raeisi, Mahsan Bayani, Navisa Sadat Seyedghasemi, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Mohammad Hashemi, and Rahem Khoshbakht
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Veterinary medicine, Meat, Nalidixic acid, Genotype, Tetracycline, medicine.drug_class, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, Antibiotics, Virulence, Gene Expression, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Poultry, 03 medical and health sciences, Nalidixic Acid, Antibiotic resistance, Ciprofloxacin, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, medicine, Animals, Humans, Pharmacology, Sheep, Campylobacter, Fishes, Raw milk, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 030104 developmental biology, Milk, Genes, Bacterial, Red meat, Food Microbiology, Cattle, medicine.drug
Abstract: This study was designed and conducted to evaluate the frequency, antimicrobial resistance, and presence of six virulence-associated genes among thermophilic Campylobacters isolated from raw milk, poultry (chicken, turkey, and duck), fish, cattle, and sheep meat. Out of 590 samples, which were recovered from different origins, 141 (23.9%) samples were positive for Campylobacters. Campylobacter spp. was isolated in 40.8% (106/260), 14% (28/200), and 8.7% (7/80) of poultry meat, red meat, and milk samples, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated a high frequency of resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid among the isolates. Furthermore, prevalence of waaC, ciaB, and pldA genes were 91.7%, 86.7%, and 80.8%, respectively; and, none of the isolates harbored both wlaN and cgtB genes, simultaneously. Moreover, there was a weak correlation between antibiotics resistance and presence of the pathogen genes. However, the existence of Campylobacter spp. isolates in food animal products, with high resistance to antibiotics and several virulence gene possessions, is alarming and increases the attention to the widespread use of antibiotics.
Published: 2017

37. Molecular characterization of

Author: Hesamaddin, Shirzad-Aski and Mohammad, Tabatabaei
Subjects: Pasteurella multocida, RAPD, Molecular analysis, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Original Article, REP-PCR
Abstract: In the present study, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic sequence-based Polymerase Chain Reaction (REP- PCR) were used to characterize 131 isolates of Pasteurella multocida, originating from different healthy and diseased animal species obtained from several geographical regions of Iran. The RAPD and REP-PCR generated amplified products in the range of 300 to 3400 bp and 200 to 2850 bp, respectively. Among all of the P. multocida isolates, cluster analysis revealed that 63 clusters and nine untypable isolates and 81 clusters and six untypable isolates were produced with RAPD and REP-PCR methods, respectively. The results indicated that the REP-PCR method showed a slightly higher level of discrimination power in differentiating of P. multocida isolates as compared with RAPD. The results showed that a considerable level of genetic diversity exists among P. multocida isolates even in the isolates with the same animal or geographical origins. There was no host- and region-specific pattern. In addition, the isolates obtained from the healthy and diseased animal did not reveal any correlation genotypic profiles, which could be supported by the hypothesis that P. multocida is a strictly opportunistic pathogen. In conclusion, because of a large amount of genetic heterogeneity in the P. multocida isolates, Pasteurellosis may be caused by different clones in the same herd or animal.
Published: 2017

38. Distribution of Salmonella, Arcobacter, and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. among Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) population in Dasht-e-Arzhan Wildlife refuge, southern Iran

Author: Hossein Shayegh, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Rahem Khoshbakht, and Mohammad Tabatabaei
Subjects: Salmonella, Veterinary medicine, education.field_of_study, Persian fallow deer, biology, Campylobacter, Population, Human pathogen, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Campylobacter jejuni, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Arcobacter, Campylobacter coli, medicine, Anatomy, education
Abstract: There is not any information about incidence of main human pathogenic bacteria among the endangered species, Persian fallow deer, around the world. The study was conducted on a population of Persian fallow deer in Dasht-e-Arzhan area, southern Iran, to determine the distribution of Salmonella, Arcobacter, and human pathogen thermophilic Campylobacter species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done using specific primers for detection of three pathogen bacteria after enrichment process. Among 63 fecal samples, 52.3 % (33/63) and 11.1 % (7/63) were positive for presence of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species, respectively. According to culture and PCR methods, the Salmonella was not isolated from the fecal samples. Multiplex PCR revealed that 17 and three samples were positive for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, respectively. According to the results, the Persian fallow deer can be considered as an important carrier for arcobacters and pathogen Campylobacter and can spread the infectious agents to the water sources of the area which can be hazardous for public health.
Published: 2014

39. CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM Β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DAIRY PRODUCTS

Author: Rahem Khoshbakht, Amin Shahed, and Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
Subjects: ESBL, dairy products, polycyclic compounds, Escherichia coli, lcsh:QR1-502, bacteria, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, antibiotic susceptibility, bacterial infections and mycoses, lcsh:Microbiology
Abstract: Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze the β-lactam ring, and ESBL-producing E. coli has rapidly spread worldwide with pose a serious hazard for humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and molecular evaluation of four ESBL-associated genes among E. coli strains isolated from milk and cheese in southern Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out for a total of 150 isolates of E. coli, previously collected from dairy products. ESBL production was screened using a double-disc synergy test (DDST) and presence of four ESBL genes (PER, VEB, TEM and CTX-M) was tested using PCR. Among 150 E. coli strains 57 (38%) isolates were identified as ESBL-producing strains. All ESBL positive isolates could be typed for one or more genes and the most prevalent ESBL-associated gene was CTX-M (80.7%). The PER gene was not present among isolates. Isolates showed high susceptibility to imipe¬nem and cefoxitin. The results showed the high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli strains among dairy products and high occurrence of CTX-M-associated ESBL activity among isolates indicating the hazards of increasing the strains with antibiotic resistance which can transfer to human trough the dairy food products.
Published: 2014

40. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Strains Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections in Karaj, Iran

Author: Rahem Khoshbakht, Hale Keshavarzi, Ayub Salimi, and Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Staphylococcus saprophyticus, biology, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Gram-positive bacteria, Antibiotics, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Microbiology, Ciprofloxacin, Infectious Diseases, Antibiotic resistance, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Bacteremia, medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Backgrounds: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial diseases worldwidethat can be presented asymptomatic or symptomatic, characterized by a wide range of symptoms from mild irritative voiding to bacteremia, sepsis, or even death. In latter decades, widespread utilization of antibiotics has resulted in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance among urinary tract pathogens all over the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine patterns of antibiotic resistance bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections in the city of Karaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Karaj from November 2009 to August 2010. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer method against some common antibiotics for Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and the data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 12.0.1. Results: In this study, 230 (8.06%)out of 2852 patients showed positive urine cultures of which there were 204 (88.69%) females and 26 (11.3%) males. 180 (83.17%) cases of isolated bacteria were Gram negative bacilli while 50 (21.73%) cases were Gram positive cocci. E. coli isolates, as the most frequent Gram negative bacteria, showed high resistance to cephalothin (88.16%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (90.78%). Also Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates, as the most frequent Gram positive bacteria, exhibited high resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (92.31%) and high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and vancomycin (92.3%). Conclusions: considering the results of this study, E.coli isolates were the predominant pathogens in UTI. Our data demonstrated that antibiotics with the highest activity included ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin and those with the least activity included ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Our findings reinforce the need for ongoing investigations to show the trends of antibiotic resistance which can help antibiotic prescription in the clinics.
Published: 2012

41. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional cultivation methods for detection of carriers of Salmonella spp. in cattle and buffalo

Author: Rahem Khoshbakht, Malahat Ahmadi, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, and Bahram Dalir-Naghadeh
Subjects: Salmonella, Enrichment broth, Pcr cloning, Biology, Isolation (microbiology), medicine.disease_cause, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, law.invention, Microbiology, law, Specific primers, Agarose gel electrophoresis, medicine, Anatomy, Polymerase chain reaction, Feces
Abstract: In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and culturing strategies were used to detect carriers of Salmonella spp. in cattle and buffalo. In order to perform the assay, 100 faecal samples were obtained from both buffalo and cattle in Urmia, Iran, in July 2008. Samples were tested for Salmonella isolation by culturing techniques and biochemical testes. Faecal samples were enriched in enrichment broth and DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR using specific primers of Salmonella invasion gene (invA). PCR products were visualised using 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The bacterial culturing results were negative for all samples, whilst results from the PCR method and electrophoresis confirmed the presence of Salmonella in one cattle faecal sample (1%) and three buffalo faecal samples (3%). These results indicate that the PCR method is highly sensitive and rapid for Salmonella detection in faeces compared to other routine methods.
Published: 2009

42. Genetic Characterization of Campylobacter Jejuni and C. coli Isolated From Broilers Using flaA PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method in Shiraz, Southern Iran

Author: Rahem Khoshbakht, Saeid Hosseinzadeh, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Saeed Seifi, and Mohammad Tabatabaei
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Veterinary medicine, Population, Campylobacteriosis, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Campylobacter jejuni, law.invention, law, Campylobacter Jejuni, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Medicine, education, Polymerase chain reaction, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, biology, business.industry, Campylobacter, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, C. coli, Infectious Diseases, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, business, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Research Article
Abstract: Background Thermophilic campylobacters, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are the main agents of human campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter contaminated chicken products is the most important source of foodborne gastroenteritis. Evaluation of genetic diversity among Campylobacter population is critical for understanding the epidemiology of this bacterium and developing effective control strategies against Campylobacter infections and other related disorders. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from broiler fecal samples in Shiraz, southern Iran. Materials and methods Ninety Campylobacter isolates were recovered from broiler feces using enrichment process followed by cultivation method. The isolates were species typing on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of 16SrRNA and multiplex PCR for determining two thermophilic species. To evaluate strain diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, flaA PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was performed using DdeI restriction enzyme. Results All 90 Campylobacter isolates confirmed by m-PCR were successfully typed using flaA-PCR-RFLP. Eleven different types were defined according to flaA-typing method and the RFLP patterns were located at three separate clusters in RFLP image analysis dendrogram. Conclusions Campylobacter jejuni isolates significantly showed more variety than C. coli isolates. A relatively low genetic diversity existed among C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from broilers in Shiraz, southern Iran. In our knowledge, this was the first report of genetic diversity among broiler originated human pathogen thermophilic campylobacters in Shiraz, southern Iran.
Published: 2015

43. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the causative agent of hemoplasma infection in small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes Javanicus)

Author: Saeed Nazifi, Hossein Shayegh, Hassan Sharifiyazdi, and Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
Subjects: General Veterinary, Phylogenetic tree, Mycoplasma haemomuris, Herpestidae, Immunology, Zoology, General Medicine, Herpestes javanicus, Biology, 16S ribosomal RNA, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, Mongoose, DNA, Ribosomal, Infectious Diseases, Mycoplasma, GenBank, biology.animal, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genetic variation, Candidatus, Immunology and Allergy, Animals, Mycoplasma Infections, Phylogeny
Abstract: Hemoplasmas are the trivial name for a group of erythrocyte-parasitizing bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma. This study is the first report of hemoplasma infection in Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes Javanicus) based on molecular analysis of 16S rDNA. Whole blood samples were collected by sterile methods, from 14 live captured mongooses, in the south of Iran. Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis (CMt)-like hemoplasma was detected in blood samples from one animal tested. BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequence (933bp) of the hemoplasma from Small Indian mongoose (KJ530704) revealed only 96-97% identity to the previously described CMt followed by 95% and 91% similarity with Mycoplasma coccoides and Mycoplasma haemomuris, respectively. Accordingly, the Iranian mongoose CMt isolate showed a high intra-specific genetic variation compared to all previously reported CMt strains in GenBank. Further molecular studies using multiple phylogenetic markers are required to characterize the exact species of Mongoose-derived hemoplasma.
Published: 2014

44. Occurrence of six virulence-associated genes in Arcobacter species isolated from various sources in Shiraz, Southern Iran

Author: Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Rahem Khoshbakht, Hossein Shayegh, and Mohammad Tabatabaei
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, Livestock, Meat, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Virulence Factors, Virulence, Food Contamination, Biology, Iran, Microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, law.invention, law, medicine, Food microbiology, Animals, Gene, Polymerase chain reaction, DNA Primers, Genetics, Arcobacter, biology.organism_classification, Arcobacter butzleri, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, Genes, Bacterial, Food Microbiology, medicine.symptom, Abattoirs
Abstract: In humans, arcobacters are associated with watery diarrhea and septicemia. Although, recently, more cases of diarrhea have been caused by Arcobacter species, very little is known about its pathogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of six putative Arcobacter virulence genes (cadF, ciaB, cj1349, mviN, pldA, and tlyA), in a set of 113 Arcobacter butzleri, 40 Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 15 Arcobacter skirrowii isolates that were recovered from various origins. The isolates were confirmed on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genus and species specific PCR for determining three species. For confirmed isolates, PCR was carried out for the presence of virulence genes using specific primers. All A. butzleri isolates carried all six genes. For A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, the cadF gene was detected just in 55 and 53.3%, ciaB in 97.5 and 86.6%, cj1349 in 45 and 60%, mviN in 90 and 80%, pldA in 32.5 and 13.3%, and tlyA in 37.5 and 40%, respectively. For A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, the genes ciaB and mviN were significantly more prevalent than other virulence markers (P ≤ 0.05). The findings revealed that many of the important Arcobacter strains (86%) have these putative virulence genes which can be potential pathogenic properties for humans.
Published: 2013

45. Distribution of nine virulence-associated genes in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from broiler feces in Shiraz, Southern Iran

Author: Seied Shahram Shekarforoush, Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski, Rahem Khoshbakht, Saeid Hosseinzadeh, and Mohammad Tabatabaei
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, Meat, Cytolethal distending toxin, Sequence analysis, Bacterial Toxins, Virulence, Food Contamination, Campylobacter coli, Iran, medicine.disease_cause, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, Campylobacter jejuni, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Poultry, law.invention, Feces, Plasmid, law, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, medicine, Animals, Polymerase chain reaction, DNA Primers, biology, Campylobacter, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Genes, Bacterial, Food Microbiology, Animal Science and Zoology, Carrier Proteins, Food Science, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Abstract: To investigate the prevalence of nine virulence and toxin genes of Campylobacter, a total of 90 Campylobacter strains including 48 C. jejuni and 42 C. coli were recovered from chicken feces by cultivation methods. The isolates were identified on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of 16SrRNA and multiplex PCR for determining two species. For confirmed strains, PCR was carried out for the presence of virulence genes using specific primers. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 12.0.1. The cadF gene and three genes associated with cytolethal distending toxin were present in 100% of isolates. Plasmid virB11 gene was not found in any of the Campylobacter isolates, and the prevalence of pldA, wlaN, iamA, and cgtB genes were 92.22%, 82.22%, 81.11%, and 22.22%, respectively. The findings revealed that the distribution of the majority of these genes were not dissimilar among Campylobacter species. The results emphasized that many of the pathogenic C. jejuni and C. coli may have these genes, and the Campylobacter strains with poultry origin have pathogenic potential properties for humans.
Published: 2013

46. Identification of the classical enterotoxin genes of Staphylococcus aureus in various foods by multiplex PCR assay

Author: Mahfoozi A, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, Kaboosi H, and Ea, Ghaemi

47. Characterization of hemolysins of Staphylococcus strains isolated from human and bovine, southern Iran

Author: Moraveji Z, Tabatabaei M, Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski, and Khoshbakht R
Subjects: Original Article
Abstract: The staphylococci are important pathogenic bacteria causing various infections in animals and human. Hemolysin is one of the virulence factors of coagulase-positive (CPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The aims of the study were to characterize hemolysins of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from human and bovine origin, phenotypic- and genotypically. Characterization of hemolysin phenotypically based on hemolysis pattern of Staphylococcus spp. was done on the sheep, horse and rabbit blood agar plates. Genes encoding hemolysin were amplified with specific primers by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Hemolytic activities phenotypically were determined in 60 and 90% of the total bovine and human isolates, respectively. All non hemolytic isolates were CNS (P≤0.05). In all isolates, hla and hld genes were determined by PCR amplification. None of the bovine and human isolates showed phenotypically and genotypically gamma hemolysin. The results from this study suggest that, in accordance with what is generally believed, some differences are apparent in hemolysin types among Staphylococcus strains of bovine and human origin. Furthermore, this study showed that CNS can be important as new pathogens.

48. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains with identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) and broilers: A case report

Author: V. Ranjbar, B. A. Hacheso, Saeed Seifi, Rahem Khoshbakht, Mohammad Tabatabaei, and Hesamaddin Shirzad Aski
Subjects: Genetics, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, 040301 veterinary sciences, Partridges, visual_art.art_subject, 0402 animal and dairy science, Broiler, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, law.invention, RAPD, 0403 veterinary science, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, law, visual_art, Alectoris, Pathogen, Polymerase chain reaction, DNA
Abstract: We used the random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique to discriminate the major emerging poultry pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), in broiler and chukar par - tridge cases referred to the veterinary medicine teaching hospital. Amazingly, the chickens and partridges random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns were similar. This suggests the risk of a common source for the strains isolated from the different animals and illustrates the necessity of novel and improved control programs to prevent and restrict this significant disease which is prevalent among poultry species.

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

48 results on '"Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources