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The present research was conducted to determine the mean performance of parental variety and lines and heterotic effects in F1 hybrids of upland cotton. Six parental genotypes were included in the present study: Yulduz, Niso, Guliston, SS-BK, T-1336, and T-1391. All six parents were randomly crossed, and ten F1 hybrids were developed for evaluation. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The mean squares from the analysis of variance revealed that parents and F1 hybrids differed significantly in their mean performance regarding all the traits studied, except those hybrids were non-significant for staple length. The importance of heterotic effects was evident from the significant mean squares of parents vs. hybrids. The mean performance revealed that F1 hybrids performed better over the parents for the traits due to the manifestation of heterotic effects. The crosses Niso x Yulduz among the hybrids formed more bolls per plant. Also, they gave yet Niso x Yulduz maximum lint %, and longer fiber was measured in Yulduz x Guliston and Guliston x Yulduz. Also, T-1391 x Niso va SSB K-1 x Niso o formed a higher boll weight. The parental performance was not reflected in hybrid combinations; therefore, the potentiality of parents per se may not be taken for granted for expecting similar performance in the F1 hybrids. The heterotic effects of the hybrids revealed that at least three hybrids viz. Niso x Yulduz va Niso x Guliston were identified, and they exhibited relative heterosis above 50% and heterobeltiosis over 45% for bolls per plant. The hybrids also expressed a fair amount of heterosis for boll weight, lint %, and fiber length. The high heterotic effects for bolls per plant, boll weight, lint %, and fiber length highlight the promising potential for heterosis breeding in upland cotton, offering a bright outlook for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hybrid rice often has higher yields than comparable inbred varieties. However, hybrids are sometimes more susceptible to insect herbivores. Outbreeding can improve herbivore resistance in hybrids compared to one (a condition called heterosis) or both (called heterobeltiosis) of their parental lines. The frequency of heterosis for resistance has not been assessed under varying soil nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen is predicted to reduce a plant's ability to resist herbivores but increases its ability to compensate for damage, known as tolerance. We examined the resistance and tolerance of eight hybrids and their parental lines to herbivores by exposing plants to the brown planthopper, whitebacked planthopper or yellow stemborer and observing herbivore fitness responses (i.e., resistance) and herbivore-induced changes to plant biomass (i.e., tolerance). There were no consistent trends in relative resistance or tolerance to the herbivores across plant types; however, improved resistance and tolerance were frequently associated with the male parent. Nitrogen reduced resistance and generally increased tolerance to herbivores irrespective of plant type. Across the eight hybrids, relative resistance and relative tolerance were not determined by heterosis or heterobeltiosis. Our results highlight the difficulties in predicting the outcomes of crossing to achieve relatively resistant hybrids. Hybrid rice results from crossing a male-sterile line (the A line) with a pollen doner (the restorer or R line). In 3-line hybrid breeding systems, a fertile B line is also required to maintain A line populations. Heterosis is defined as a condition of traits whereby the hybrid exceeds the average of the parental lines. Heterobeltiosis is where the hybrid exceeds both parents. Hybrid rice may display heterosis/heterobeltiosis for growth, yield and resistance to herbivores, among other traits. In a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the frequency of heterosis for resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugans (BPH)), whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (WBPH)) and yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB)) in eight hybrids under varying soil nitrogen conditions. We also assessed plant biomass losses due to herbivore feeding as an approximation of tolerance (the plant's capacity to compensate for damage). Nitrogen reduced resistance to all three herbivores but was also associated with tolerance to WBPH and YSB based on improved plant survival, growth and/or yields. Plant biomass losses per unit weight of WBPH also declined under high nitrogen conditions for a number of hybrids, and there were several cases of overcompensation in rice for attacks by this herbivore. There was one case of nitrogen-related tolerance to BPH (increased grain yield) for a hybrid line with relatively high resistance, likely due to quantitative traits. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were not essential to produce relatively high herbivore resistance or tolerance across hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea is an essential economic crop in underdeveloped and developing countries mainly grown by small farmers. In terms of seed yield and some agricultural characteristics, this study was carried out to determine the genetic structures and the general and specific adaptability of the genotypes. The trial, which included F1 hybrids and parents, was established under Konya ecological conditions with 3 replications in 2020 in the "Random Blocks Trial" design. Based on the results of the preliminary analysis of variance, it was determined that there was sufficient variation in the hybrid populations formed in terms of all traits examined. Nonadditive and dominant genes were found to be important in all traits examined. In the study, general adaptability was found to be important for the other traits examined, except the seed number per pod, seed number per plant, seed yield per plant, and protein yield per plant, and the effects of special adaptability were significant for all traits examined. Considering their general combining abilities, it was found that Ülkem, Sırma, and Pekşen cultivars should be used as rootstocks in breeding programs aimed at increasing yield and Pekşen and Ülkem cultivars in breeding programs to increase protein levels. When the specific combining abilities, heterosis and heterobeltiosis values are evaluated together, the hybrid combinations "Pekşen × Sırma", "Ülkem × Pekşen" and "Karagöz × Sırma" with the best performance in terms of, seed yield per plant and "Pekşen × Amazon", "Sırma × Pekşen", "Sırma × Karagöz" and "Ülkem × Pekşen" with the most outstanding give better performance in terms of protein ratio were found to be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) to determine the extent of heterosis for 12 traits, including fruit yield and its attributing traits. A total of 28 F1s produced by crossing seven lines with four testers of okra in Line x Tester fashion were evaluated along with standard check during late Kharif 2022 season. The cross C20-HRB-55 x Varsha Uphar recorded best heterobeltiosis and the cross C10-VRO-4 x Azad Ganga recorded best standard heterosis for yield plant-1. The cross C10- VRO-4 x Azad Ganga showed negative heterosis over better parent and standard check for the traits days to 50% flowering and days to first picking. The F1 hybrid C10- VRO-4 x Azad Ganga, which has a high potential for yield can be evaluated further for early Kharif season in Punjab.

An experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh during the spring summer and rainy seasons of 2020 using 10 diverse parental lines viz., Arka Anamika (P1), Kashi Pragati (P2), Hisar Naveen (P3), Hisar Unnat (P4), Punjab-8 (P5), Pusa A-4 (P6), Varsha Uphar (P7), Akola Bahar (P8), Phule Vimukta (P9) and Punjab Suhavani (P10) and its 45 F1 (Hybrids) developed through half-diallel mating design with an objective to estimate the magnitude of heterosis for the yield and its component traits in okra. The extent of heterosis was found best for three crosses over better parent i.e., P2 x P10 (21.42%), P2 x P8 (18.47%) and P6 x P7 (15.91%) percent, respectively. for fruit yield per plant and yield per hectare suggested the great scope of realizing higher yield in okra through heterosis breeding. Other economic traits were also recorded as moderate to high level of heterosis over the better parents. The highest magnitude of heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for almost all of the desired growth characteristics as well as yield-attributing features that may be applied to further breeding programs, were eventually achieved by this particular cross combination, especially in Bundelkhand parts of Uttar Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the performance of various grape hybrids for yield and quality traits, and to identify hybrid vigor for specific traits that can be utilized in future breeding programs. The research involved evaluating 76 hybrids derived from two diverse parents i.e., Pinot Noir and Marselan, during 2021 and 2022. Multiple fruit yield and biochemical traits were examined and quality traits of peel, flesh, and seeds were recorded. Two-way analysis of variance for parents was performed for all the traits under study to understand the significance of these traits over two years. Likewise, statistical analysis, such as the coefficient of variation, combined transmissibility rate, heterosis, and heterobeltiosis were computed to compare the performance of the hybrids against mid and better parents. The highest CV and Ta values were observed for fruit yield and peel phenolic contents respectively, across both years. The two-year data suggested that certain hybrids displayed superior heterosis and heterobeltiosis for numerous individual traits. Hybrid number 7 exhibited negative hybrid vigor for most of the traits and must be avoided for general cultivation. while hybrid number 25 showed increased hybrid vigor fruit yield and total flavonoids in peel, flesh, and seeds as well as a higher concentration of tannins in seeds. This research underscores the potential of hybrid number 25 for grape farmers and the wine industry in China, hinting at the untapped potential of hybrid grapes in producing superior wines. The study's insights aim to aid the development of indigenous grape varieties, reducing China's reliance on imports and fostering a unique Chinese wine identity in the global market. The data derived from this two-year evaluation can guide future breeding programs and further exploration of grape hybrid vigor to optimize both yield and wine-making quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent of wheat heterosis was determined by synthesizing 45 hybrids in a 10x10 diallel method, eliminating reciprocals, to determine how widespread it is. The 57 entries that made up the experimental material--10 parents, 45 crosses and 2 checks (HD 3086 and UP 2628), were assessed over the course of rabi 2018-19 using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, and observations were made for 12 characters. For yield and its component traits, analyses of heterosis over mid parent, better parent and two standard checks were conducted. ANOVA exposed that there was a high significance existed among all the genotypes for all the characters studied. Yield and its contributing traits have been evaluated for their maximum heterotic range. One cross i.e., CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL/NH//H567.71/5/2* KAU2/6/...xPBW 692 showed positive significance for relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over both checks for grain yield per plant. In terms of the number of productive tillers per plant and the number of grains per spike, UP 2901xQLD 73 was found to be a superior heterotic F1. By displaying a negative significant standard heterosis over both checks, the cross between CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL/NH//H567.71/5/2*KAU2/6/...xUP 2901 demonstrated its earliness. The desired significant relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for spike length were present in HD 3234xUP 2762. The finest heterotic cross combinations for harvest index were determined to be CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL /NH//H567.71/5/2* KAU2/6/...xUP 2762 and VORB/SOKOLLxQLD 73. Higher heterotic crossings may be used to identify transgressive segregants that will increase bread wheat production and yield-contributing characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid rice results from crossing a male-sterile line (the A line) with a pollen doner (the restorer or R line). In 3-line hybrid breeding systems, a fertile B line is also required to maintain A line populations. Heterosis is defined as a condition of traits whereby the hybrid exceeds the average of the parental lines. Heterobeltiosis is where the hybrid exceeds both parents. Hybrid rice may display heterosis/heterobeltiosis for growth, yield and resistance to herbivores, among other traits. In a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the frequency of heterosis for resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugans (BPH)), whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (WBPH)) and yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB)) in eight hybrids under varying soil nitrogen conditions. We also assessed plant biomass losses due to herbivore feeding as an approximation of tolerance (the plant’s capacity to compensate for damage). Nitrogen reduced resistance to all three herbivores but was also associated with tolerance to WBPH and YSB based on improved plant survival, growth and/or yields. Plant biomass losses per unit weight of WBPH also declined under high nitrogen conditions for a number of hybrids, and there were several cases of overcompensation in rice for attacks by this herbivore. There was one case of nitrogen-related tolerance to BPH (increased grain yield) for a hybrid line with relatively high resistance, likely due to quantitative traits. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were not essential to produce relatively high herbivore resistance or tolerance across hybrids.

The extent of wheat heterosis was determined by synthesizing 45 hybrids in a 10×10 diallel method, eliminating reciprocals, to determine how widespread it is. The 57 entries that made up the experimental material—10 parents, 45 crosses and 2 checks (HD 3086 and UP 2628), were assessed over the course of rabi 2018–19 using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications, and observations were made for 12 characters. For yield and its component traits, analyses of heterosis over mid parent, better parent and two standard checks were conducted. ANOVA exposed that there was a high significance existed among all the genotypes for all the characters studied. Yield and its contributing traits have been evaluated for their maximum heterotic range. One cross i.e., CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL/NH//H567.71/5/2* KAU2/6/...×PBW 692 showed positive significance for relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over both checks for grain yield per plant. In terms of the number of productive tillers per plant and the number of grains per spike, UP 2901×QLD 73 was found to be a superior heterotic F1. By displaying a negative significant standard heterosis over both checks, the cross between CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL/NH//H567.71/5/2*KAU2/6/...×UP 2901 demonstrated its earliness. The desired significant relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis for spike length were present in HD 3234×UP 2762. The finest heterotic cross combinations for harvest index were determined to be CAL/NH//H567.71/3/SER1/4/CAL /NH//H567.71/5/2* KAU2/6/...×UP 2762 and VORB/SOKOLL×QLD 73. Higher heterotic crossings may be used to identify transgressive segregants that will increase bread wheat production and yield-contributing characteristics.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the F1 hybrids obtained from different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under controlled conditions and to transfer the genotypes showing superior performance in terms of hybrid strength values to the next breeding stages. In the study carried out in the greenhouse environment of the Faculty of Agriculture of Dicle University in 2019, 5 parents and 4 F1 hybrids obtained by crossing these parents were used as plant material. Seeds were sown in pots filled with 5 kg of soil at the rate of 4 plants in each pot, and the pots were used as replications. The research was designed with 4 replications according to the "Random Plots Trial Design". In the study, some agronomic characteristics and hybrid strength values were examined. According to the results of the analysis of variance obtained in the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in terms of different characteristics in each of the hybrid combinations. E1 x E2 hybrid, which showed early maturation, high grain number per spike, tall plant height, long spike structure, high grain number and grain weight per spike performance from all three hybrid combinations, was determined as a promising genotype. The plant height (12.35% and 9.08%) and physiological maturity (1.02% and 1.58%) characteristics of the obtained plant showed that the hybrids used in the research had an important potential in terms of taller and early maturation. In the study, it was thought that the relationship between grain weight per spike and spike length, which showed a positive and significant correlation in hybrid combinations in terms of relations between traits, could be used as a selection criterion in the selections to be made in the F1 population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to understand the magnitude of the changes in variation created by the crossbreeding of cultivated chickpea varieties with a narrow genetic base, desi and kabuli types, and C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, which are closely related species to cultivated chickpeas. The study was conducted at Dicle University, Agriculture of Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkiye, in 2023. The experiment laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Desi × kabuli, kabuli × kabuli and kabuli × wild Cicer F1 crosses and their parents were evaluated to estimate the heterosis, heterobeltiosis, potence ratios and heritability for the days to first flowering, leave traits, plant height, number of nodes per plant, flower and foliage color, anthocyanin pigmentation and plant growth habit. The differences among genotypes were significant for all these traits. The magnitude of heterosis was differed between traits and crosses. For days to first flowering, heterosis for early crosses ranged from -2.56% to -7.13%. Azkan (lately) × C. reticulatum (medium early) (-14.06%) had the highest negative heterobeltiosis for days to first flowering. The high heritability was estimated for days to first flowering, days from emergence to podded, and days from flowering to podded. The estimated values of potence ratios in most F1 crosses were negative for the number of days to first flowering. In crosses between the white-flowered parents Azkan, Gokce, ILC 533, ILC 1929 and ILC 482 and the pink-flowered parents JG 11, ICCV 96029, ICCV 03107, Black and wild Cicer species the F1s were pink. When the white-flowered the kabuli parents to the pink-flowered the desi parents were crossed, the F1s showed the anthocyanin pigmentation on various plant parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, 20 elite rice genotypes were crossed with four CMS lines- CMS 23A, CMS 59A, CMS 64A and JMS 13A in a line x tester mating design and assessed alongside standard controls (JKRH 3333 and MTU 1001) to determine the best heterotic combinations in terms of grain yield and yield component characters at the Rice Research Centre, Rajendranagar. Eight restorer lines were found in Kharif 2018–19 based on pollen and spikelet fertility (MTU 1153, RNR 26015, RNR 28355, JGL 25960, MTU 1010, IET 27253, RNR 26085 and JAYA). The resulting 32 hybrids of 8 restorer lines and their corresponding CMS lines are studied for combing ability and heterosis. The degree of heterosis varied between traits. Three of the 32 hybrids under study had considerable standard heterosis for grain yield viz., JMS 13A x MTU 1153, CMS 59A x RNR 26015 and CMS 64A x MTU 1153, which outperformed the best checks JKRH 3333 and MTU 1001. The best experimental hybrid, JMS 13A x MTU 1153, yielded the most grain yield per plant, 62.89g (Table 1). Further testing of these three experimental hybrids will take place in areas conducive to extensive commercialization.

Hybrid rice is derived from a cross between the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) as the female parent and the restorer line as the male parent. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of several new plant type (NPT) rice lines as restorers of the CMS female parent and to elucidate the performance of the hybrid combinations. The research was carried out from December 2019 to November 2020 at Babakan Sawah Baru Experimental Station, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. The hybrids were evaluated in the field together with the CMS female parent, male parents, and two check varieties, namely Ciherang and hybrid P05 Prima Seed. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. The results showed that two male parental lines, IPB189-F-10-3-2 (T6) and IPB189-14-1-1 (T9), had a hybrid seed yield per hill of 66.04 g and 75.27 g, respectively. These two parents have the restorer gene (R) which is substantiated by the good characteristics of the number of filled grains and total grain per panicle of the two hybrids. The potential hybrids CMS x IPB189-F-10-3-2 and CMS x IPB189- 14-1-1 had a positive heterosis for panicle length and 1,000 grain weight, and could be evaluated in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate is continuously changing, consequently increasing the drought-affected areas. As such, it challenges breeders to develop adaptive and drought-tolerant sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars through evaluation and inducing genes tolerant to drought. Hence, the recent study aimed to assess the sunflower hybrids during 2019-2020 under well-watered and stressed conditions in a splitplot design with four replications at the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan. The observed data determined heterotic effects among 15 F1 hybrids for days to 75% flowering, days to 75% maturity, stem diameter, head diameter, biological yield plant-1, seeds head-1, seed index, and seed yield plant-1. The mean squares due to genotypes, treatments, and genotype by treatment were significant for all the traits, which exhibited that genotypes performed significantly across the environments for the above-cited traits. The F1 hybrids, such as, Mehran x Pehawar-93, gave maximum negative heterotic effects for phonological traits which will benefit the development of short-duration sunflower hybrids. Further, F1 hybrids like Thatta x UC-666 displayed higher heterotic effects for head diameter, stem diameter, number of seeds plant-1, seed index, and biological plant-1 and PSF-025 x B2 and HO.1 x B2 gave higher heterotic effects for the number of seeds head-1 and seed yield plant-1 under stress environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance breeding is the most effective method to control northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). The objectives were to (1) Assess effects of dominant genes (Ht(s)), polygene (PG), and their combinations to disease rating (DR), number of lesions per leaf (NLPL), and lesion size (LS); (2) Estimate genetic components, general combining abilities (GCA), and heritability under two Line × Tester analyses; and (3) Determine gene action through mid-parent heterosis (MPH) and better-parent heterobeltiosis (BPH) analysis. A total of 163 genotypes, including 120 crosses, their parents, and 10 hybrid checks, were evaluated under two NCLB artificial inoculations in 2015 and 2016. The results indicated that PG had the best resistance to DR, NLPL, and LS in crosses, followed by PGHt(s) and single Ht(s). Ht1 had both resistant and susceptible lesions. Ht2 and Ht3 expressed more resistance to LS significantly, while Htm1 and Htn1 had more resistance to NLPL. Htm1/Ht2, PG/Htm1, and the other 11 combinations were found excellent for NCLB resistance. Line × Tester analysis showed that additive effects were more important, and GCA of Ht(s) reduced disease traits. However, lower narrow sense heritability indicated that additive effects were low. MPH and BPH results showed that dominant and over-dominant gene actions existed for DR and NLPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of lines from segregating generations and breeding hybrids to exploit heterosis or heterobeltiosis is an effective tool for improving economically important traits in the genus Capsicum. The objective of this study was to identify high potential parents to obtain high-yielding F1 hybrids using a Line × Tester (8 × 2) mating design in the Habanero pepper improvement programme. Ten parents and 16 hybrids were evaluated in order to determine their values of general combining ability, specific combining ability, heterosis, and heterobeltiosis. Parent NKA-11 had the highest values of GCA for different quantitative variables of the fruit, which does it suitable for future improvement works, and tester RNJ-04 showed the highest value of GCA for fruit length. The quantitative variables evaluated confirm a significant genetic variability among the Habanero pepper genotypes studied. The best hybrids were NEK-03xRNJ-04, NBA-06xRNJ-04, AKN-07xRNJ-04, and RKI-10xRNJ-04, which showed their high productive potential with values between 3.13 and 4.92 Kg/Pta, a quality, that would open to them the national market for fresh consumption. Based on the GCA values of the parents and heterosis of the progenies, it is concluded hybridization would be the most appropriate genetic improvement method to increase both yield (YP) and the number of fruits for plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a highly nutritious winter-season pulse crop. It is used as food, feed, and fodder and offers nutritional security to low-income people in developing countries. Different graphical approaches like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Genotype + Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplots were used along with the conventional line × tester to identify efficient parents, combining ability effects and distinct heterotic groups in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The study used a line tester design (9 × 3) for seed yield and its associated traits. In the conventional analysis, lines Aman and HFP 715 and the tester GP02/1108, as well as crosses HFP 715 × GP02/1108, Aman × GP02/1108, and Pant P-243 × HFP 1426 showed the best GCA (General Combining Ability) and SCA (Specific Combining Ability) effects, respectively, for seed yield and its attributes. The σ2SCA > σ2GCA, and σ2D > σ2A in almost all the traits indicated control of non-additive gene effects. High manifestations of heterobeltiosis for seed yield were evidenced by the superiority of 24 out of 27 crosses over the better parent. The highest significant heterobeltiosis was observed in the cross HFP 715 × GP02/1108, followed by IPF 14-16 × GP02/1108, IPF 14-16 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × GP02/1108, and Aman × GP02/1108 for yield and its attributes. The biplot techniques were used to analyze data and compare their results with conventional line × tester analysis. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to those of traditional analysis. Consequently, it can surely be assumed that these methods could be helpful in presenting data from field pea breeding experiments carried out with line × tester design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombination of commercially available hybrids could produce desirable segregants that act as sources of new alleles for tomato breeding. Seven commercial single cross (SC) hybrids of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were crossed in a half diallel fashion to obtain 21 double cross hybrids (DC) to estimate combining ability, mode of gene action and extent of heterobeltiosis for fruit yield, processing qualities and tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease severity traits. Predominance of non-additive gene action occurred in the control for all characters except for total soluble solids (TSS) content in fruit that was conditioned by both additive and non-additive gene action. Improvement of most traits in DC hybrids over SC hybrids occurred. Maximum heterotic effect in DC hybrids was for vitamin C content followed by lycopene content, fruit yield per plant, titratable acidity content, number of fruit per plant and percent disease index of ToLCV. Two good combiners, 'PAN-1286' and 'Devi' among SC hybrids were identified based on general combining ability effects and average performance. Commercial exploitation of DC hybrids, 'TO-1458 × L-37' and 'NS-501 × TO-1458' following multilocational testing in the tropics and subtropics might be useful. High yielding, ToLCV disease tolerant DC hybrids could be exploited in segregating generations to identify elite multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leading cultivars of pineapple Mauritius and Kew were hybridized and 25 hybrids were evaluated under open field conditions using randomized block design with two replications. Performance of the female parent cum check variety Mauritius, male parent Kew and check variety in Kerala state, India, Amritha, were also evaluated and compared. Based on the performance, heterobeltiosis, average heterosis and standard heterosis over two check varieties, in each hybrid, for 10 plant growth traits and 24 fruit traits, were calculated. For fruit weight, hybrid H35 had the highest heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over Amritha whereas H62 had highest standard heterosis over Mauritius and average heterosis. For pulp weight, hybrid H17 had the highest values for all heterosis parameters. For TSS, hybrid H62 had the highest heterobeltiosis and other parameters were highest in H43. For days to attain physiological maturity, crown weight, peel weight and acidity, H27, H30, H77 and H43 respectively were lowest in all heterosis parameters. Based on the selection criterion [Σ average heterosis (fruit weight, TSS, pulp weight) -- Σ average heterosis (crown weight, peel weight, eye profile, eye relative surface, time taken for physiological maturity, acidity)]developed using the average heterosis values for desirable and undesirable fruit traits, six hybrids H66, H17, H59, H43, H70 and H35 were identified for further evaluation. The identified hybrids also satisfied the requirements infruit weight (≥1.0 kg), pulp weight (≥750.58 g), TSS (≥14.49 °Brix), days to attain physiological maturity (≤185.70 days), crown weight (≤305.50 g), peel weight (≤159.27 g) and acidity (≤1.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India generally monoecious and cross-pollinated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids/varieties are grown. The use of stable gynoecious cucumber varieties/hybrids would increase the productivity of cucumber in India. In the past, despite improvement in monoecious cucumber varieties/hybrids, little effort has been done into the development of stable gynoecious hybrids. To address this issue 3 genetically diverse gynoecious lines and improvement, and 6 testers were crossed in line × tester fashion to develop 18 crosses during 2017. These 18 crosses along with 9 parents evaluated at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandaghat, Himachal Pradesh and Dr. YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal Pradesh during pre-kharif season 2018–19 to determine the mode of gene action, combining ability, extent heterosis and potence ratio for 12 quantitative traits. Experimental results depicted that the dominant component of variance (σ2S) was found higher than the additive component of variance (σ2S) for all the traits indicating a predominant role of non-additive gene action governing yield and its contributing traits during both the years. Gynoecious inbred lines KTG-40, 2870G and testers K-90, UHF-16 were found most promising general combiners for fruit yield. The cross combination KTG-40 × K-90 and 2870G × K-90 isolated based on heterosis manifested and SCA effects. Further, the performance of top 7 heterotic crosses illustrate the presence of overdominance in most of the crosses for traits under study, suggesting the importance of heterosis breeding for the development of early, high-yielding, disease tolerance stable gynoecious hybrids in cucumber.

Combining ability and heterosis were used to assess the performance of the genotypes of the parent and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of heterosis and combining ability on the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield and quality-related traits. Ten genotypes of melons were grown and crossed in full diallel to produce F1 hybrids. This research was conducted in 2021 by planting 100 melon genotypes in a randomized block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant (P 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit flesh thickness, and fruit total soluble solids. Combining ability analysis showed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter, fruit weight, flesh thickness, and total soluble solids. In addition, the specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for the characters of fruit diameter, fruit weight, flesh thickness, and fruit total soluble solids. The parental genotypes 2, 3, and 10 showed the highest GCA effect for the yield characters. Therefore, this genotype can be used to produce high-yield hybrid cultivars. The research results show that all characters' GCA: SCA ratio was less than 0.50, meaning most of the traits were controlled by non additive gene action and verifying that the breeding material could be efficiently used to produce hybrid cultivars based on heterotic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study comprised of a full diallel set of eight diverse parental lines and their 56 F1s including reciprocals. The data were recorded for ten quantitative traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences due to genotypes for all the characters. Mean performance of parents revealed a significant difference for all the traits under study excluding days to 50 per cent flowering and seed yield. The parent TBS-3 was top in seed yield per plant followed by TBS-10 and TBS-105. Length of the capsule was found highest in the parent TBS-10. Parental line V-29 recorded the maximum number of seeds per capsule while 1000 seed weight and oil content were recorded as the highest in TBS-105. Regarding the mean performance of hybrids exhibited significant difference for all the traits under study. Hybrid TBS-105 x R-09 was the top yielder followed by TBS-105 x V-29 and TBS-7 x V-29. Hybrid TBS-12 x TBS-105 had displayed a maximum 1000-seed weight whereas, the highest oil content was recorded in hybrid TBS-105 x V-29. Among the 56 F1s TBS-105 x R-09, TBS-105 x V-29 and TBS-7 x V-29 were top rankings crosses manifested highly significant and desirable heterosis for seed yield and either of the component traits viz., plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules, capsule length and the number of seeds per capsule over mid, a better parent and standard check.

The present study was conducted in order to develop genetic information on heterosis and inbreeding depression for seed yield and its contributing characters using generation mean analysis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). GMU-2720 x GMU-3423 (Cross-1) depicted a positive and significant relative heterosis, standard heterosis and heterobeltiosis for seed yield per plant. Cross-1 also revealed a significant desirable relative heterosis, standard heterosis and heterobeltiosis for number of others yield contributing traits. Negatively significant inbreeding depression was observed for the characters i.e., the number of branches per plant, the number of capitulum per plant, the number of seeds per capitulum, test weight and seed yield per plant in JMU-1339 x GMU-3423 (Cross -2). It was suggested that the parental genotypes GMU-2720 and GMU-3423 due to their presence in high heterotic combinations viz., GMU-2720 x GMU-3423 would be further exploited in future safflower breeding programme. The cross JMU-1339 x GMU-3423 exhibited a significant negative inbreeding depression for test weight, seed yield per plant and oil content. Hence, this cross would likely to yield beneficial transgressive segregants for these traits leading to the possibility of selecting superior recombinations for high seed yield and high oil content in F2 and succeeding generations.

Resistance breeding is the most effective method to control northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). The objectives were to (1) Assess effects of dominant genes (Ht(s)), polygene (PG), and their combinations to disease rating (DR), number of lesions per leaf (NLPL), and lesion size (LS); (2) Estimate genetic components, general combining abilities (GCA), and heritability under two Line × Tester analyses; and (3) Determine gene action through mid-parent heterosis (MPH) and better-parent heterobeltiosis (BPH) analysis. A total of 163 genotypes, including 120 crosses, their parents, and 10 hybrid checks, were evaluated under two NCLB artificial inoculations in 2015 and 2016. The results indicated that PG had the best resistance to DR, NLPL, and LS in crosses, followed by PGHt(s) and single Ht(s). Ht1 had both resistant and susceptible lesions. Ht2 and Ht3 expressed more resistance to LS significantly, while Htm1 and Htn1 had more resistance to NLPL. Htm1/Ht2, PG/Htm1, and the other 11 combinations were found excellent for NCLB resistance. Line × Tester analysis showed that additive effects were more important, and GCA of Ht(s) reduced disease traits. However, lower narrow sense heritability indicated that additive effects were low. MPH and BPH results showed that dominant and over-dominant gene actions existed for DR and NLPL.

Aims: The aim of this study is to estimate heterosis, heterobeltiosis and dominance effect on yield, total soluble solid and dry matter of capia type red pepper. Methods and Results: In this study 11 capia type red pepper parents and 47 hybrids obtained from crosses of these parents were used as materials. Heterosis in fresh fruit yield ranged from -48.23 to 80.68. The highest heterosis were recorded for 209 YKB (80.68%), 239 YKB (60.35%), 225 YKB (56.97%) and 195 YKB (55.30%), respectively. Heterosis rates of F1 changed between -33.70 and 30.98 in terms of total soluble solid. The highest heterosis rates was found in 218 YKB. In terms of dry matter, highest heterosis rate was calculated as 66.67% in 195 YKB. As a result of the study, 39-H-2, 43-H-6 and 45-H-5 were determined as the best parents giving the highest heterosis rates in crosses. Conclusions: In this study, heterosis rates were highly positive direction in terms of all three characteristics. The use of heterosis can be indicated as a practical method to increase yield and other economic characteristics in peppers. Significance and Impact of the Study: These results can be used to determine the varieties that become prominent in terms of desired characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the sustainable improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), local genotypes were conventionally crossed in East Java, Indonesia to determine a) the crossing success of different genotypes, b) germination percentage and seed setting traits, and c) the combining ability and heterotic effect of sorghum parental genotypes and their F1 diallel hybrids. Three sorghum genotypes (‘Lamongan-1’, ‘Tulungagung-2’, and ‘Jombang’) from the local germplasm were collected from various regions in East Java, Indonesia, and were crossed in a complete diallel design. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2018–2019 at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah, Malang, Indonesia. Results showed that the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids exhibited significant differences in seed weight and seed diameter and nonsignificant differences in germination percentage and seed setting. The parental genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ and its hybrids ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’, ‘Tulungagung-2’ × ‘Lamongan-1’, and ‘Jombang’ × ‘Tulungagung-2’ presented the highest germination percentages, seed setting, seed weights, and seed diameters. The genotype ‘Tulungagung-2’ had the highest general combining ability and was identified as a good general paternal and maternal parent for the production of promising F1 hybrids. The hybrid ‘Jombang’ × ‘Lamongan-1’ had the highest specific combining ability for all of the characters and was recognized as a promising F1 hybrid for improving sorghum yield. Cluster analysis divided all of the parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids into two large groups with a similarity of 13.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven lines (‘VH-292’, ‘VH-259’, ‘Bt-802’, ‘Sadori’, ‘Shahbaz’, ‘CRIS-342’, and ‘Bt.ZZ.NL-370’), and three testers (‘VH-291’, ‘FH-113’, and ‘IR-3701’) of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were crossed through line-by-tester mating to produce 21 F1 hybrids. The lines, testers, and their F1 and F2 populations were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan, in consecutive cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes (including parental lines, testers, and their 21 F1 and F2 populations) and parent vs. hybrids differed significantly for all the studied traits, except for plant height in the F2 population and sympodial branches plant−1 in the F1 and F2 populations. Lines ‘VH-292’ and ‘VH-259’ and testers ‘VH-291’ and ‘FH-113’ exhibited higher plant height, sympodial branches, bolls plant−1, and boll weight than other genotypes and were identified as suitable parental genotypes for hybridization. The F1 and F2 populations of ‘VH-292’ × ‘VH-291’ and ‘VH-292’ × ‘FH-113’ produced more sympodial branches, bolls plant−1, and seed cotton yield plant−1 than other crosses. The F1 hybrid of ‘Bt-802’ × ‘VH-291’ and the F2 population of the ‘Sadori’ × ‘VH-291’ cross produced higher boll weight than other genotypes. Overall, the mean performance of the F1 hybrids for all the traits was better than that of their parents and the F2 populations likely due to heterotic effects in the F1 populations and inbreeding depression in the F2 populations. The significant mean squares for parental genotypes, crosses, and parents vs. crosses indicated that the data obtained in this work are valuable for determining parental performance, hybrid evaluation, heterotic effects, and inbreeding depression. Significant mean squares due to parents vs. crosses revealed the good scope of heterotic effects in the F1 populations for all the traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physalis angulata L. is an American species with edible fruits that stands out for having high nutritional and pharmaceutical value. The species is found in almost the entire Brazilian territory but the consumption of its fruits is not widespread. The aim of this work was to evaluate the existence of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for morphoagronomic descriptors, to estimate correlations, and to select the best hybrids in P. angulata in a full diallel with five accessions. Twenty descriptors, including plant, fruit and seed traits, were evaluated in a full diallel with 23 treatments, three repetitions and experimental plot of four plants with spacing of one meter between lines and 0.5 m between plants, in experimental field of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana in Feira de Santana, Brazil, in August to December 2019. Plant height and total soluble solids showed significant genetic variation. Positive heterobeltiosis for total soluble solids was observed in hybrids Pi × G53, Can × Pi and Can × LG, while negative heterobeltiosis for plant height was observed in G53 × LG, Pi × Laj e Can × Laj hybrids. Heterosis was also observed for plant height and total soluble solids descriptors. Using selection indexes, Can × G53, Can × LG, Pi × G53, Can × Pi and G53 × Pi were selected as the best hybrids, expressing smaller plant height and higher total soluble solids. This is the first report of the use of diallel analysis and the identification of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in P. angulata descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were estimated on 36 F1s obtained through half-diallel mating design for yield and quality traits. For yield per plant trait, seven out of 36 hybrids recorded standard heterosis of more than 100 per cent. CSR-30 x HUBR10-9 (160.09 per cent) recorded the highest significant positive standard heterosis over yield check Pusa Basmati-1. For quality traits, hybrid Pusa Basmati-1121 X Pusa Basmati-1509 performed well, as it exhibited a significant desirable standard heterosis for kernel length, kernel length after cooking, kernel breadth after cooking, and length/breadth ratio. Other hybrids that performed well for quality traits were Pusa Basmati-1 X Pusa Basmati-1121, Type-3 X Pusa Basmati-1121, Type-3 X Pusa Basmati-1509 and Taraori Basmati X Pusa Basmati-1121. 17 hybrids were found to have the desired intermediate range of amylose content (20-25 per cent) and 22 hybrids showed a desirable range of 4-7 for alkali spreading value, based on per se performance.

The present investigation was carried out at Plant Breeding Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram during July 2019 to September 2020 in a set of 9 parents (six lines and three testers) by making 18 cross combinations. Ten economically important traits viz. days to first flower, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, number of seeds per capsule, hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant were studied for per se performance, general combining ability, specific combining ability effects and gene action. The present investigation also recorded preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the characters. The results showed that the hybrids TCR-2056 × Punjab Padmini (80.05) and Dharmapuri Local × Punjab Padmini (56.24) were superior hybrids as they showed high per se performance and significant SCA effects. So, they can be used for producing promising hybrids. The cross Panruty Local × Parbhani Kranthi (27.06) showed high mean and significant SCA effects. So, it can be used for producing high seed yield and some of its related traits could be used as heterotic hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, which including two cytoplasmic male sterile female (CMS) lines and six recessives branching male tester parent (RfRf), 12 hybrids (F1) were obtained by crossing the female and male lines in the Plant Breeding Greenhouse of Field Crops Department in 2018-19 winter period. Field trial was carried out in 2019 as four replications. Plant height (cm), head diameter (cm), 100 seed weight (g), seed yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1) were investigated. Multiple sequence variance analysis, general and specific combining abilities, proportional relationships of some genetic parameters, heterosis and heterobeltiosis values, narrow and broad heritability were calculated. In conclusion, in this research; some of their agricultural characteristics and heritability were determined upon obtaining high yield sunflower lines. Considering the general combination abilities of parents for F1 generation, R31 was identified as appropriate parents for plant height; R02 for head diameter; R02 for 100 seed weight; R61 and R80 for yield seed yield and oil yield; and R61 for yield content. Considering the special combination abilities of hybrids in F1 generation, all hybrids were found to be significant and positive for plant height, 100 seed weight and oil content. RAM-1 X R80, RAM-19 X R61, RAM-1 X R31, RAM-19 X R71 and RAM-19 X R02 hybrids were found to be significant and positive for yield seed yield and oil yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]