1. Humanity's Last Exam
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Phan, Long, Gatti, Alice, Han, Ziwen, Li, Nathaniel, Hu, Josephina, Zhang, Hugh, Zhang, Chen Bo Calvin, Shaaban, Mohamed, Ling, John, Shi, Sean, Choi, Michael, Agrawal, Anish, Chopra, Arnav, Khoja, Adam, Kim, Ryan, Ren, Richard, Hausenloy, Jason, Zhang, Oliver, Mazeika, Mantas, Nguyen, Tung, Anderson, Daron, Shah, Imad Ali, Doroshenko, Mikhail, Stokes, Alun Cennyth, Mahmood, Mobeen, Lee, Jaeho, Pokutnyi, Oleksandr, Iskra, Oleg, Wang, Jessica P., Gerbicz, Robert, Levin, John-Clark, Popov, Serguei, Feng, Fiona, Feng, Steven Y., Zhao, Haoran, Yu, Michael, Gangal, Varun, Zou, Chelsea, Wang, Zihan, Kazakov, Mstyslav, Galgon, Geoff, Schmitt, Johannes, Sanchez, Alvaro, Lee, Yongki, Yeadon, Will, Sauers, Scott, Roth, Marc, Agu, Chidozie, Riis, Søren, Giska, Fabian, Utpala, Saiteja, Cheatom, Antrell, Giboney, Zachary, Goshu, Gashaw M., Crowson, Sarah-Jane, Naiya, Mohinder Maheshbhai, Burns, Noah, Finke, Lennart, Cheng, Zerui, Park, Hyunwoo, Fournier-Facio, Francesco, Zampese, Jennifer, Wydallis, John, Wydallis, John B., Hoerr, Ryan G., Nandor, Mark, Gehrunger, Tim, Cai, Jiaqi, McCarty, Ben, Nam, Jungbae, Taylor, Edwin, Jin, Jun, Loume, Gautier Abou, Cao, Hangrui, Garretson, Alexis C, Sileo, Damien, Ren, Qiuyu, Cojoc, Doru, Arkhipov, Pavel, Qazi, Usman, Bacho, Aras, Li, Lianghui, Motwani, Sumeet, de Witt, Christian Schroeder, Kopylov, Alexei, Veith, Johannes, Singer, Eric, Rissone, Paolo, Jin, Jaehyeok, Shi, Jack Wei Lun, Willcocks, Chris G., Prabhu, Ameya, Tang, Longke, Zhou, Kevin, Santos, Emily de Oliveira, Maksimov, Andrey Pupasov, Vendrow, Edward, Zenitani, Kengo, Robinson, Joshua, Mikov, Aleksandar, Guillod, Julien, Li, Yuqi, Pageler, Ben, Vendrow, Joshua, Kuchkin, Vladyslav, Marion, Pierre, Efremov, Denis, Lynch, Jayson, Liang, Kaiqu, Gritsevskiy, Andrew, Martinez, Dakotah, Crispino, Nick, Zvonkine, Dimitri, Fraga, Natanael Wildner, Soori, Saeed, Press, Ori, Tang, Henry, Salazar, Julian, Green, Sean R., Brüssel, Lina, Twayana, Moon, Dieuleveut, Aymeric, Rogers, T. Ryan, Zhang, Wenjin, Finocchio, Ross, Li, Bikun, Yang, Jinzhou, Rao, Arun, Loiseau, Gabriel, Kalinin, Mikhail, Lukas, Marco, Manolescu, Ciprian, Stambaugh, Nate, Mishra, Subrata, Kamdoum, Ariel Ghislain Kemogne, Hogg, Tad, Jin, Alvin, Bosio, Carlo, Sun, Gongbo, Coppola, Brian P, Heidinger, Haline, Sayous, Rafael, Ivanov, Stefan, Cavanagh, Joseph M, Shen, Jiawei, Imperial, Joseph Marvin, Schwaller, Philippe, Senthilkuma, Shaipranesh, Bran, Andres M, Algaba, Andres, Verbeken, Brecht, Houte, Kelsey Van den, Van Der Sypt, Lynn, Noever, David, Schut, Lisa, Sucholutsky, Ilia, Zheltonozhskii, Evgenii, Yuan, Qiaochu, Lim, Derek, Stanley, Richard, Sivarajan, Shankar, Yang, Tong, Maar, John, Wykowski, Julian, Oller, Martí, Sandlin, Jennifer, Sahu, Anmol, Ardito, Cesare Giulio, Hu, Yuzheng, Dias, Felipe Meneguitti, Kreiman, Tobias, Rawal, Kaivalya, Vilchis, Tobias Garcia, Zu, Yuexuan, Lackner, Martin, Koppel, James, Nguyen, Jeremy, Antonenko, Daniil S., Chern, Steffi, Zhao, Bingchen, Arsene, Pierrot, Ivanov, Sergey, Poświata, Rafał, Wang, Chenguang, Li, Daofeng, Crisostomi, Donato, Dehghan, Ali, Achilleos, Andrea, Ambay, John Arnold, Myklebust, Benjamin, Sen, Archan, Perrella, David, Kaparov, Nurdin, Inlow, Mark H, Zang, Allen, Ramakrishnan, Kalyan, Orel, Daniil, Poritski, Vladislav, Ben-David, Shalev, Berger, Zachary, Whitfill, Parker, Foster, Michael, Munro, Daniel, Ho, Linh, Hava, Dan Bar, Kuchkin, Aleksey, Lauff, Robert, Holmes, David, Sommerhage, Frank, Zhang, Anji, Moat, Richard, Schneider, Keith, Pyda, Daniel, Kazibwe, Zakayo, Singh, Mukhwinder, Clarke, Don, Kim, Dae Hyun, Fish, Sara, Elser, Veit, Vilchis, Victor Efren Guadarrama, Klose, Immo, Demian, Christoph, Anantheswaran, Ujjwala, Zweiger, Adam, Albani, Guglielmo, Li, Jeffery, Daans, Nicolas, Radionov, Maksim, Rozhoň, Václav, Ginis, Vincent, Ma, Ziqiao, Stump, Christian, Platnick, Jacob, Nevirkovets, Volodymyr, Basler, Luke, Piccardo, Marco, Cohen, Niv, Singh, Virendra, Tkadlec, Josef, Rosu, Paul, Goldfarb, Alan, Padlewski, Piotr, Barzowski, Stanislaw, Montgomery, Kyle, Menezes, Aline, Patel, Arkil, Wang, Zixuan, Tucker-Foltz, Jamie, Stade, Jack, Grabb, Declan, Goertzen, Tom, Kazemi, Fereshteh, Milbauer, Jeremiah, Shukla, Abhishek, Elgnainy, Hossam, Labrador, Yan Carlos Leyva, He, Hao, Zhang, Ling, Givré, Alan, Wolff, Hew, Demir, Gözdenur, Aziz, Muhammad Fayez, Kaddar, Younesse, Ängquist, Ivar, Chen, Yanxu, Thornley, Elliott, Zhang, Robin, Pan, Jiayi, Terpin, Antonio, Muennighoff, Niklas, Schoelkopf, Hailey, Zheng, Eric, Carmi, Avishy, Shah, Jainam, Brown, Ethan D. L., Zhu, Kelin, Bartolo, Max, Wheeler, Richard, Ho, Andrew, Barkan, Shaul, Wang, Jiaqi, Stehberger, Martin, Kretov, Egor, Bradshaw, Peter, Heimonen, JP, Sridhar, Kaustubh, Hossain, Zaki, Akov, Ido, Makarychev, Yury, Tam, Joanna, Hoang, Hieu, Cunningham, David M., Goryachev, Vladimir, Patramanis, Demosthenes, Krause, Michael, Redenti, Andrew, Aldous, David, Lai, Jesyin, Coleman, Shannon, Xu, Jiangnan, Lee, Sangwon, Magoulas, Ilias, Zhao, Sandy, Tang, Ning, Cohen, Michael K., Carroll, Micah, Paradise, Orr, Kirchner, Jan Hendrik, Steinerberger, Stefan, Ovchynnikov, Maksym, Matos, Jason O., Shenoy, Adithya, Wang, Michael, Nie, Yuzhou, Giordano, Paolo, Petersen, Philipp, Sztyber-Betley, Anna, Faraboschi, Paolo, Riblet, Robin, Crozier, Jonathan, Halasyamani, Shiv, Pinto, Antonella, Verma, Shreyas, Joshi, Prashant, Meril, Eli, Yong, Zheng-Xin, Tee, Allison, Andréoletti, Jérémy, Weller, Orion, Singhal, Raghav, Zhang, Gang, Ivanov, Alexander, Khoury, Seri, Gustafsson, Nils, Mostaghimi, Hamid, Thaman, Kunvar, Chen, Qijia, Khánh, Tran Quoc, Loader, Jacob, Cavalleri, Stefano, Szlyk, Hannah, Brown, Zachary, Narayan, Himanshu, Roberts, Jonathan, Alley, William, Sun, Kunyang, Stendall, Ryan, Lamparth, Max, Reuel, Anka, Wang, Ting, Xu, Hanmeng, Hernández-Cámara, Pablo, Martin, Freddie, Preu, Thomas, Korbak, Tomek, Abramovitch, Marcus, Williamson, Dominic, Bosio, Ida, Chen, Ziye, Bálint, Biró, Lo, Eve J. Y., Nunes, Maria Inês S., Jiang, Yibo, Bari, M Saiful, Kassani, Peyman, Wang, Zihao, Ansarinejad, Behzad, Sun, Yewen, Durand, Stephane, Douville, Guillaume, Tordera, Daniel, Balabanian, George, Anderson, Earth, Kvistad, Lynna, Moyano, Alejandro José, Milliron, Hsiaoyun, Sakor, Ahmad, Eron, Murat, McAlister, Isaac C., O., Andrew Favre D., Shah, Shailesh, Zhou, Xiaoxiang, Kamalov, Firuz, Clark, Ronald, Abdoli, Sherwin, Santens, Tim, Wang, Harrison K, Chen, Evan, Tomasiello, Alessandro, De Luca, G. Bruno, Looi, Shi-Zhuo, Le, Vinh-Kha, Kolt, Noam, Mündler, Niels, Semler, Avi, Rodman, Emma, Drori, Jacob, Fossum, Carl J, Gloor, Luk, Jagota, Milind, Pradeep, Ronak, Fan, Honglu, Shah, Tej, Eicher, Jonathan, Chen, Michael, Thaman, Kushal, Merrill, William, Firsching, Moritz, Harris, Carter, Ciobâcă, Stefan, Gross, Jason, Pandey, Rohan, Gusev, Ilya, Jones, Adam, Agnihotri, Shashank, Zhelnov, Pavel, Usawasutsakorn, Siranut, Mofayezi, Mohammadreza, Piperski, Alexander, Carauleanu, Marc, Zhang, David K., Dobarskyi, Kostiantyn, Ler, Dylan, Leventov, Roman, Soroko, Ignat, Jansen, Thorben, Creighton, Scott, Lauer, Pascal, Duersch, Joshua, Taamazyan, Vage, Bezzi, Dario, Morak, Wiktor, Ma, Wenjie, Held, William, Huy, Tran Đuc, Xian, Ruicheng, Zebaze, Armel Randy, Mohamed, Mohanad, Leser, Julian Noah, Yuan, Michelle X, Yacar, Laila, Lengler, Johannes, Olszewska, Katarzyna, Shahrtash, Hossein, Oliveira, Edson, Jackson, Joseph W., Gonzalez, Daniel Espinosa, Zou, Andy, Chidambaram, Muthu, Manik, Timothy, Haffenden, Hector, Stander, Dashiell, Dasouqi, Ali, Shen, Alexander, Duc, Emilien, Golshani, Bita, Stap, David, Uzhou, Mikalai, Zhidkovskaya, Alina Borisovna, Lewark, Lukas, Rodriguez, Miguel Orbegozo, Vincze, Mátyás, Wehr, Dustin, Tang, Colin, Phillips, Shaun, Samuele, Fortuna, Muzhen, Jiang, Ekström, Fredrik, Hammon, Angela, Patel, Oam, Farhidi, Faraz, Medley, George, Mohammadzadeh, Forough, Peñaflor, Madellene, Kassahun, Haile, Friedrich, Alena, Sparrow, Claire, Perez, Rayner Hernandez, Sakal, Taom, Dhamane, Omkar, Mirabadi, Ali Khajegili, Hallman, Eric, Okutsu, Kenchi, Battaglia, Mike, Maghsoudimehrabani, Mohammad, Amit, Alon, Hulbert, Dave, Pereira, Roberto, Weber, Simon, Handoko, Peristyy, Anton, Malina, Stephen, Albanie, Samuel, Cai, Will, Mehkary, Mustafa, Aly, Rami, Reidegeld, Frank, Dick, Anna-Katharina, Friday, Cary, Sidhu, Jasdeep, Shapourian, Hassan, Kim, Wanyoung, Costa, Mariana, Gurdogan, Hubeyb, Weber, Brian, Kumar, Harsh, Jiang, Tong, Agarwal, Arunim, Ceconello, Chiara, Vaz, Warren S., Zhuang, Chao, Park, Haon, Tawfeek, Andrew R., Aggarwal, Daattavya, Kirchhof, Michael, Dai, Linjie, Kim, Evan, Ferret, Johan, Wang, Yuzhou, Yan, Minghao, Burdzy, Krzysztof, Zhang, Lixin, Franca, Antonio, Pham, Diana T., Loh, Kang Yong, Jackson, Abram, Gul, Shreen, Chhablani, Gunjan, Du, Zhehang, Cosma, Adrian, Colino, Jesus, White, Colin, Votava, Jacob, Vinnikov, Vladimir, Delaney, Ethan, Spelda, Petr, Stritecky, Vit, Shahid, Syed M., Mourrat, Jean-Christophe, Vetoshkin, Lavr, Sponselee, Koen, Bacho, Renas, de la Rosa, Florencia, Li, Xiuyu, Malod, Guillaume, Lang, Leon, Laurendeau, Julien, Kazakov, Dmitry, Adesanya, Fatimah, Portier, Julien, Hollom, Lawrence, Souza, Victor, Zhou, Yuchen Anna, Degorre, Julien, Yalın, Yiğit, Obikoya, Gbenga Daniel, Arnaboldi, Luca, Rai, Bigi, Filippo, Boscá, M. C., Shumar, Oleg, Bacho, Kaniuar, Clavier, Pierre, Recchia, Gabriel, Popescu, Mara, Shulga, Nikita, Tanwie, Ngefor Mildred, Peskoff, Denis, Lux, Thomas C. H., Rank, Ben, Ni, Colin, Brooks, Matthew, Yakimchyk, Alesia, Huanxu, Liu, Häggström, Olle, Verkama, Emil, Gundlach, Hans, Brito-Santana, Leonor, Amaro, Brian, Vajipey, Vivek, Grover, Rynaa, Fan, Yiyang, Silva, Gabriel Poesia Reis e, Xin, Linwei, Kratish, Yosi, Łucki, Jakub, Li, Wen-Ding, Gopi, Sivakanth, Caciolai, Andrea, Xu, Justin, Scaria, Kevin Joseph, Vargus, Freddie, Habibi, Farzad, Long, Lian, Rodolà, Emanuele, Robins, Jules, Cheng, Vincent, Fruhauff, Tony, Raynor, Brad, Qi, Hao, Jiang, Xi, Segev, Ben, Fan, Jingxuan, Martinson, Sarah, Wang, Erik Y., Hausknecht, Kaylie, Brenner, Michael P., Mao, Mao, Zhang, Xinyu, Avagian, David, Scipio, Eshawn Jessica, Ragoler, Alon, Tan, Justin, Sims, Blake, Plecnik, Rebeka, Kirtland, Aaron, Bodur, Omer Faruk, Shinde, D. P., Adoul, Zahra, Zekry, Mohamed, Karakoc, Ali, Santos, Tania C. B., Shamseldeen, Samir, Karim, Loukmane, Liakhovitskaia, Anna, Resman, Nate, Farina, Nicholas, Gonzalez, Juan Carlos, Maayan, Gabe, Hoback, Sarah, Pena, Rodrigo De Oliveira, Sherman, Glen, Kelley, Elizabeth, Mariji, Hodjat, Pouriamanesh, Rasoul, Wu, Wentao, Mendoza, Sandra, Alarab, Ismail, Cole, Joshua, Ferreira, Danyelle, Johnson, Bryan, Safdari, Mohammad, Dai, Liangti, Arthornthurasuk, Siriphan, Pronin, Alexey, Fan, Jing, Ramirez-Trinidad, Angel, Cartwright, Ashley, Pottmaier, Daphiny, Taheri, Omid, Outevsky, David, Stepanic, Stanley, Perry, Samuel, Askew, Luke, Rodríguez, Raúl Adrián Huerta, Minissi, Ali M. R., Ali, Sam, Lorena, Ricardo, Iyer, Krishnamurthy, Fasiludeen, Arshad Anil, Salauddin, Sk Md, Islam, Murat, Gonzalez, Juan, Ducey, Josh, Somrak, Maja, Mavroudis, Vasilios, Vergo, Eric, Qin, Juehang, Borbás, Benjámin, Chu, Eric, Lindsey, Jack, Radhakrishnan, Anil, Jallon, Antoine, McInnis, I. M. J., Kumar, Pawan, Goswami, Laxman Prasad, Bugas, Daniel, Heydari, Nasser, Jeanplong, Ferenc, Apronti, Archimedes, Galal, Abdallah, Ze-An, Ng, Singh, Ankit, Xavier, Joan of Arc, Agarwal, Kanu Priya, Berkani, Mohammed, Junior, Benedito Alves de Oliveira, Malishev, Dmitry, Remy, Nicolas, Hartman, Taylor D., Tarver, Tim, Mensah, Stephen, Gimenez, Javier, Montecillo, Roselynn Grace, Campbell, Russell, Sharma, Asankhaya, Meer, Khalida, Alapont, Xavier, Patil, Deepakkumar, Maheshwari, Rajat, Dendane, Abdelkader, Shukla, Priti, Bogdanov, Sergei, Möller, Sören, Siddiqi, Muhammad Rehan, Saxena, Prajvi, Gupta, Himanshu, Enyekwe, Innocent, P V, Ragavendran, EL-Wasif, Zienab, Maksapetyan, Aleksandr, Rossbach, Vivien, Harjadi, Chris, Bahaloohoreh, Mohsen, Bian, Song, Lai, John, Uro, Justine Leon, Bateman, Greg, Sayed, Mohamed, Menshawy, Ahmed, Duclosel, Darling, Jain, Yashaswini, Aaron, Ashley, Tiryakioglu, Murat, Siddh, Sheeshram, Krenek, Keith, Hoover, Alex, McGowan, Joseph, Patwardhan, Tejal, Yue, Summer, Wang, Alexandr, and Hendrycks, Dan
- Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai., Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures
- Published
- 2025