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Background: Road traffic collisions (RTCs) are the primary cause of death, which usually occur during the most crucial years of life, resulting in significant damage to health, society, and the economy. A wide variety of strategies and policies have been implemented around the world to minimize injuries and fatalities resulting from RTCs. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce road traffic injuries (RTIs) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Methods: The researchers looked for articles in many databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, OpenGrey, EconLit, IMEMR, AIM, Cochrane Injuries Group's specialized register, Transport Research International Documentation (TRID), Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Database and the OECD's Joint Transport Research Centre's International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD)) about ways to reduce RTIs and included articles published up to December 2023. The study area did not matter; only RTI reduction methods were considered. Two people checked the articles to ensure being relevant and qualified and summarized what they found in the articles. Results: A total of 852 articles were included in this systematic review. Most interventions were related to legislation (26.4%) and enforcement (17.0%), and the minor interventions were related to social marketing (4.9%) and traffic user safety (2.2%). Regarding income level (based on the latest classification of the World Bank—2020), more than half of the interventions (83.7%) took place in developed and high-income countries. Regarding intervention types, legislative and road safety interventions effectively reduced road traffic crashes by 26% and 16.7%, respectively. The results indicated that interventions in high-income countries were more likely to minimize RTCs than other countries. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.982). Most effective interventions (36.1%) were reported during the Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011–2020). Conclusion: Current road safety efforts prioritize changing how people behave on the roads (training, laws, enforcement) over making the roads safer. Focusing on fixing the entire system rather than blaming drivers ("system repair") is necessary for a complete picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To perform effective prevention programs, we need to know how well people follow prevention protocols, like mask use and social distancing, measuring using standard tools. This study aims to develop and validate a brief questionnaire to assess the compliance with prevention protocols against infectious respiratory diseases pandemics including COVID-19 in pedestrians. This crosssectional study was conducted using convenience sampling method in May and June 2021. Construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Content validity was evaluated by quantitative method, thus, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were calculated. For reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability using Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient were assessed. A total of 324 persons from three provinces of Iran participated in this study. The mean age (SD) of participants was 41.5 (16.7). The CVR values resulted in the elimination of two questions. The Scale level CVI/Average (S-CVI/Ave) was equal to 0.992; and Scale level CVI/Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) was 0.889. One factor with five items emerged from principal component factor analysis accounting for 51.99% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.76 indicated an acceptable internal consistency and the Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient of 0.939 depicted stability of the questionnaire. This questionnaire is a brief tool with acceptable validity and reliability to evaluate the compliance with preventive protocols during infectious respiratory diseases outbreaks in order for policy-makers to make effective interventions to slow down the spread of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several factors may influence oral hygiene behavior, which is essential for oral health and well-being in children. This study aimed to investigate the factors that contribute to the oral hygiene behaviors in children, especially mothers' oral hygiene behaviors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from the fifth phase of Fars Birth Cohort Study were used. Our focus was on a group of 1143 children aged 9-12 years old in the year 2021. The demographic, socio-economic variables as well as oral hygiene behaviors of children and their mothers were assessed. The score for oral hygiene behavior was determined based on self-reported practices of brushing, flossing, and mouthwash, ranged between 0 and 3. The factors related to children's oral hygiene behavior were examined by logistic regression analysis. Results: In this study, 345 (30.2%) of the children (50.3% females, average age 10.33±0.48 years) did not brush their teeth, 1042 (91.2%) did not use dental floss, and 1083 (94.8%) did not use mouthwash. The mean score for oral hygiene behavior in children was 0.83±0.67. Mothers had a higher mean score of 1.42±0.74 (P<0.001). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with oral hygiene behavior in children, including higher scores for mothers' oral hygiene behavior (OR=2.18, P<0.001), living in the center of the province (OR=0.73, P=0.04), having insurance (OR=1.47, P=0.03), and having a government-employed mother (OR=0.52, P=0.025). Children with regular six-monthly or yearly visits had higher odds compared with those who visited the dentist only when a problem arose (OR=7.27, P=0.009, and OR=2.33, P=0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The study revealed unacceptable oral hygiene behaviors in 9-12-year-old children, and showed the gap between oral hygiene behavior in mothers and children. The mother's role in promoting oral health and hygiene is crucial. Future research should consider mediating and confounding impacts of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is body of evidence supporting a role for maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants and postpartum depression (PPD). We attempted to review the literature systematically to assess the association between exposure to both ambient air particulate matters within pregnancy and PPD. The effect estimates extracting across each study were standardized to a 10 μg/m3 change. The random-effects model was applied to pool odds ratios. According to the three included cohort articles, exposure to PM10 within second trimester (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.15–1.37) was significantly associated with higher odds of PPD. However, there was no significant association between having exposure to other ambient air pollutants and PPD. This meta-analysis showed that air pollutants could be associated with an increased risk of PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]