345 results on '"Hiernaux, P."'
Search Results
2. Trees on smallholder farms and forest restoration are critical for Rwanda to achieve net zero emissions
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Mugabowindekwe, Maurice, Brandt, Martin, Mukuralinda, Athanase, Ciais, Philippe, Reiner, Florian, Kariryaa, Ankit, Igel, Christian, Chave, Jérôme, Mertz, Ole, Hiernaux, Pierre, Tong, Xiaoye, Rwanyiziri, Gaspard, Gominski, Dimitri, Li, Sizhuo, Liu, Siyu, Gasangwa, Ivan, Hategekimana, Yves, Ndoli, Alain, Nduwamungu, Jean, Saatchi, Sassan, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2024
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3. Trees on smallholder farms and forest restoration are critical for Rwanda to achieve net zero emissions
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Maurice Mugabowindekwe, Martin Brandt, Athanase Mukuralinda, Philippe Ciais, Florian Reiner, Ankit Kariryaa, Christian Igel, Jérôme Chave, Ole Mertz, Pierre Hiernaux, Xiaoye Tong, Gaspard Rwanyiziri, Dimitri Gominski, Sizhuo Li, Siyu Liu, Ivan Gasangwa, Yves Hategekimana, Alain Ndoli, Jean Nduwamungu, Sassan Saatchi, and Rasmus Fensholt
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Geology ,QE1-996.5 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Abstract Landscape restoration initiatives are mainly focusing on forest regeneration and agroforestry, especially in the Global South. However, due to a lack of monitoring tools, the carbon balance of restoration efforts remains poorly quantified. Here, we use satellite images from 2008 and 2019 to calculate carbon stocks for individual trees in Rwanda, a country which has been actively engaged in restoration activities over the past decade. We show that smallholder farmers on average planted about 3 trees per farm during 2008–2019, contributing about 50.4 million new trees at the national scale. The overall C sink of the new farmland trees was 0.13 Megagrams of Carbon per hectare per year, which is 6 times lower than gains observed from restoration of degraded forests (0.76 Megagrams of Carbon per hectare per year). If national greenhouse gas emissions remain at the level of 2019, agroforestry (~61% of national area coverage) and continued restoration of degraded natural forests (~0.5% of national area coverage) have the potential to offset about 80% of the national emissions before 2050. Our work monitors and quantifies progress and impact of landscape restoration projects and outlines a pathway to engage smallholder farmers with a limited number of on-farm trees into the expanding carbon market.
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- 2024
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4. Forecasting unemployment with Google Trends: age, gender and digital divide
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Mulero, Rodrigo and Garcia-Hiernaux, Alfredo
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- 2023
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5. More than one quarter of Africa’s tree cover is found outside areas previously classified as forest
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Reiner, Florian, Brandt, Martin, Tong, Xiaoye, Skole, David, Kariryaa, Ankit, Ciais, Philippe, Davies, Andrew, Hiernaux, Pierre, Chave, Jérôme, Mugabowindekwe, Maurice, Igel, Christian, Oehmcke, Stefan, Gieseke, Fabian, Li, Sizhuo, Liu, Siyu, Saatchi, Sassan, Boucher, Peter, Singh, Jenia, Taugourdeau, Simon, Dendoncker, Morgane, Song, Xiao-Peng, Mertz, Ole, Tucker, Compton J., and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2023
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6. A counterfactual analysis of the impact of the 2008 and 2020 crises on Spanish employment
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Miguel Jerez, Alejandra Montealegre-Luna, and Alfredo Garcia-Hiernaux
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Employment ,2008 crisis ,COVID-19 ,Ukraine war ,Counterfactual analysis ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the 2008 and 2020 economic crises on employment in Spain. Design/methodology/approach – The authors perform a counterfactual analysis, combining intervention (interrupted time series) analysis and conditional forecasting to estimate a “crisis-free” scenario. These counterfactual estimates are used as a synthetic control, to be compared with the observed values of the main variables of the Spanish Labor Force Survey (EPA). Findings – The authors measure the effect on Spanish employment of the 2008 recession and the ongoing COVID/Ukraine crisis and the speed of recovery, which yields a rigorous dating for the beginning and end of the crises studied. Finally, the authors provide estimates about which part of the employed and unemployed people was in furlough (ERTE) based on microdata provided by the Spanish Institute of Statistics. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no counterfactual studies covering all the basic variables in EPA and no estimates for the effect of ERTEs on the basic employment variables. Finally, the authors combine well-known intervention and forecasting techniques into an integrated framework to assess the effects of both, past and ongoing crises.
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- 2023
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7. Sub-continental-scale carbon stocks of individual trees in African drylands
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Tucker, Compton, Brandt, Martin, Hiernaux, Pierre, Kariryaa, Ankit, Rasmussen, Kjeld, Small, Jennifer, Igel, Christian, Reiner, Florian, Melocik, Katherine, Meyer, Jesse, Sinno, Scott, Romero, Eric, Glennie, Erin, Fitts, Yasmin, Morin, August, Pinzon, Jorge, McClain, Devin, Morin, Paul, Porter, Claire, Loeffler, Shane, Kergoat, Laurent, Issoufou, Bil-Assanou, Savadogo, Patrice, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Poulter, Benjamin, Ciais, Philippe, Kaufmann, Robert, Myneni, Ranga, Saatchi, Sassan, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2023
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8. Nation-wide mapping of tree-level aboveground carbon stocks in Rwanda
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Mugabowindekwe, Maurice, Brandt, Martin, Chave, Jérôme, Reiner, Florian, Skole, David L., Kariryaa, Ankit, Igel, Christian, Hiernaux, Pierre, Ciais, Philippe, Mertz, Ole, Tong, Xiaoye, Li, Sizhuo, Rwanyiziri, Gaspard, Dushimiyimana, Thaulin, Ndoli, Alain, Uwizeyimana, Valens, Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, Gieseke, Fabian, Tucker, Compton J., Saatchi, Sassan, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2023
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9. More than one quarter of Africa’s tree cover is found outside areas previously classified as forest
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Florian Reiner, Martin Brandt, Xiaoye Tong, David Skole, Ankit Kariryaa, Philippe Ciais, Andrew Davies, Pierre Hiernaux, Jérôme Chave, Maurice Mugabowindekwe, Christian Igel, Stefan Oehmcke, Fabian Gieseke, Sizhuo Li, Siyu Liu, Sassan Saatchi, Peter Boucher, Jenia Singh, Simon Taugourdeau, Morgane Dendoncker, Xiao-Peng Song, Ole Mertz, Compton J. Tucker, and Rasmus Fensholt
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Science - Abstract
Abstract The consistent monitoring of trees both inside and outside of forests is key to sustainable land management. Current monitoring systems either ignore trees outside forests or are too expensive to be applied consistently across countries on a repeated basis. Here we use the PlanetScope nanosatellite constellation, which delivers global very high-resolution daily imagery, to map both forest and non-forest tree cover for continental Africa using images from a single year. Our prototype map of 2019 (RMSE = 9.57%, bias = −6.9%). demonstrates that a precise assessment of all tree-based ecosystems is possible at continental scale, and reveals that 29% of tree cover is found outside areas previously classified as tree cover in state-of-the-art maps, such as in croplands and grassland. Such accurate mapping of tree cover down to the level of individual trees and consistent among countries has the potential to redefine land use impacts in non-forest landscapes, move beyond the need for forest definitions, and build the basis for natural climate solutions and tree-related studies.
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- 2023
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10. Wind erosion response to past and future agro-pastoral trajectories in the Sahel (Niger)
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Pierre, C., Hiernaux, P., Rajot, J. L., Kergoat, L., Webb, N. P., Touré, A. Abdourhamane, Marticorena, B., and Bouet, C.
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- 2022
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11. Persistence and success of the Sahel desertification narrative
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Gangneron, Fabrice, Pierre, Caroline, Robert, Elodie, Kergoat, Laurent, Grippa, Manuela, Guichard, Françoise, Hiernaux, Pierre, and Leauthaud, Crystele
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- 2022
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12. Resilience of wetland vegetation to recurrent drought in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali from 1982 to 2014
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Hiernaux, Pierre, Turner, Matthew D., Eggen, Michael, Marie, Jérôme, and Haywood, Mark
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- 2021
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13. Forecasting Spanish unemployment with Google Trends and dimension reduction techniques
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Mulero, Rodrigo and García-Hiernaux, Alfredo
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- 2021
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14. Dry season forage assessment across senegalese rangelands using earth observation data
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Adama Lo, Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Ibrahima Diedhiou, Cyrille Djitamagne Edouard Bassène, Louise Leroux, Torbern Tagesson, Rasmus Fensholt, Pierre Hiernaux, Anne Mottet, Simon Taugourdeau, Daouda Ngom, Ibra Touré, Babacar Ndao, and Mamadou Adama Sarr
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forage dry mass ,dry season ,MODIS MCD43A4 ,Landsat-8 ,Sentinel-2 ,food security ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Strengthening of feed security in the Sahel is urgently needed given the climate change and growing human population. A prerequisite to this is sustainable use of rangeland forage resources for livestock. Many studies have focused on the assessment of rangeland resources during the rainy season, while only a few have focused on the dry season which is the longest and most demanding period for livestock in Sahelian rangelands. The objective of this study is to develop remote sensing-based models for estimating dry season forage vegetation mass. To that end, 29 vegetation indices calculated from each of the MODIS-MCD43A4 (500 m), Landsat-8 (30 m), and Sentinel-2 (10 m) satellite products were used and tested against in situ data collected during three field-measurement campaigns in 2021 at eleven monitoring sites across Senegalese rangelands. Four statistical models were tested, namely, random forest, gradient boosting machines, and simple linear and multiple linear regressions. The two main vegetation mass variables modeled from remote sensing imagery were the standing herbaceous and litter dry mass (BH) and total forage dry mass (BT) with a dry mass of woody plant leaves added to BH. Overall, Sentinel-2 data provided the best performance for the assessment of BH with multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.74; RMSE = 378 kg DM/ha) using NDI5 (Normalized Difference Index5), GRCI (Green Residue Cover Index), SRI (Simple Ratio Index), TCARI (Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index), and DFI (Dead Fuel Index) indices. For BT, the best model was also obtained from Sentinel-2 data, including RVI3 (Ratio Vegetation Index3) (R2 = 0.78; RMSE = 496 kg DM/ha). Results showed the suitability of combining the red, green, blue, NIR, SWIR1, and SWIR2 bands in monitoring forage availability during the dry season. Our study revealed that the spectral richness of the optical sensor systems Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and MODIS-MCD43A4 allowed for accurate assessments of dry-season forage mass of semi-arid rangelands. Adding to this, the high spatial and temporal resolution of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery makes this a promising data source for timely monitoring. These findings can support the monitoring of the animal feed balance in Sahelian countries and contribute to enhancing the resilience of pastoralism toward feed shortage through early warning systems.
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- 2022
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15. Modeling gas exchange and biomass production in West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecological zones
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J. Rahimi, E. E. Ago, A. Ayantunde, S. Berger, J. Bogaert, K. Butterbach-Bahl, B. Cappelaere, J.-M. Cohard, J. Demarty, A. A. Diouf, U. Falk, E. Haas, P. Hiernaux, D. Kraus, O. Roupsard, C. Scheer, A. K. Srivastava, T. Tagesson, and R. Grote
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Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
West African Sahelian and Sudanian ecosystems provide essential services to people and also play a significant role within the global carbon cycle. However, climate and land use are dynamically changing, and uncertainty remains with respect to how these changes will affect the potential of these regions to provide food and fodder resources or how they will affect the biosphere–atmosphere exchange of CO2. In this study, we investigate the capacity of a process-based biogeochemical model, LandscapeDNDC, to simulate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and aboveground biomass of typical managed and natural Sahelian and Sudanian savanna ecosystems. In order to improve the simulation of phenology, we introduced soil-water availability as a common driver of foliage development and productivity for all of these systems. The new approach was tested by using a sample of sites (calibration sites) that provided NEE from flux tower observations as well as leaf area index data from satellite images (MODIS, MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). For assessing the simulation accuracy, we applied the calibrated model to 42 additional sites (validation sites) across West Africa for which measured aboveground biomass data were available. The model showed good performance regarding biomass of crops, grass, or trees, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.94, and 0.77 and root-mean-square errors of 0.15, 0.22, and 0.12 kg m−2, respectively. The simulations indicate aboveground carbon stocks of up to 0.17, 0.33, and 0.54 kg C ha−1 m−2 for agricultural, savanna grasslands, and savanna mixed tree–grassland sites, respectively. Carbon stocks and exchange rates were particularly correlated with the abundance of trees, and grass biomass and crop yields were higher under more humid climatic conditions. Our study shows the capability of LandscapeDNDC to accurately simulate carbon balances in natural and agricultural ecosystems in semiarid West Africa under a wide range of conditions; thus, the model could be used to assess the impact of land-use and climate change on the regional biomass productivity.
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- 2021
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16. History and epistemology of plant behaviour: a pluralistic view?
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Hiernaux, Quentin
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- 2021
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17. Plants as Machines: History, Philosophy and Practical Consequences of an Idea
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Gerber, Sophie and Hiernaux, Quentin
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- 2022
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18. An unexpectedly large count of trees in the West African Sahara and Sahel
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Brandt, Martin, Tucker, Compton J., Kariryaa, Ankit, Rasmussen, Kjeld, Abel, Christin, Small, Jennifer, Chave, Jerome, Rasmussen, Laura Vang, Hiernaux, Pierre, Diouf, Abdoul Aziz, Kergoat, Laurent, Mertz, Ole, Igel, Christian, Gieseke, Fabian, Schöning, Johannes, Li, Sizhuo, Melocik, Katherine, Meyer, Jesse, Sinno, Scott, Romero, Eric, Glennie, Erin, Montagu, Amandine, Dendoncker, Morgane, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2020
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19. El ordenamiento del territorio: Una relectura desde la geografía humanista
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Daniel Hiernaux Nicolas
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ordenamiento territorial ,geografía humanista ,relación hombre-naturaleza ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Este ensayo propone una relectura de lo que ha sido el “ordenamiento del territorio” como actividad de control y organización de las actividades humanas en el espacio por el Estado capitalista moderno. Esta nueva lectura se hace a la luz de lo que se ha llamado la Geografía Humanista que plantea nuevos interrogantes a la relación entre los territorios y sus sociedades, que no fueron tomados en cuenta por el pasado en los ensayos de ordenamiento en diversos países. La intención de este ensayo es entonces, la de generar un debate sobre el sentido mismo del ordenamiento y sus formas de aplicarse, confrontando posiciones epistemológicas diversas sino adversas.
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- 2020
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20. Influence of Floods and Growth Duration on the Productivity of Wet Grasslands of Echinochloa stagnina (Retz) P. Beauv. in an East African Floodplain
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Leauthaud, C., Hiernaux, P., Musila, W., Kergoat, L., Grippa, M., Duvail, S., Albergel, J., and Rode, N. O.
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- 2019
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21. A leaf area index data set acquired in Sahelian rangelands of Gourma in Mali over the 2005–2017 period
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E. Mougin, M. O. Diawara, N. Soumaguel, A. A. Maïga, V. Demarez, P. Hiernaux, M. Grippa, V. Chaffard, and A. Ba
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
The leaf area index of Sahelian rangelands and related variables such as the vegetation cover fraction, the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and the clumping index were measured between 2005 and 2017 in the Gourma region of northern Mali. These variables, known as climate essential variables, were derived from the acquisition and the processing of hemispherical photographs taken along 1 km linear sampling transects for five contrasted canopies and one millet field. The same sampling protocol was applied in a seasonally inundated Acacia open forest, along a 0.5 km transect, by taking photographs of the understorey and the tree canopy. These observations collected over more than a decade, in a remote and not very accessible region, provide a relevant and unique data set that can be used for a better understanding of the Sahelian vegetation response to the current rainfall changes. The collected data can also be used for satellite product evaluation and land surface model development and validation. This paper aims to present the field work that was carried out during 13 successive rainy seasons, the measured vegetation variables, and the associated open database. Finally, a few examples of data use are shown. DOI of the referenced data set: https://doi.org/10.17178/AMMA-CATCH.CE.Veg_Gh.
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- 2019
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22. Presentación del Tema Central del número 64-65: Los imaginarios urbanos de la dominación y la resistencia
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Alicia Lindon and Daniel Hiernaux
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Anthropology ,GN1-890 ,Political science (General) ,JA1-92 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Presentación del Tema Central.
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- 2019
23. De los imaginarios a las prácticas urbanas: construyendo la ciudad de mañana
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Daniel Hiernaux
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metrópoli, imaginarios de la resistencia, gentrificación, suburbanización ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 ,Political science (General) ,JA1-92 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
El crecimiento de la ciudad difusa a partir del imaginario suburbano que ha colonizado la vida moderna ha provocado una disminución radical de la vida urbana. Existen otros modelos que corresponden a imaginarios de resistencia a ese modelo colonizador: se trata de la gentrificación o elitización y del resurgimiento de la residencia en altura, que llamamos la ciudad de las torres de cristal. En la última parte del ensayo, se plantea que los imaginarios de resistencia pueden ser realizables si parten de las prácticas cotidianas, y tender a volverse las nuevas utopías urbanas del siglo XXI
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- 2019
24. Mapping the Abundance of Multipurpose Agroforestry Faidherbia albida Trees in Senegal
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Tingting Lu, Martin Brandt, Xiaoye Tong, Pierre Hiernaux, Louise Leroux, Babacar Ndao, and Rasmus Fensholt
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multi-layer perception ,savanna ,species distribution model ,Science - Abstract
Multi-purpose Faidherbia albida trees represent a vital component of agroforestry parklands in West Africa as they provide resources (fodder for livestock, fruits and firewood) and support water lifting and nutrient recycling for cropping. Faidherbia albida trees are characterized by their inverse phenology, growing leaf flowers and pods during the dry season, thereby providing fodder and shedding leaves during the wet season, which minimizes competition with pastures and crops for resources. Multi-spectral and multi-temporal satellite systems and novel computational methods open new doors for classifying single trees and identifying species. This study used a Multi-Layer Perception feedforward artificial neural network to classify pixels covered by Faidherbia albida canopies from Sentinel-2 time series in Senegal, West Africa. To better discriminate the Faidherbia albida signal from the background, monthly images from vegetation indices were used to form relevant variables for the model. We found that NDI54/NDVI from the period covering onset of leaf senescence (February) until end of senescence (leaf-off in June) to be the most important, resulting in a high precision and recall rate of 0.91 and 0.85. We compared our result with a potential Faidherbia albida occurrence map derived by empirical modelling of the species ecology, which deviates notably from the actual species occurrence mapped by this study. We have shown that even small differences in dry season leaf phenology can be used to distinguish tree species. The Faidherbia albida distribution maps, as provided here, will be key in managing farmlands in drylands, helping to optimize economic and ecological services from both tree and crop products.
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- 2022
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25. Adapting pastoral breeding to global changes in West and Central tropical Africa: Review of ecological views
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Pierre Hiernaux and Mohamed Habibou Assouma
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Pastoralism ,adaptation ,climate change ,social change ,ecology ,Africa South of Sahara ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Pastoral livestock is defined as a reproduction-oriented, grazing-based familial livestock system with community-managed resources. Pastoral breeders differ from one another in the diversity of species and breeds raised, the size and management of herds and the extent of their regional mobility. The social, economic and environmental weight of pastoralist livestock in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa is evoked together with its imputation of environmental degradation. Global changes faced by pastoral livestock are sorted out by domains, climatic and societal, and by time scales, short or long. The incriminated impacts of livestock on ecosystems are assessed in the short and long terms. The functions of pastoral breeding already affected by global changes whether climatic or societal are analyzed. The capacity of two alternative livestock breeding systems, ranching and stall-feeding, to respond to these constraints is reviewed. Finally, pastoral breeding has been recognized as being able to adapt best to long-term climate change and to short- and long-term societal changes, provided that national and international investments are made. Civil security must be restored and pastoralists’ access to water and fodder resources must be secured. Professional organizations and associations should be empowered to negotiate grazing rights, and their skills should be enhanced. There is the need to complete, rehabilitate and manage hydraulic and veterinary infrastructures, but also to invest significantly in adapted health, education and communication infrastructures in long-neglected pastoral areas.
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- 2020
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26. Endoscopic full-thickness resection using an endoluminal-suturing device: a proof-of-concept study
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Vincent Huberty, Loulia Leclercq, Martin Hiernaux, Laurine Verset, Charlotte Sandersen, Thorsten Beyna, Horst Neuhaus, and Jacques Deviere
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Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology ,RC799-869 - Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is used to achieve R0 resection in difficult situations and as a way to overcome the limitations of endoscopic submucosal dissection. Multiple techniques have been described but adequate tools are still under evaluation. In this study, we evaluated the safety and feasibility of non-exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection using a novel endoscopic suturing device. Materials and methods Full-thickness resections of gastric predetermined lesions were performed on five pigs using the Endomina platform. After creating virtual lesion > 20 mm, sutures were placed around it using this triangulation platform. After tightening the knots, the bulging lesion, internalized into the gastric lumen, was cut with a needle knife. Results R0 resections of large lesions (42 to 60 mm) were achieved in all cases. One perforation occurred and prompted us to improve the procedure by shortening the sutures for more maneuverability and reinforcing the suture line before section. Procedure duration dropped by 50 % between the first case and the fourth case. Histological analysis confirmed successful full-thickness resection of all resected specimens. Conclusion EFTR using this triangulation platform seems feasible for lesions > 20 mm. Additional possible improvements were identified to simplify the procedure before moving to human trials.
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- 2019
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27. L’interdisciplinarité, ça marche ! Une enquête et un colloque révèlent des facteurs de succès
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Timmermans Benoît, Baret Philippe, Hiernaux Quentin, Lugen Marine, Nonclercq Antoine, and Zaccai Edwin
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interdisciplinarité ,université ,recherche ,enseignement ,Science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Le 27 octobre 2016 s’est tenu à l’Université libre de Bruxelles un colloque qui avait pour titre « Interdisciplinarité : discours et réalités ». Il avait été précédé d’une enquête auprès de chercheurs francophones sur leur pratique effective à cet égard. Les 104 réponses collectées ont été traitées de façon approfondie et les résultats, situés dans l’état de l’art relatif aux enquêtes sur l’interdisciplinarité, ont été présentés pendant ce colloque. En outre, des orateurs internationaux ont partagé leur expérience dans différents domaines lors de cette journée. L’un des enseignements de ces nombreux échanges est qu’il existe aujourd’hui une pratique riche et diversifiée, qui contraste quelque peu avec l’image de difficulté souvent associée à l’interdisciplinarité. Cet article expose ces résultats et y ajoute des analyses et des propositions qui découlent de ces échanges. La journée était organisée dans le cadre des séminaires Prigogine « Penser la science ».
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- 2018
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28. Más de tres décadas de investigación turística en México: Algunas reflexiones
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Daniel Hiernaux-Nicolas
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Recreation. Leisure ,GV1-1860 - Published
- 2018
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29. The Ethics of Plant Flourishing and Agricultural Ethics: Theoretical Distinctions and Concrete Recommendations in Light of the Environmental Crisis
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Quentin Hiernaux
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plant ethics ,environmental ethics ,philosophy of the life sciences ,plant biology ,agriculture ,Logic ,BC1-199 ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Many activities towards plants are directly related to environmental crisis issues. However, our actions towards plants are little theorized in philosophy and ethics. After a brief presentation of the history, state of the art, and current issues of plant ethics, I critically illustrate how the theoretical threads of current ethics should be clarified, and, more importantly, contextualised, to promote the application of concrete measures. Particular attention is paid to the ethics of plant flourishing as applied to different fields and types of plants. The treatment of wild and ornamental plants is, thus, explicitly distinguished from that of improved agricultural varieties, themselves distinguishable according to modes of cultivation. I thus propose and discuss several recommendations and concrete courses of action to promote an ethics of plants, while pointing out its limitations.
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- 2021
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30. From Plant Behavior to Plant Intelligence? Ed. 1
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Hiernaux, Quentin and Hiernaux, Quentin
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Over the past years, controversies about plant intelligence became featured in scientific journals in ecology and plant biology. Mainstream media and educational literature have also taken up the topic. Could plants be intelligent? Could it be true that they talk to each other, assist and defend each other, etc.? What is the scientific truth behind this idea of plant intelligence?Tackling the issue of intelligence in any organism requires us to study and theorize its behavior. Is the behavior of a plant more like the one of a machine? Or more like animal behavior? Or could some of its aspects even be like the human mind? The experimental results are difficult to interpret in a conceptual tradition focused on humans and animals. They entail a controversial?–?and sometimes unclear?–?methodological pluralism.This book is avalaible in French: Du comportement végétal à l'intelligence des plantes ?Ce livre est disponible en français :Du comportement végétal à l'intelligence des plantes ?
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- 2023
31. Couplings between the seasonal cycles of surface thermodynamics and radiative fluxes in the semi-arid Sahel
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Guichard, F., Kergoat, L., Mougin, E., Timouk, F., Bock, O., Hiernaux, P., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), IGN-France International (IGN FI), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] - Abstract
International audience; A good knowledge of surface fluxes and atmospheric low levels is central to improving our understanding of the West African monsoon. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the peculiar seasonal and diurnal cycles of surface thermodynamics and radiative fluxes encountered in Central Sahel. It is based on a multi-year dataset collected in the Malian Gourma over a sandy soil at 1.5°W-15.3°N (a site referred to as Agoufou) with an automated weather station and a sunphotometer (AERONET), complemented by observations from the AMMA field campaign. The seasonal cycle of this Tropical region is characterized by a broad maximum of temperature in May, following the first minimum of the solar zenith angle by a few weeks, when Agoufou lies within the West African Heat-Low, and a late summer maximum of equivalent potential temperature within the core of the monsoon season, around the second yearly maximum of solar zenith angle, as the temperature reaches its Summer minimum. More broadly, subtle balances between surface air temperature and moisture fields are found on a range of scales. For instance, during the monsoon, apart from August, their opposite daytime fluctuations (warming, drying) lead to an almost flat diurnal cycle of the equivalent potential temperature at the surface. This feature stands out in contrast to other more humid continental regions. Here, the strong dynamics associated with the transition from a drier hot Spring to a brief cooler wet tropical Summer climate involves very large transformations of the diurnal cycles. The Summer increase of surface net radiation, Rnet, is also strong; typically 10-day mean Rnet reaches about 5 times its Winter minimum (~30 W.m-2) in August (~150 W.m-2). A major feature revealed by observations is that this increase is mostly driven by modifications of the surface upwelling fluxes shaped by rainfall events and vegetation phenology (surface cooling and darkening), while the direct impact of atmospheric changes on the total incoming radiation is limited to shorter time scales in Summer over this Central Sahelian location. However, observations also reveal astonishing radiative signatures of the monsoon on the surface incoming radiative flux. The incoming longwave flux does not reach its maximum during the monsoon season when the atmosphere is the most cloudy and humid, but earlier, prior to the onset of rainfall, as the dry and warmer atmosphere suddenly becomes moist. This feature points to the significance of the atmospheric cooling during the monsoon season and of the aerosol amounts in Spring. It also reveals that prior to the rainfall onset, the monsoon flow plays a major role on the diurnal cycle of the low-level temperature, due to its radiative properties. Conversely, the incoming solar radiation at the surface increases slightly from late Spring to the core monsoon season even though the atmosphere becomes moister and cloudier; this again involves the high aerosol optical thickness prevailing in late Spring and early Summer against a weaker shortwave forcing by monsoon clouds. The climatological combination of thermodynamic and radiative variations taking place during the monsoon eventually leads to a positive correlation between the equivalent potential temperature and Rnet. This correlation is, in turn, broadly consistent with an overall positive soil moisture rainfall feedback at this scale. Beyond these Sahelian-specific features, and in agreement with some previous studies, strong links are found between the atmospheric humidity and the net longwave flux, LWnet at the surface all year long, even across the much lower humidity ranges encountered in this region. They point to, and locally quantify the major control of water vapour and water-related processes on the surface-atmosphere thermal coupling as measured by LWnet. Namely, they are found to be more tightly coupled (LWnet closer to 0) when the atmosphere is moister and cloudier. Observational results such as presented here provide valuable ground truth for assessing models over a continental area displaying a challenging variety of surface-atmosphere regimes throughout the year, from a desert-like to a rainy tropical-like climate during the core of the monsoon. Indeed, the mechanisms emphasized by these data do not all comply to existing conceptual schemes.
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- 2023
32. Reduction of tree cover in West African woodlands and promotion in semi-arid farmlands
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Brandt, Martin, Rasmussen, Kjeld, Hiernaux, Pierre, Herrmann, Stefanie, Tucker, Compton J., Tong, Xiaoye, Tian, Feng, Mertz, Ole, Kergoat, Laurent, Mbow, Cheikh, David, John L., Melocik, Katherine A., Dendoncker, Morgane, Vincke, Caroline, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2018
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33. The paradoxical evolution of runoff in the pastoral Sahel: analysis of the hydrological changes over the Agoufou watershed (Mali) using the KINEROS-2 model
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L. Gal, M. Grippa, P. Hiernaux, L. Pons, and L. Kergoat
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Technology ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
In recent decades, the Sahel has witnessed a paradoxical increase in surface water despite a general precipitation decline. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as the Sahelian paradox, is not completely understood yet. The role of cropland expansion due to the increasing food demand by a growing population has been often put forward to explain this situation for the cultivated Sahel. However, this hypothesis does not hold in pastoral areas where the same phenomenon is observed. Several other processes, such as the degradation of natural vegetation following the major droughts of the 1970s and the 1980s, the development of crusted topsoils, the intensification of the rainfall regime and the development of the drainage network, have been suggested to account for this situation. In this paper, a modeling approach is proposed to explore, quantify and rank different processes that could be at play in pastoral Sahel. The kinematic runoff and erosion model (KINEROS-2) is applied to the Agoufou watershed (245 km2), in the Gourma region in Mali, which underwent a significant increase of surface runoff during the last 60 years. Two periods are simulated, the past case (1960–1975) preceding the Sahelian drought and the present case (2000–2015). Surface hydrology and land cover characteristics for these two periods are derived by the analysis of aerial photographs, available in 1956, and high-resolution remote sensing images in 2011. The major changes identified are (1) a partial crusting of isolated dunes, (2) an increase of drainage network density, (3) a marked decrease in vegetation with the nonrecovery of tiger bush and vegetation growing on shallow sandy soils, and (4) important changes in soil properties with the apparition of impervious soils instead of shallow sandy soil. The KINEROS-2 model was parameterized to simulate these changes in combination or independently. The results obtained by this model display a significant increase in annual discharge between the past and the present case (p value 6 m3 (2.1 mm yr−1) and 3.29 × 106 m3 (13.4 mm yr−1) for past and present, respectively. Changes in soil properties and vegetation cover (tiger bush thickets and grassland on shallow sandy soil) are found to be the main factors causing this increase of simulated runoff, with the drainage network development contributing to a lesser extent but with a positive feedback. These results shed a new light on the Sahelian paradox phenomenon in the absence of land use change and call for further tests in other areas and/or with other models. The synergetic processes highlighted here could play a role in other Sahelian watersheds where runoff increase has been also observed.
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- 2017
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34. 'GEOGRAFÍA OBJETIVA' VERSUS 'GEOGRAFÍA SENSIBLE': TRAYECTORIAS DIVERGENTES DE LA GEOGRAFÍA HUMANA EN EL SIGLO XX
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Daniel Hiernaux Nicolas
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Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Dedica-se este artigo à explicação da trajetória das duas novas vertentes da Geografia Humana. A primeira, marcada pelo racionalismo cartesiano. A segunda, por o que podemos englobar na proposta de uma “Geografia Sensible”. Estas trajetórias divergentes não são recentes, se vinculando a personagens e obras dos fundadores da Geogarfia moderna, e se consolidaram, com cronologias distintas, ao longo do século XX.
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- 2017
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35. L’évaluation de la recherche en question : pratiques, dérives et alternatives
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Lugen Marine and Hiernaux Quentin
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évaluation ,recherche ,indicateurs ,universités ,expertise ,Science ,Social Sciences - Abstract
L’évaluation produit des effets, désirés ou non, sur la recherche, ses orientations et ses résultats. Dans le cadre des séminaires Ilya Prigogine « Penser la science » à l’Université libre de Bruxelles, deux journées ont été consacrées à ce thème. La première a réalisé un état des lieux de la question, en étudiant les effets standardisants des indicateurs et des classements et en s’interrogeant sur le statut des chercheurs dans un contexte de compétition et sous-financement. La seconde journée a envisagé des propositions alternatives : valoriser les formes d’intelligence collective, adapter les indicateurs aux disciplines, repenser l’utilité et la responsabilité face aux résultats, récompenser la prise de risque, retourner à des démarches qualitatives… Loin de critiquer la notion d’évaluation per se, ces pistes appellent à des formes d’évaluation plus démocratiques, transparentes et contradictoires.
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- 2016
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36. Changes in lakes water volume and runoff over ungauged Sahelian watersheds
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Gal, L., Grippa, M., Hiernaux, P., Peugeot, C., Mougin, E., and Kergoat, L.
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- 2016
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37. Water Sampling Module for Collecting and Concentrating Legionella pneumophila from Low-to-Medium Contaminated Environment
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Khalid Moumanis, Lilian Sirbu, Walid Mohamed Hassen, Eric Frost, Lydston Rodrigues de Carvalho, Pierre Hiernaux, and Jan Jerzy Dubowski
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Legionella pneumophila ,Legionnaires’ disease ,water samples ,cooling towers ,filtration system ,concentration factor ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
The detection of water contamination with Legionella pneumophila is of critical importance to manufacturers of water processing equipment and public health entities dealing with water networks and distribution systems. Detection methods based on polymerase chain reaction or biosensor technologies require preconcentration steps to achieve attractive sensitivity levels. Preconcentration must also be included in protocols of automated collection of water samples by systems designed for quasi-continuous monitoring of remotely located water reservoirs for the presence of L. pneumophila. We designed and characterized a water sampling module for filtration and backwashing intended for analysis of low-to-medium contaminated water, typically with L. pneumophila bacteria not exceeding 50 colony-forming units per milliliter. The concentration factors of 10× and 21× were achieved with 0.22 and 0.45 µm filters, respectively, for samples of bacteria prepared in clean saline solutions. However, a 5× concentration factor was achieved with 0.45 µm filters for a heavily contaminated or turbid water typical of some industrial water samples.
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- 2021
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38. Changes in rainfall distribution promote woody foliage production in the Sahel
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Brandt, Martin, Hiernaux, Pierre, Rasmussen, Kjeld, Tucker, Compton J., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Diouf, Abdoul Aziz, Herrmann, Stefanie M., Zhang, Wenmin, Kergoat, Laurent, Mbow, Cheikh, Abel, Christin, Auda, Yves, and Fensholt, Rasmus
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- 2019
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39. AMMA-CATCH, a Critical Zone Observatory in West Africa Monitoring a Region in Transition
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S. Galle, M. Grippa, C. Peugeot, I. Bouzou Moussa, B. Cappelaere, J. Demarty, E. Mougin, G. Panthou, P. Adjomayi, E.K. Agbossou, A. Ba, M. Boucher, J.-M. Cohard, M. Descloitres, L. Descroix, M. Diawara, M. Dossou, G. Favreau, F. Gangneron, M. Gosset, B. Hector, P. Hiernaux, B.-A. Issoufou, L. Kergoat, E. Lawin, T. Lebel, A. Legchenko, M. Malam Abdou, O. Malam-Issa, O. Mamadou, Y. Nazoumou, T. Pellarin, G. Quantin, B. Sambou, J. Seghieri, L. Séguis, J.-P. Vandervaere, T. Vischel, J.-M. Vouillamoz, A. Zannou, S. Afouda, A. Alhassane, M. Arjounin, H. Barral, R. Biron, F. Cazenave, V. Chaffard, J.-P. Chazarin, H. Guyard, A. Koné, I. Mainassara, A. Mamane, M. Oi, T. Ouani, N. Soumaguel, M. Wubda, E.E. Ago, I.C. Alle, A. Allies, F. Arpin-Pont, B. Awessou, C. Cassé, G. Charvet, C. Dardel, A. Depeyre, F.B. Diallo, T. Do, C. Fatras, F. Frappart, L. Gal, T. Gascon, F. Gibon, I. Guiro, A. Ingatan, J. Kempf, D.O.V. Kotchoni, F.M.A. Lawson, C. Leauthaud, S. Louvet, E. Mason, C.C. Nguyen, B. Perrimond, C. Pierre, A. Richard, E. Robert, C. Román-Cascón, C. Velluet, and C. Wilcox
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Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
West Africa is a region in fast transition from climate, demography, and land use perspectives. In this context, the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)–Couplage de l’Atmosphère Tropicale et du Cycle eco-Hydrologique (CATCH) long-term regional observatory was developed to monitor the impacts of global change on the critical zone of West Africa and to better understand its current and future dynamics. The observatory is organized into three thematic axes, which drive the observation and instrumentation strategy: (i) analyze the long-term evolution of eco-hydrosystems from a regional perspective; (ii) better understand critical zone processes and their variability; and (iii) meet socioeconomic and development needs. To achieve these goals, the observatory has gathered data since 1990 from four densely instrumented mesoscale sites (∼10 km each), located at different latitudes (Benin, Niger, Mali, and Senegal) so as to sample the sharp eco-climatic gradient that is characteristic of the region. Simultaneous monitoring of the vegetation cover and of various components of the water balance at these four sites has provided new insights into the seemingly paradoxical eco-hydrological changes observed in the Sahel during the last decades: groundwater recharge and/or runoff intensification despite rainfall deficit and subsequent re-greening with still increasing runoff. Hydrological processes and the role of certain key landscape features are highlighted, as well as the importance of an appropriate description of soil and subsoil characteristics. Applications of these scientific results for sustainable development issues are proposed. Finally, detecting and attributing eco-hydrological changes and identifying possible regime shifts in the hydrologic cycle are the next challenges that need to be faced.
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- 2018
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40. Estimation of LAI, fAPAR and fCover of Sahel rangelands (Gourma, Mali)
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Mougin, E., Demarez, V., Diawara, M., Hiernaux, P., Soumaguel, N., and Berg, A.
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- 2014
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41. Modelling the effect of soil moisture and organic matter degradation on biogenic NO emissions from soils in Sahel rangeland (Mali)
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C. Delon, E. Mougin, D. Serça, M. Grippa, P. Hiernaux, M. Diawara, C. Galy-Lacaux, and L. Kergoat
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Ecology ,QH540-549.5 ,Life ,QH501-531 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
This work is an attempt to provide seasonal variation of biogenic NO emission fluxes in a Sahelian rangeland in Mali (Agoufou, 15.34° N, 1.48° W) for years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Indeed, NO is one of the most important precursors for tropospheric ozone, and previous studies have shown that arid areas potentially display significant NO emissions (due to both biotic and abiotic processes). Previous campaigns in the Sahel suggest that the contribution of this region in emitting NO is no longer considered as negligible. However, very few data are available in this region, therefore this study focuses on model development. The link between NO production in the soil and NO release to the atmosphere is investigated in this modelling study, by taking into account vegetation litter production and degradation, microbial processes in the soil, emission fluxes, and environmental variables influencing these processes, using a coupled vegetation–litter decomposition–emission model. This model includes the Sahelian Transpiration Evaporation and Productivity (STEP) model for the simulation of herbaceous, tree leaf and faecal masses, the GENDEC model (GENeral DEComposition) for the simulation of the buried litter decomposition and microbial dynamics, and the NO emission model (NOFlux) for the simulation of the NO release to the atmosphere. Physical parameters (soil moisture and temperature, wind speed, sand percentage) which affect substrate diffusion and oxygen supply in the soil and influence the microbial activity, and biogeochemical parameters (pH and fertilization rate related to N content) are necessary to simulate the NO flux. The reliability of the simulated parameters is checked, in order to assess the robustness of the simulated NO flux. Simulated yearly average of NO flux ranges from 2.09 to 3.04 ng(N) m−2 s−1 (0.66 to 0.96 kg(N) ha−1 yr−1), and wet season average ranges from 3.36 to 5.48 ng(N) m−2 s−1 (1.06 to 1.73 kg(N) ha−1 yr−1). These results are of the same order as previous measurements made in several sites where the vegetation and the soil are comparable to the ones in Agoufou. This coupled vegetation–litter decomposition–emission model could be generalized at the scale of the Sahel region, and provide information where few data are available.
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- 2015
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42. Structural, physiognomic and above-ground biomass variation in savanna–forest transition zones on three continents – how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?
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E. M. Veenendaal, M. Torello-Raventos, T. R. Feldpausch, T. F. Domingues, F. Gerard, F. Schrodt, G. Saiz, C. A. Quesada, G. Djagbletey, A. Ford, J. Kemp, B. S. Marimon, B. H. Marimon-Junior, E. Lenza, J. A. Ratter, L. Maracahipes, D. Sasaki, B. Sonké, L. Zapfack, D. Villarroel, M. Schwarz, F. Yoko Ishida, M. Gilpin, G. B. Nardoto, K. Affum-Baffoe, L. Arroyo, K. Bloomfield, G. Ceca, H. Compaore, K. Davies, A. Diallo, N. M. Fyllas, J. Gignoux, F. Hien, M. Johnson, E. Mougin, P. Hiernaux, T. Killeen, D. Metcalfe, H. S. Miranda, M. Steininger, K. Sykora, M. I. Bird, J. Grace, S. Lewis, O. L. Phillips, and J. Lloyd
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Ecology ,QH540-549.5 ,Life ,QH501-531 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
Through interpretations of remote-sensing data and/or theoretical propositions, the idea that forest and savanna represent "alternative stable states" is gaining increasing acceptance. Filling an observational gap, we present detailed stratified floristic and structural analyses for forest and savanna stands located mostly within zones of transition (where both vegetation types occur in close proximity) in Africa, South America and Australia. Woody plant leaf area index variation was related to tree canopy cover in a similar way for both savanna and forest with substantial overlap between the two vegetation types. As total woody plant canopy cover increased, so did the relative contribution of middle and lower strata of woody vegetation. Herbaceous layer cover declined as woody cover increased. This pattern of understorey grasses and herbs progressively replaced by shrubs as the canopy closes over was found for both savanna and forests and on all continents. Thus, once subordinate woody canopy layers are taken into account, a less marked transition in woody plant cover across the savanna–forest-species discontinuum is observed compared to that inferred when trees of a basal diameter > 0.1 m are considered in isolation. This is especially the case for shrub-dominated savannas and in taller savannas approaching canopy closure. An increased contribution of forest species to the total subordinate cover is also observed as savanna stand canopy closure occurs. Despite similarities in canopy-cover characteristics, woody vegetation in Africa and Australia attained greater heights and stored a greater amount of above-ground biomass than in South America. Up to three times as much above-ground biomass is stored in forests compared to savannas under equivalent climatic conditions. Savanna–forest transition zones were also found to typically occur at higher precipitation regimes for South America than for Africa. Nevertheless, consistent across all three continents coexistence was found to be confined to a well-defined edaphic–climate envelope with soil and climate the key determinants of the relative location of forest and savanna stands. Moreover, when considered in conjunction with the appropriate water availability metrics, it emerges that soil exchangeable cations exert considerable control on woody canopy-cover extent as measured in our pan-continental (forest + savanna) data set. Taken together these observations do not lend support to the notion of alternate stable states mediated through fire feedbacks as the prime force shaping the distribution of the two dominant vegetation types of the tropical lands.
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- 2015
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43. Re-greening Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger)
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Dardel, C., Kergoat, L., Hiernaux, P., Mougin, E., Grippa, M., and Tucker, C.J.
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- 2014
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44. A counterfactual analysis of the impact of the 2008 and 2020 crises on Spanish employment.
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Jerez, Miguel, Montealegre-Luna, Alejandra, and Garcia-Hiernaux, Alfredo
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COUNTERFACTUALS (Logic) ,RUSSIAN invasion of Ukraine, 2022- ,RUSSIA-Ukraine Conflict, 2014- ,EMPLOYMENT furloughs ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the 2008 and 2020 economic crises on employment in Spain. Design/methodology/approach: The authors perform a counterfactual analysis, combining intervention (interrupted time series) analysis and conditional forecasting to estimate a "crisis-free" scenario. These counterfactual estimates are used as a synthetic control, to be compared with the observed values of the main variables of the Spanish Labor Force Survey (EPA). Findings: The authors measure the effect on Spanish employment of the 2008 recession and the ongoing COVID/Ukraine crisis and the speed of recovery, which yields a rigorous dating for the beginning and end of the crises studied. Finally, the authors provide estimates about which part of the employed and unemployed people was in furlough (ERTE) based on microdata provided by the Spanish Institute of Statistics. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no counterfactual studies covering all the basic variables in EPA and no estimates for the effect of ERTEs on the basic employment variables. Finally, the authors combine well-known intervention and forecasting techniques into an integrated framework to assess the effects of both, past and ongoing crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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45. Lait de vache trait dans les petites exploitations familiales du Sahel semi-aride : des rendements faibles mais de grande valeur !
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Pierre Hiernaux, Kalilou Adamou, Alberto Zezza, Augustine A. Ayantunde, and Giovanni Federighi
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bovin ,produit laitier ,traite ,revenu de l’exploitation ,système agropastoral ,Sahel ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Les volumes de lait de vache traits ont été mesurés tous les quinze jours sur une année chez 300 petits exploitants agropastoraux de la zone semi-aride du Sahel, dans la commune de Dantiandou au Niger. Les effectifs de vaches − adultes, en lactation et effectivement traites le matin et/ou le soir − ont été systématiquement enregistrés, ainsi que des informations sur la gestion de la pâture, la supplémentation alimentaire des vaches, et la consommation, la transformation du lait et la vente des produits laitiers. En outre, les carrières de reproduction des 334 vaches ont été documentées par enquête rétrospective. Le volume moyen par jour d’une traite a été de 0,82 ± 0,45 L. Il n’a pas été significativement différent entre la traite du matin et celle du soir, ni entre les saisons, ni entre les élevages. Cependant, les volumes totaux de lait trait par élevage, dont la moyenne annuelle a été de 507 ± 362 L, ont fortement varié en fonction des saisons et des élevages. En moyenne, ils ont été plus élevés dans les élevages des campements peuls récemment sédentarisés (624 ± 377 L) que dans ceux des élevages villageois djerma (352 ± 275 L). Cet écart était principalement dû à un effectif de vaches plus important dans les campements (7,1 ± 5,3 vs 4,3 ± 4,0), bien que la proportion de vaches en lactation y ait été plus faible (57 %) que dans les troupeaux villageois (73 %). Les résultats ont montré qu’une meilleure gestion par les agroéleveurs des campements avec des traites moins fréquentes, un recours plus fréquent à la pâture de nuit, à la transhumance et à une supplémentation alimentaire régulière ont contribué à améliorer l’état d’engraissement des vaches et leurs performances reproductives. Malgré ces rendements laitiers modestes, la valeur monétaire du lait trait a représenté 16 % des revenus agricoles et non-agricoles des ménages des campements, et 7 % de ceux des villages. Les produits laitiers étaient largement consacrés à la consommation familiale : 78 % dans les campements et 84 % dans les villages.
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- 2017
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46. Rain-Use-Efficiency: What it Tells us about the Conflicting Sahel Greening and Sahelian Paradox
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Cécile Dardel, Laurent Kergoat, Pierre Hiernaux, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Philippe Ciais, and Cam-Chi Nguyen
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Sahel ,re-greening ,degradation ,RUE ,RESTREND ,NDVI ,GIMMS-3g ,MODIS ,herbaceous vegetation ,Sahelian paradox ,run-off ,Science - Abstract
Rain Use Efficiency (RUE), defined as Aboveground Net Primary Production (ANPP) divided by rainfall, is increasingly used to diagnose land degradation. Yet, the outcome of RUE monitoring has been much debated since opposite results were found about land degradation in the Sahel region. The debate is fueled by methodological issues, especially when using satellite remote sensing data to estimate ANPP, and by differences in the ecological interpretation. An alternative method which solves part of these issues relies on the residuals of ANPP regressed against rainfall (“ANPP residuals”). In this paper, we use long-term field observations of herbaceous vegetation mass collected in the Gourma region in Mali together with remote sensing data (GIMMS-3g Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) to estimate ANPP, RUE, and the ANPP residuals, over the period 1984–2010. The residuals as well as RUE do not reveal any trend over time over the Gourma region, implying that vegetation is resilient over that period, when data are aggregated at the Gourma scale. We find no conflict between field-derived and satellite-derived results in terms of trends. The nature (linearity) of the ANPP/rainfall relationship is investigated and is found to have no impact on the RUE and residuals interpretation. However, at odds with a stable RUE, an increased run-off coefficient has been observed in the area over the same period, pointing towards land degradation. The divergence of these two indicators of ecosystem resilience (stable RUE) and land degradation (increasing run-off coefficient) is referred to as the “second Sahelian paradox”. When shallow soils and deep soils are examined separately, high resilience is diagnosed on the deep soil sites. However, some of the shallow soils show signs of degradation, being characterized by decreasing vegetation cover and increasing run-off coefficient. Such results show that contrasted changes may co-exist within a region where a strong overall re-greening pattern is observed, highlighting that both the scale of observations and the scale of the processes have to be considered when performing assessments of vegetation changes and land degradation.
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- 2014
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47. Drought-induced regime shift and resilience of a Sahelian ecohydrosystem
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Valentin Wendling, Christophe Peugeot, Angeles G Mayor, Pierre Hiernaux, Eric Mougin, Manuela Grippa, Laurent Kergoat, Romain Walcker, Sylvie Galle, and Thierry Lebel
- Subjects
Sahel ,eco-hydrology ,alternative stable states ,regime shifts ,rainfall variability ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The Sahel (a semi-arid fringe south of the Sahara) experienced a long and prolonged drought from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, with a few extremely severe episodes that strongly affected ecosystems and societies. Long-term observations showed that surface runoff increased during this period, despite the rainfall deficit. This paradox stems from the soil degradation that was induced by various factors, either directly linked to the drought (impact on vegetation cover), or, in places, to human practices (land clearing and cropping). Surface runoff is still increasing throughout the region, suggesting that Sahelian ecohydrosystems may have shifted to a new hydrological regime. In order to explore this issue, we have developed a simple system dynamics model incorporating vegetation–hydrology interactions and representing in a lumped way the first order processes occurring at the hillslope scale and the annual timestep. Long term observations on a pilot site in northern Mali were used to constrain the model and define an ensemble of plausible simulations. The model successfully reproduced the vegetation collapse and the runoff increase observed over the last 60 years. Our results confirmed that the system presents two alternative states and that during the drought it shifted from a high-vegetation/low-runoff regime to the alternative low-vegetation/high-runoff one, where it has remained trapped until now. We showed that the mean annual rainfall deficit was sufficient to explain the shift. According to the model, vegetation recovery and runoff reduction are possible in this system, but the conditions in which they could occur remain uncertain as the model was only constrained by observations over the collapse trajectory. The study shows that the system is also sensitive to the interannual and decadal variability of rainfall, and that larger variability leads to higher runoff. Both mean rainfall and rainfall variability may increase in central Sahel under climate change, leading to antagonist effects on the system, which makes its resilience uncertain.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Generalized Portmanteau Tests Based on Subspace Methods
- Author
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ALFREDO GARCÍA-HIERNAUX
- Subjects
autocorrelación residual ,diagnosis de residuos ,test de Portmanteau ,residuos ,Statistics ,HA1-4737 - Abstract
The problem of diagnostic checking is tackled from the perspective of the subspace methods. Two statistics are presented and their asymptotic distributions are derived under the null hypothesis. The procedures are devised to deal with univariate and multivariate processes, are flexible and able to separately check regular and seasonal correlations. The performance in finite samples of the proposals is illustrated via Monte Carlo simulations and two examples with real data.
- Published
- 2013
49. West versus Far East: early globalization and the great divergence
- Author
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Dobado-González, Rafael, García-Hiernaux, Alfredo, and Guerrero, David E.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Design and implementation of a less invasive gastrostimulator
- Author
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Laurent Lonys, Anne Vanhoestenberghe, Vincent Huberty, Martin Hiernaux, Nicolas Cauche, Nicolas Julémont, Adrien Debelle, François Huberland, Vicente Acuña, Carmen Godfraind, Jacques Devière, Alain Delchambre, Pierre Mathys, and Antoine Nonclercq
- Subjects
Cortical electrical stimulation ,Stimulator characterization ,Stimulator model ,Electrode model ,Output impedance ,Medicine ,Human anatomy ,QM1-695 - Abstract
Gastrointestinal stimulator implants have recently shown positive results in helping obese patients lose weight. However, to place the implant, the patient currently needs to undergo an invasive surgical procedure. Our team is aiming for a less invasive procedure to stimulate the stomach with a gastrostimulator. Attempts covered fully endoscopic implantation and, more recently, we have focussed on a single incision laparoscopic procedure. Whatever the chosen implantation solution, the electronic design of the implant system shares many challenges. This paper covers the work achieved to meet these.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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