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1. Nanopore sequencing as a rapid tool for identification and pathotyping of avian influenza A viruses

Author

Crossley, Beate M, Rejmanek, Daniel, Baroch, John, Stanton, James B, Young, Kelsey T, Killian, Mary Lea, Torchetti, Mia K, and Hietala, Sharon K

Subjects
Microbiology, Biological Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Genetics, Pneumonia & Influenza, Influenza, Vaccine Related, Infection, Animals, Animals, Wild, Bird Diseases, Chickens, Ducks, Influenza A virus, Influenza in Birds, Nanopore Sequencing, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Poultry Diseases, Sus scrofa, Swine, Swine Diseases, Turkeys, Whole Genome Sequencing, avian influenza A virus, MinION, nanopore, whole-genome sequencing, Zoology, Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary sciences
Abstract

We report whole-genome sequencing of influenza A virus (IAV) with 100% diagnostic sensitivity and results available in 500× coverage from each of 16 reference virus isolates evaluated. Subgenomic viral sequences obtained in 3 cases using Sanger sequencing as the reference standard were identical to those obtained when sequenced using the MinION approach. An inter-laboratory comparison demonstrated reproducibility when comparing 2 independent laboratories at ≥99.8% across the entirety of the IAV genomes sequenced.

Published
2021

3. Evaluation of Fast Technology Analysis (FTA) Cards as an improved method for specimen collection and shipment targeting viruses associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Author

Liang, Xiao, Chigerwe, Munashe, Hietala, Sharon K, and Crossley, Beate M

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Infection, Animals, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex, Cattle, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Specimen Handling, United States, Veterinary Medicine, Virus Diseases, Diagnostic specimen, FTA Card, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Virology
Abstract

In order to improve the analytic quality of respiratory specimens collected from cattle for nucleic acid-based diagnosis, a study was undertaken to verify realtime PCR efficiency of specimens collected and stabilized on FTA Cards™, filter paper which is treated chemically. Nucleic acids collected using FTA Cards without the need for a cold-chain or special liquid media handling provided realtime PCR results consistent (96.8% agreement, kappa 0.923 [95% CI=0.89-0.96]) with the same specimens collected using traditional viral transport media and shipped on ice using the U.S. Department of Transportation mandated liquid handling requirements. Nucleic acid stabilization on FTA Cards was evaluated over a temperature range (-27 °C to +46 °C) for up to 14 days to mimic environmental conditions for diagnostic sample handling between collection and processing in a routine veterinary laboratory. No significant difference (P≥0.05) was observed in realtime PCR cycle threshold values over the temperature range and time storage conditions for Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Bovine Herpesvirus I. The four viruses evaluated in the study are associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex where improvements in ease and reliability of specimen collection and shipping would enhance the diagnostic quality of specimens collected in the field, and ultimately improve diagnostic efficiency.

Published
2014

4. Contributors

Author

Ainsworth, Dorothy M., primary, Aleman, Monica, additional, Angelos, John A., additional, Arroyo, Luis G., additional, Austin, Scott M., additional, Axon, Jane E., additional, Ballweber, Lora Rickard, additional, Bannasch, Danika L., additional, Barakzai, Safia Z., additional, Barrell, Emily A., additional, Barrington, George M., additional, Barton, Michelle H., additional, Bauman, Dale E., additional, Beasley, Erin McConachie, additional, Bedenice, Daniela, additional, Benson, Catherine J., additional, Benson, Dionne, additional, Betbeze, Caroline M., additional, Bickett-Weddle, Danelle A., additional, Blikslager, Anthony T., additional, A. Bohn, Andrea, additional, Bordin, Angela I., additional, Bowman, Dwight D., additional, Boyle, Ashley G., additional, Bozorgmanesh, Rana, additional, Bradford, Barry J., additional, Breuhaus, Babetta, additional, Brinsko, Steven P., additional, Browne, Nimet, additional, Buchanan, Ben, additional, Buczinski, Sébastien, additional, Burton, Alexandra J., additional, Burton, Erin N., additional, Byers, Stacey R., additional, Byrne, Barbara A., additional, Byrne, David P., additional, Callan, Robert J., additional, Cargile, Canaan Whitfield, additional, Carlson, Gary P., additional, Carr, Elizabeth A., additional, Carter, Renee T., additional, Casteel, Stan W., additional, Chaffin, M. Keith, additional, Chesen, Berkley, additional, Chigerwe, Munashe, additional, Christensen, Bruce W., additional, Chuck, Gemma, additional, Clothier, Kristin A., additional, Coetzee, Johann (Hans) F., additional, Coleman, Michelle C., additional, Collier, Robert J., additional, Cortese, Victor S., additional, Costa, Lais R., additional, Crossley, Beate M., additional, Davis, Jennifer L., additional, de Laat, Melody Anne, additional, Del Piero, Fabio, additional, Desrochers, André, additional, Dixon, Padraic Martin, additional, Dodd, Charles C., additional, Dominguez, Brandon J., additional, Dore, Vincent, additional, Duhamel, Gerald E., additional, Dunkel, Bettina, additional, Easley, Jack, additional, Ekenstedt, Kari J., additional, Ellis, John A., additional, Espinosa-Mur, Pablo, additional, Erskine, Ronald J., additional, E. Estell, Krista, additional, Evans, Timothy J., additional, Feary, Darien, additional, Fecteau, Gilles, additional, Fecteau, Marie-Eve, additional, Felippe, M. Julia B., additional, Fielding, C. Langdon, additional, Finno, Carrie J., additional, Fleming, Sherrill A., additional, Francoz, David, additional, Frank, Nicholas, additional, Fulton, Robert W., additional, Fultz, Lisa E., additional, Garland, Tam, additional, Garry, Franklyn, additional, Gemensky-Metzler, Anne J., additional, Gibbons, Philippa, additional, Giguère, Steeve, additional, Godden, Sandra, additional, Goff, Jesse Paul, additional, Gonda, Kathleen Casey, additional, Gonzalez, Liara M., additional, Grissett, Gretchen P., additional, Gunn, Alison A., additional, Gutierrez-Nibeyro, Santiago D., additional, Habasha, Faisal Ghazi, additional, Hall, Tiffany L., additional, Halland, Spring K., additional, Hallowell, Gayle D., additional, Hardy, Joanne, additional, Hart, Kelsey A., additional, Hartnack, Amanda K., additional, Heinrich, Daniel A., additional, Heller, Meera, additional, Herthel, Troy, additional, Hietala, Sharon K., additional, Hinchcliff, Kenneth W., additional, Hines, Melissa T., additional, House, John K., additional, Hovda, Lynn R., additional, Hughes, Angela M., additional, Hullinger, Pamela J., additional, Hund, Alexandra, additional, Hurley, David J., additional, James, Robert E., additional, John, Emily, additional, Johns, Jennifer L., additional, Johnson, Philip J., additional, Jones, Meredyth L., additional, Jones, Samuel L., additional, Jordan, Will C., additional, Judy, Carter E., additional, Katzman, Scott A., additional, Klein, Claudia, additional, Kreuder, Amanda J., additional, Lakritz, Jeffrey, additional, Landers, Benjamin, additional, Landolt, Gabriele A., additional, Lascola, Kara M., additional, Lassaline, Mary Elizabeth, additional, LeCouteur, Richard Andrew, additional, Lester, Guy D., additional, Leutenegger, Christian M., additional, Linton, Michelle, additional, Lofstedt, Jeanne, additional, Loinaz, Ricardo, additional, MacKay, Evelyn, additional, MacKay, Robert J., additional, Maclachlan, N. James, additional, Madigan, John E., additional, Magdesian, K. Gary, additional, Makhdoomi, Muhammad Muzafar, additional, Malone, John B., additional, Marsh, Peggy S., additional, Marshall, John F., additional, Martin, Krysta, additional, Mayo, Christie E., additional, Mazan, Melissa, additional, McArt, Jessica A., additional, McConnel, Craig, additional, McDowell, Karen, additional, McFarlane, Dianne, additional, McGill, Jodi L., additional, McGowan, Cathy, additional, McGuirk, Sheila M., additional, McNabb, Bret R., additional, Middleton, John R., additional, Millman, Suzanne T., additional, Morley, Paul S., additional, Mosier, Derek A., additional, Mostrom, Michelle, additional, Nagaraja, T.G., additional, Nichols, Sylvain, additional, Nielsen, Martin K., additional, Norman, Tracy E., additional, Norris, Jeffrey W., additional, Nydam, Daryl, additional, Oliver-Espinosa, Olimpo, additional, Parish, Steven M., additional, Pascoe, John R., additional, Payne, Michael, additional, Plummer, Caryn E., additional, Plummer, Paul J., additional, Poppenga, Robert H., additional, Pratt-Philips, Shannon E., additional, Puschner, Birgit, additional, Pusterla, Nicola, additional, Reef, Virginia B., additional, Renter, David G., additional, Reuss, Sarah M., additional, Reynolds, James P., additional, Romano, Sr., Juan E., additional, Ruegg, Pamela L., additional, Sager, Robert Bascom, additional, Sampson, Sarah N., additional, Sanchez, Chris, additional, Saulez, Montague N., additional, Schott, Harold C., additional, Sharkey, Leslie C., additional, Shearer, Jan K., additional, Slack, JoAnn, additional, Smith, Bradford P., additional, Smith, Geoffrey W., additional, Smith, Rachael L., additional, Spier, Sharon Jane, additional, Sponseller, Brett A., additional, Stämpfli, Henry, additional, St. Jean, Guy, additional, Stewart, Allison Jean, additional, Sweeney, Raymond W., additional, Swor, Tamara M., additional, Taylor, Jared D., additional, Tell, Lisa A., additional, Tennent-Brown, Brett, additional, Terra, Ronald L., additional, Théon, Alain P., additional, Tomlinson, Joy E., additional, Toribio, Ramiro E., additional, Troedsson, Mats H.T., additional, Tull, Travis M., additional, Uzal, Francisco A., additional, Valberg, Stephanie J., additional, Van Amstel, Sarel R., additional, Van Eps, Andrew W., additional, Van Metre, David C., additional, Varner, Dickson D., additional, Voyles, Meredith L., additional, Vygantas, Kristina R., additional, Walz, Paul, additional, Washburn, Kevin, additional, Waters, W. Ray, additional, Watkins, Jeffrey P., additional, Watson, Johanna L., additional, Watts, Ashlee E., additional, Weese, J. Scott, additional, White, Maurice Edward, additional, White, Stephen D., additional, Wilkins, Pamela A., additional, Williams, Jarred, additional, Williams, Kurt J., additional, Wilson, W. David, additional, Woodward, Elizabeth M., additional, Woolums, Amelia R., additional, and Wotman, Kathryn L., additional

Published
2020
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5. Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host species?

Author

Lloyd-Smith, James O, Greig, Denise J, Hietala, Sharon, Ghneim, George S, Palmer, Lauren, St Leger, Judy, Grenfell, Bryan T, and Gulland, Frances MD

Subjects
Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Animals, California, Disease Outbreaks, Endemic Diseases, Female, Leptospira interrogans, Leptospirosis, Male, Periodicity, Sea Lions, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Zoonoses, Microbiology, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

BackgroundLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease infecting a broad range of mammalian hosts, and is re-emerging globally. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have experienced recurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis since 1970, but it is unknown whether the pathogen persists in the sea lion population or is introduced repeatedly from external reservoirs.MethodsWe analyzed serum samples collected over an 11-year period from 1344 California sea lions that stranded alive on the California coast, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. We evaluated seroprevalence among yearlings as a measure of incidence in the population, and characterized antibody persistence times based on temporal changes in the distribution of titer scores. We conducted multinomial logistic regression to determine individual risk factors for seropositivity with high and low titers.ResultsThe serosurvey revealed cyclical patterns in seroprevalence to L. interrogans serovar Pomona, with 4-5 year periodicity and peak seroprevalence above 50%. Seroprevalence in yearling sea lions was an accurate index of exposure among all age classses, and indicated on-going exposure to leptospires in non-outbreak years. Analysis of titer decay rates showed that some individuals probably maintain high titers for more than a year following exposure.ConclusionThis study presents results of an unprecedented long-term serosurveillance program in marine mammals. Our results suggest that leptospirosis is endemic in California sea lions, but also causes periodic epidemics of acute disease. The findings call into question the classical dichotomy between maintenance hosts of leptospirosis, which experience chronic but largely asymptomatic infections, and accidental hosts, which suffer acute illness or death as a result of disease spillover from reservoir species.

Published
2007

11. Multiplexed molecular assay for rapid exclusion of foot-and-mouth disease

Author

Lenhoff, Raymond J., Naraghi-Arani, Pejman, Thissen, James B., Olivas, Jason, Carillo, A. Celena, Chinn, Corey, Rasmussen, Max, Messenger, Sharon M., Suer, Lynn D., Smith, Sally M., Tammero, Lance F. Bentley, Vitalis, Elizabeth A., Slezak, Thomas R., Hullinger, Pamela J., Hindson, Benjamin J., Hietala, Sharon K., Crossley, Beate M., and McBride, Mary T.

Published
2008
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16. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in captive cheetah

Author

Crossley, Beate, Hietala, Sharon, Hunt, Tania, Benjamin, Glenn, Martinez, Marie, Darnell, Daniel, Rubrum, Adam, and Webby, Richard

Subjects
Epidemics -- California -- Safety and security measures, Cheetahs -- Safety and security measures, Veterinary supplies industry -- Safety and security measures, Disease transmission -- Safety and security measures, Health
Abstract

Case Report In November 2009, during the surge of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 cases among humans and ≅ 7 months after A/California/04/2009(H1N1) was first reported in a child in southern California [...]

Published
2012
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18. Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host species?

Author

St Leger Judy, Palmer Lauren, Ghneim George S, Hietala Sharon, Greig Denise J, Lloyd-Smith James O, Grenfell Bryan T, and Gulland Frances MD

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease infecting a broad range of mammalian hosts, and is re-emerging globally. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) have experienced recurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis since 1970, but it is unknown whether the pathogen persists in the sea lion population or is introduced repeatedly from external reservoirs. Methods We analyzed serum samples collected over an 11-year period from 1344 California sea lions that stranded alive on the California coast, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. We evaluated seroprevalence among yearlings as a measure of incidence in the population, and characterized antibody persistence times based on temporal changes in the distribution of titer scores. We conducted multinomial logistic regression to determine individual risk factors for seropositivity with high and low titers. Results The serosurvey revealed cyclical patterns in seroprevalence to L. interrogans serovar Pomona, with 4–5 year periodicity and peak seroprevalence above 50%. Seroprevalence in yearling sea lions was an accurate index of exposure among all age classses, and indicated on-going exposure to leptospires in non-outbreak years. Analysis of titer decay rates showed that some individuals probably maintain high titers for more than a year following exposure. Conclusion This study presents results of an unprecedented long-term serosurveillance program in marine mammals. Our results suggest that leptospirosis is endemic in California sea lions, but also causes periodic epidemics of acute disease. The findings call into question the classical dichotomy between maintenance hosts of leptospirosis, which experience chronic but largely asymptomatic infections, and accidental hosts, which suffer acute illness or death as a result of disease spillover from reservoir species.

Published
2007
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20. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays performed on milk and serum samples for detection of neosporosis and leukosis in lactating dairy cows

Author

Walsh, Robert B., Kelton, David F., Hietala, Sharon K., and Duffield, Todd F.

Subjects
Ontario, Coccidiosis, animal diseases, Neospora, Antibodies, Protozoan, Cattle Diseases, Scientific, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Enzootic Bovine Leukosis, Antibodies, Viral, Dairying, Milk, Leukemia Virus, Bovine, Animals, Lactation, Cattle, Female
Abstract

Serum and milk samples from 1229 cows on 22 Ontario dairy farms were individually tested for antibodies specific for bovine leukosis virus (BLV) and Neospora caninum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies against BLV were present in 361 serum samples (29.4%) and 369 milk samples (30.0%). Comparing the 2 tests, agreement was almost perfect (k = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.90) and the proportions of samples positive were not significantly different (P = 0.56). Both tests identified the same 3 herds free of bovine leukosis virus. Antibodies against N. caninum were detected in 138 serum samples (11.2%), and 111 milk samples (9.0%). Agreement between the 2 tests was moderate (k = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.59). Four herds were free of neosporosis by the serum test, while 10 herds were negative by the milk test. The ELISA on milk samples facilitates sample collection to classify herds free of BLV; the milk N. caninum ELISA was less reliable in predicting herd-level infection.

Published
2013

21. Neospora caninum and Leptospira serovar serostatus in dairy cattle in Ontario

Author

Peregrine, Andrew S., Martin, S. Wayne, Hopwood, Douglas A., Duffield, Todd F., McEwen, Beverly, Hobson, Jamie C., and Hietala, Sharon K.

Subjects
Leptospira, Coccidiosis, animal diseases, Neospora, Antibodies, Protozoan, Cattle Diseases, Scientific, Abortion, Veterinary, bacterial infections and mycoses, Antibodies, Bacterial, Parity, Pregnancy, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, parasitic diseases, bacteria, Animals, Cattle, Female, Leptospirosis, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Serotyping
Abstract

No significant association existed between Neospora caninum titer and serostatus to Leptospira serovar hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, or pomona in cattle on 78 dairy herds in Ontario. Leptospira titer increased with parity. Amongst herds not vaccinated against Leptospira, the proportions of herds withor = 1 animal seropositive to serovar hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, or pomona were 45%, 42%, and 58%, respectively.

Published
2006

24. Persistent Infection and Sub-Clinical Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Transmission in Dairy Calves

Author

Hietala, Sharon K., Thurmond, Mark C., Rush, Donald M., and Munoz-Zanzi, Claudia

Subjects
Animal health, Virus transmission, Transmission (medicine), viruses, animal diseases, Sub clinical, Herd, virus diseases, Biology, Viral diarrhea, Clinical disease, Virology, Virus
Abstract

Clinical disease associated with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) has been well documented in the literature and includes respiratory, enteric, hemorrhagic, and reproductive problems. While sub-clinical presence of BVDV in herds is also acknowledged, its significance and impact on animal health and herd economics are not well understood. The objective of our ongoing study is to understand BVDV transmission and how the virus becomes established at a sub-clinical level in typically managed herds. In the first phase of the project, reported here, we focused on identifying sources and extent of BVDV transmission in dairy herds., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2001

Published
2001
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26. Strategies to control neospora infection in cattle

Author

Thurmond, Mark and Hietala, Sharon

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Diagnostic methods, biology, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), animal diseases, Prevalence, medicine.disease, Herd health, biology.organism_classification, Neospora caninum infection, Coccidiosis, Neospora, parasitic diseases, medicine, business, Herd prevalence
Abstract

The paper reviews herd health strategies to control Neospora caninum infection in cattle by discussing the usefulness of herd prevalence information, diagnostic methods, control of congenital infection and postnatal transmission., The Bovine Practitioner, No. 29 (1995 September)

Published
1995
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37. A Multilaboratory Evaluation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test for the Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Cattle

Author

Dargatz, David A., primary, Byrum, Beverly A., additional, Collins, Michael T., additional, Goyal, Sagar M., additional, Hietala, Sharon K., additional, Jacobson, Richard H., additional, Kopral, Christine A., additional, Martin, Barbara M., additional, McCluskey, Brian J., additional, and Tewari, Deepanker, additional

Published
2004
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40. Surveillance for detection of foot-and-mouth disease

Author

Bates, Thomas W., primary, Thurmond, Mark C., additional, Hietala, Sharon K., additional, Venkateswaran, Kodumudi S., additional, Wilson, Terry M., additional, Colston, Bill W., additional, Trebes, Jim E., additional, and Milanovich, Fred P., additional

Published
2003
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42. Estimation of receiver-operating characteristic curves to determine accuracy of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of Brucella infection in domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle

Author

Fosgate, Geoffrey T., primary, Adesiyun, Abiodun A., additional, Hird, David W., additional, Johnson, Wesley O., additional, Hietala, Sharon K., additional, Schurig, Gerhardt G., additional, and Ryan, Joseph, additional

Published
2003
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