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Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to assess the economic and socio-environmental costs of the urban delivery of small shipments in difficult weather conditions with a combination of different delivery means - a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle and a pedestrian courier. Methodology. The methodology for determining the integrated costs of urban logistics for small shipments in difficult weather conditions is based on an assessment of the region's synoptic data, statistics on road accidents and congestion levels, as well as on the specific operating conditions of the delivery company. Results. The result of the work is the cost of combining all-season delivery means with a motorcycle and a bicycle, which can only be used under favorable weather conditions. The theoretical contribution. The theoretical contribution consists in the presentation of a methodology that makes it possible to estimate the complex costs of a combination of various urban delivery means. Practical implications. Practical implementation consists in calculating the total costs for the delivery of goods for an online store in Kyiv with various combinations of delivery means, which allows to choose the most successful alternative.

In the present research, Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) adequacy is assessed through a three-dimensional approach, which associates road visibility in terms of grade effect. SSD adequacy is controlled through the difference between the available and the required SSD. The research is focused on a right turned, two lane rural road, associated with a crest vertical curve for a given speed value. The road design is in accordance with the Greek Road Design Guidelines (OMOE-X, 2001) by utilizing the control design parameters for a design speed of 80 km/h and a wide range of grade values, where the vertex point of the crest vertical curve is positioned at fixed points along the road axis. The investigation is based on a vehicle speed exceeding the design speed by 20 km/h. In total 1874 cases of compound alignments were examined and the results revealed that the available sight distance is decreasing while grade increases. The vehicle speed on the tangent sections was proved unacceptable in terms of providing SSD adequacy. However, it was found that SSD adequacy is granted when the vertical vertex falls inside the circular arc of the curve’s horizontal alignment, while the optimum area is defined shortly before the horizontal vertex point.

This review presents publication trends, characteristics, and quality of systematic reviews (SRs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antihypertensive drugs (AHTDs). Between 1985 and 2017, 1,173 SRs were published, and in the last 20 years, 10, 35, and 116 were published in the year 1996, 2006, and 2016, respectively. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were the most common class of drugs studied. Fourteen percent of the SRs were prospectively registered/published protocol. Three‐fourth of the SRs did not report a full search strategy, and 45% did not report a PRISMA or similar diagram. Of the 34 SRs published in the five high impact factor journals in the last 10 years, 15%, 21%, and 65% have unclear, low, and high risk of bias, respectively. There has been a steady increase in the publication of SRs of RCTs of AHTDs. However, adherence to standard methods of conduct and reporting continues to be low., Between 1985 and 2017, 1,173 SRs of antihypertensive drugs (AHTDs) were published. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were the most common class of drugs studied. Fourteen percent of the SRs were prospectively registered/published protocol. Three‐fourth of the SRs did not report a full search strategy, and 45% did not report PRISMA diagram. Of the 34 SRs published in the five high impact factor journals in the last 10 years, 15%, 21%, and 65% have unclear, low, and high risk of bias, respectively. There has been a steady increase in the publication of SRs of RCTs of AHTDs. However, adherence to standard methods of conduct and reporting continues to be low.

The conclusion section of the article is an essential part as it is the last chance and to conclude the article. But this very essential part of the article was usually considered a part of the Discussion section of a research article, the one exception being Yang and Allison's (2003) study of the final section where they found conclusion as part-genre. For current research, the researcher randomly chose 15 high impact factor research articles across three different disciplines from social sciences. All the conclusion sections were selected from high impact factor research articles, published between 2008 and 2013. A Four-move model adapted from Yang and Allison (2003) and Bunton (2005) models are used to analyze the selected corpus for the current research. The analysis shows that there is an agreement between both corpora in classifying the moves as obligatory or optional. While Move 1, summarizing, and Move 2, evaluating, are obligatory, Move 4, future research is conventional; however, there is a difference in Move 3. M3, practical implications are optional in social sciences research articles. However, there are also several variations between the conclusion section in the corpus and the suggested model of analysis. The study concludes that these variations between the conclusion and the proposed model indicate that writers should choose the moves that best serve their purposes rather than including all the moves.

The study aimed to investigate the characteristics of 500 research article titles in nursing and explore any differences between the three types of journals: international high impact factor journals, domestic journals published in Japanese, and domestic journal published in English. The nursing article titles showed significant differences according to the journal type, which indicates the danger of generalizing discipline-specific norms. The results also showed that the article titles of international high impact factor journals show significant differences in four features: style, length, structure, and content. These results are useful, especially for novice writers who use English as a foreign language.

The study examines the pattern of growth of papers published by CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT) during 1990-2019; identifies most prolific authors and their citation impact, communication pattern of scientists in terms of journal publishing country and impact factor of these journals as well as the pattern of domestic and international collaboration. Analysis of data indicates a consistent growth of output during the study period except a decline in 2019-2020. Publications appeared in journals published from the advanced countries of the West and more than half of the papers were published in medium, high and very high impact factor journals. The output is highly scattered in terms of journal publication as one-third of the papers were published in 28 journals. Only about 8% papers remained uncited and rest were cited one or more times. Of the 20 highly cited papers, six women scientists acted as first author. The study found that more than half of the papers were published in domestic and international collaboration. USA was the most collaborating country and academic institutions were found to be most domestic collaborating institutions in India as well as abroad. Among all the Indian institutions, Guru Nanak Dev University (Amritsar) was most collaborating domestic institution and University of Vienna, Austria from abroad.

With vast range of applications in real life situations, the Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) have been the subject of countless studies since the late 1950s. However, a more realistic version of the classical VRP, where the distribution of goods is done from several depots is the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem (MDVRP), which has been the central attraction of recent researches. The objective of this problem is to find the routes for vehicles to serve all the customers at a minimal cost in terms of the number of routes and the total distance travelled without violating the capacity and travel time constraints of the vehicles, and it is handled with a variety of assumptions and constraints in the existing literature. This survey reviews the current status of the MDVRP and discuss the future direction regarding this problem.

Many believe that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites. However, quantifications of how features of reference lists affect citations remain sparse. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this period, significant changes occurred in reference lists’ features. On average, more recent papers have longer reference lists and cite more high Impact Factor papers and fewer non-journal publications. We also show that highly cited articles across the ecological literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful references, and include more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal span of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists, at least in ecology.

Uma revisao sistematica do impacto da Teoria da Rainha Vermelha (TRV) foi realizada desde o ano da sua formulacao em 1973 ate 2018. Publicada ha 45 anos, a TRV tenta elucidar a manutencao do sexo ao longo da arvore da vida, considerando os custos inerentes aos envolvidos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi identificar, tendencias, lacunas e sistemas biologicos onde a TRV e valida em diferentes disciplinas relacionadas a biodiversidade. Houve uma frequencia variavel de citacoes e um aumento das publicacoes na ultima decada. Quanto ao numero de publicacoes, todos os principais paises sao ricos: Estados Unidos da America, Inglaterra e Suica. As revistas de alto fator de impacto foram responsaveis por 30 % dos artigos publicados e os estudos de nivel populacional, compostos por 70 % das publicacoes, provavelmente porque os artigos da TRV estudaram a coevolucao interespecifica, quando abordados pela perspectiva ecologica. A maioria dos artigos focou em invertebrados e microorganismos, superando as publicacoes com vertebrados e plantas. As publicacoes abrangeram todas as disciplinas relacionadas com a biodiversidade, mas a Biologia Evolutiva e a Ecologia foram as mais predominantes. Isso demonstra o potencial aumento do impacto, visibilidade e discussao da teoria refletida em estudos de ciencias naturais de longo prazo, contribuindo para o aumento do apoio financeiro e questoes que abordam outros grupos taxonomicos e niveis ecologicos, tornando-se historicamente uma fonte de subsidio teorico de informacao. RED QUEEN'S LEGACY FOR BIODIVERSITY: TRENDS ON STUDIES DEVELOPED AFTER OVER FOUR DECADES OF FORMULATION: A systematic review of the impact of the Red Queen Theory (TRV) has been conducted from the year of its formulation in 1973 until 2018. Published 45 years ago, the TRV attempts to elucidate the maintenance of sex throughout the tree of life, considering the inherent costs to those involved. The aim general objective of the work was to identify, trends, gaps and biological systems where TRV is valid in different disciplines related to biodiversity. There was a variable citation frequency and an increase in publications in the last decade. Regarding the number of publications, all the main countries are rich: United States of America, England and Switzerland. High impact factor journals accounted for 30 % of the published articles and Population level studies composed 70 % of publications, likely because the TVR articles studied interspecific coevolution, when approached by the ecological perspective. Most papers focused on invertebrates and microorganisms, surpassing publications with vertebrates and plants. Publications encompassed all disciplines related to biodiversity, but Evolutionary Biology and Ecology were the most predominant. This demonstrates the potential increase in impact, visibility, and discussion of the theory reflected in long-term natural science studies, contributing to increased financial support and issues that address other taxonomic groups and ecological levels by becoming historically a source of information. theoretical allowance.

Poplars, a fast-growing species, enjoy a high significance in Iran’s industry. So far, information on poplar plantation, such as area, volume, and harvest, has been obtained by non-scientific and poor methods. A few studies have been conducted to recognize capability of poplar plantation about area, volume, harvest, distribution, and species in three high efficient provinces, i.e., Eastern/ Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Kermanshah, and Ardabil. A Cluster sampling a standard sampling method for conducting similar researches was selected, consisting of two phases. In the first phase we collected library information and half-open interview from villagers. In the second phase field measurement in the villages of these four provinces was considered. Obtained information from field measurement was erected poplar volume, cultivated poplar area, prevalent species and estimating volume via volume and weight tables. Results obtained from the present study indicate that average annual utilization volume of four provinces was 172628.84 m3, with an average error of 14.19 percent.

This article describes the Village Companion (PD) contribution for the management of the Village Fund in order to achieve village development goals. The study was conducted in Air Periukan Village, Seluma District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. This study is very interesting to study because Desa Air Periukan has a very good development of rural development compared to other villages. The position of the village 4 years ago in the village category was very lagging behind. However, in 2018 Air Periukan village is in the category of Developing Villages and is able to manage village potential to the full. The data sources in this study are secondary data and primary data. The research informants were 5 village apparatus, 2 village facilitators and 5 community members who accidentally met at the time of the study. The results showed that the existence of village facilitators contributed to the management of village funds. Village Facilitators are able to empower the community so that the Village Apparatus is able to carry out development planning in accordance with community needs sourced from the Village Fund.

Scientific results traditionally disseminate to the scientific community via scientific journals. Studies’ importance is assessed through the number of citations in those journals. The medialization concept postulates an increasing orientation of science towards the mass media. Here, taking up this concept, we hypothesized that if science is indeed medialized, studies reported in newspaper will receive a higher number of citations. Three studies, focusing on publications in a few prestigious scientific journals and a single year, already concluded towards a citation’s advantage for studies featured in the press. Here, we analyzed the citation counts of 496 biomedical studies published between 1988 and 2013 in 38 distinct peer-reviewed journals with impact factors ranging from 5 to 51.7. To disentangle the effects of the impact factor and of the media coverage on the citation counts, we associated studies covered in English-speaking newspapers with similar studies (i.e. on the same subject published the same year and in the same scientific journal) not reported in the press. We confirmed that, for the whole period, studies reported in newspapers received on average more citations. Comparing across three impact factor levels, we showed that the citations’ advantage was more pronounced for lower impact factors (IF

Scholarly authorship confers recognition and prestige and is used for promotion and tenure. In this commentary, the authors discuss a form of guest authorship known as authorship commerce (AC). This is an extreme example of misconduct, linked to bribery, which is potentially underestimated because it is difficult to detect. Pressure to publish in high impact factor open access journals (with often high publishing fees), combined with funding policy constraints, can facilitate AC. Proactive solutions include giving junior researchers more awareness of the unethical behavior, explicit guidelines that forbit it, author declarations, ethical publication incentives and metrics, lower publishing fees, as well as more effective fee discount and waiver programs. Anonymous and protected whistleblowing channels can be used to report AC.

Background:. Inappropriate referencing of the existing literature has the potential to propagate false information. Quotation errors are defined as citations in which the referenced article fails to substantiate the authors’ claims. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of quotation errors in high-impact general orthopaedic and sports medicine journals and to determine whether there are article or journal-related factors that are related to the rate of inaccuracies. Methods:. A total of 250 citations from the 5 orthopaedic and sports medicine journals with the highest impact factors in 2019 (per Journal Citation Reports) were chosen using a random sequence generator. Reviewers rated the chosen citations by comparing the claims made by the authors with the data and conclusions of the referenced source to determine whether quotation errors were present. Logistic regression was utilized to assess for article- and journal-related factors related to the rate of quotation errors. Results:. The overall quotation error rate was 13.6%. A total of 2.8% of the claims were completely unsubstantiated. The number of quotation errors did not significantly differ between the included journals. Single citations were significantly more likely than string citations to result in citations that could not be fully substantiated (χ2 = 4.57; odds ratio = 2.22; 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 4.66; p = 0.03). No relationship was found between the rate of quotation errors and the total number of citations in the article, study type, or the graded level of evidence of the article. Conclusions:. Quotation errors in high-impact factor orthopaedic and sports medicine journals are common. This is particularly important given the higher likelihood that studies in these journals are cited elsewhere, thus propagating the inaccuracies. Efforts from both authors and journals are needed to reduce quotation errors in the orthopaedic literature.

Introduction: The process of scientific publishing changed greatly in the past decades. The authors aimed to get insight into the time required for articles to be accepted and released online in high-impacted ophthalmology journals. Methods: Comprehensive review of all original articles published by eight ophthalmology journals during a one-year period was performed for 2020 and 2005. Time taken from submission to acceptance and the first online release of the article was abstracted and analyzed. Results: A total of 3110 articles were reviewed. In 2020, the overall median time from submission to acceptance (AT) was 119 days (IQR 83-168) and 30 days (10-71) from acceptance to the first online release of the article (OP). AT increased by 7.3% from 2005 to 2020, whereas OP reduced by 73%. Publications, which the corresponding author was affiliated with US-located institution had shorter both AT and OP in 2005 and 2020. The author’s specialty in ophthalmology had an inconclusive impact on AT and OP. Papers with multiple affiliated institutions had shorter AT and OP in both 2005 and 2020; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that increasing pressure on authors, editors, and reviewers to publish articles and journals with high impact factor (IF) significantly influenced publication times in ophthalmology journals. Inflation of research papers was associated with rising AT time. A significant decrease in OP time was potentially explained by the editor’s demand to achieve decent journal IF. This article brings to light relative publication times in the ophthalmology scientific journals.

BackgroundDespite progress that has been made in the treatment of many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), there remains a need for improved treatments. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest form of evidence on the effectiveness of a potential new treatment regimen, but they are extremely expensive and time consuming to conduct. Consequently, much focus has been given in recent years to innovative design and analysis methods that could improve the efficiency of RCTs. In this article, we review the current use and future potential of these methods within the context of IMID trials.MethodsWe provide a review of several innovative methods that would provide utility in IMID research. These include novel study designs (adaptive trials, Sequential Multi-Assignment Randomised Trials, basket, and umbrella trials) and data analysis methodologies (augmented analyses of composite responder endpoints, using high-dimensional biomarker information to stratify patients, and emulation of RCTs from routinely collected data). IMID trials are now well-placed to embrace innovative methods. For example, well-developed statistical frameworks for adaptive trial design are ready for implementation, whilst the growing availability of historical datasets makes the use of Bayesian methods particularly applicable.To assess whether and how these innovative methods have been used in practice, we conducted a review via PubMed of clinical trials pertaining to any of 51 IMIDs that were published between 2018 and 20 in five high impact factor clinical journals.ResultsAmongst 97 articles included in the review, 19 (19.6%) used an innovative design method, but most of these were relatively straightforward examples of innovative approaches. Only two (2.1%) reported the use of evidence from routinely collected data, cohorts, or biobanks. Eight (9.2%) collected high-dimensional data.ConclusionsApplication of innovative statistical methodology to IMID trials has the potential to greatly improve efficiency, to generalise and extrapolate trial results, and to further personalise treatment strategies. Currently, such methods are infrequently utilised in practice. New research is required to ensure that IMID trials can benefit from the most suitable methods.

Objective:This study aimed to presentcharacteristics of internationally published articles about emergency medicineoriginating from Turkey between 2002-2012 years.Methods:For our evaluation, all articlesabout emergency medicine published in Science Citation Index and ScienceCitation Index Expanded between 2002-2012 years were included. The articleswere categorized according to subjects, hospitals, departments, years. TheInternational Scientific Indexing Web of Knowledge was searched for allarticles.Results: A total of 1812 articles were included. Of allarticles, 64,3% (n=1165) were published in the last five years. Publications inthe last five years were detected to increase at a rate of 4,6% per year. 78,1% (n=1416) of the articles were published in non-Emergency Medicine journals.“Turkish Clinics” journal in the non-Emergency Medicine journals group, with 46articles, and the "Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery" in theEmergency Medicine group, with 134 articles, were the preferred journals. Themost popular subjects were trauma, at 14,7% (n=266), followed by emergencymedicine and management, at 14% (n=253). Conclusion:Significant publication growth wasdetected related to the development of Emergency Medicine in Turkey. The preference of non- Emergency Medicine journals, trauma as the most popular subject, and theeffect of university hospitals were the interesting results of this study. Thelow number of multicenter trials and published articles in high impact factorjournals have led us to consider the importance of publication quality, whichrequires additional effort., Amaç:Türkiye'de Acil Tıp alanındauluslararası literatürde yayınlanmış bilimsel çalışmaların genel karakteristiközelliklerini ortaya koymaktır. Gereçve Yöntem: Değerlendirme için ABD’de ScienceCitation Index ve Science Citation Index Expanded 'ta 2002-2012 yıllarıarasında Acil Tıp alanında yayınlanan makaleler seçilmiştir. Seçilen makalelerkonulara, hastanelere, bölümlere ve yıllara göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırmabilgisayar ortamında “International Scientific Indexing Web of Knowledge”kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular:Çalışmaya dâhil edilen 1812makalenin %64,3’ünün (n=1165) son 5 yılda yayınlandığı, son beş yılda artışoranının yılda %4,6 olduğu saptandı. Tüm makalelerin %78,1’lik (n=1416) biroranı acil tıp kategorisi dışındaki dergilerde yayınlanmıştır. Bu kategoride enpopüler dergi 46 makale ile "Türkiye Klinikleri" dergisi olurken, acil tıpkategorisinde ilk sırayı 134 makale ile "Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi" almıştır. En sık travma %14,7 (n=266) ve acil tıp ve yönetimi %14 (n=253)konularında makale gönderilmiştir. Sonuç: Türk acil tıbbındaki gelişmelere paralel olarakuluslararası bilimsel yayınların sayısı da her geçen yıl katlanarakartmaktadır. Acil tıp kategorisi dışındaki dergilerin daha çok tercih edilmesi,acil tıp konulu yayınların çokluğu, üniversite hastanelerinin katkısı dikkatçekicidir. Çok merkezli ve etki faktörü yüksek dergilerde yayınlanançalışmaların azlığı yayın sayısı kadar yayın kalitesi konusuna da önem verilmesigerektiğini düşündürmektedir.

The aim of this article is to review and present the most important studies published in the field of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during 2018. These studies were presented in a lecture given on this topic at the Endorama Meeting in Patras, Greece, in January 2019. In order to identify the most important and relevant articles, a search in the English language was conducted in PubMed for publications up to the end of December 2018, with special attention paid to publications in high impact factor journals. The highlights of the main Diabetes Meetings [ADA (American Diabetes Association) and EASD (European Association of Diabetes)], as well as Medscape, were also reviewed. Last but not least, press releases regarding advances in the diagnosis and treatment of T2DM were considered. We finally selected and discussed important studies concerning diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of this very common clinical entity (19 studies). The majority of studies were clinical trials dealing with new therapeutic tools for treatment of the disease, with the greatest focus being on GLP-1RA. We also presented in brief the main points of new guidelines published for T2DM by various scientific societies (3 sets of guidelines). During 2018, not only leading diabetes associations published guidelines on the disease, but also societies belonging to other primary scientific fields. This is indicative of the awareness of physicians and scientists that T2DM constitutes today a major health problem and of the need for public health strategies for its treatment and prevention.

Scientific articles and journals represent a knowledge network, and the distribution of articles among journals with different impact factors highlight a structure of the network. We found a large gap in the publication pattern of sustainability with research published in either high or low impact factor journals, but not middle-range impact factor outlets. This distribution stands in contrast to established disciplines, which maintain a continuous gradient across low to high impact factor journals. The bi-modal publication pattern of sustainability may reflect the variation in the significance of the topics addressed by sustainability researchers or the youthful stage of sustainability as a scientific field. The sustainability publication gap may hamper communication among sustainability scientists and delay the consolidation of the field. Simultaneously, it may assist sustainability from becoming a research silo, nurturing and strengthening the integrative character of its research.

استهدفت الدراسة الکشف عن الاتجاهات الحديثة في توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة. واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي لتحقيق هدفها. وقد تمثلت أبرز نتائج الدراسة في أن ثمة اتجاهات حديثة في توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة؛ کالاتجاه نحو الشراکة بين الجامعات والمؤسسات الإنتاجية والخدمية، والتغيير المخطط في أهداف البحوث وعملياتها، وتسويق البحوث العلمية، وإدارة المعرفة، وأخيرا الاتجاه نحو إدارة الموارد البشرية واستقطاب الکفاءات. کما توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من المتطلبات التي يمکن من خلالها توظيف الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات في مجال اقتصاديات المعرفة، والتي کان من أهمها نشر الإنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس من خلال الکتب والتقارير والمقالات وبحوث المؤتمرات والدوريات العلمية المتخصصة ذات المستوى العلمي الرفيع، وتدريب أعضاء هيئة التدريس على النشر الالکتروني لنتاجهم العلمي على شبکة الانترنت، والاعتداد بالإنتاجية العلمية المؤسسة على العمل الفريقي وعدم الاقتصار على الأعمال الفردية، وکذا تبادل الإنتاجية العلمية بين أعضاء هيئة التدريس من ذوي التخصصات المتعددة والمتباينة من خلال الحوار التأملي بحلقات النقاش العلمية، وتسويق الإنتاجية العلمية من خلال الإعلام بها، والتأسيس لبناء الإنتاجية العلمية في ضوء متطلبات اقتصاد المعرفة والتوجه العالمي لها، وفي ضوء مردودها في تحقيق أهداف المجتمع والمساعدة على حل مشکلاته، هذا بالإضافة إلى تشجيع أعضاء هيئة التدريس على إجراء البحوث التعاقدية التي تتمتع بميزانية مرصودة ومحددة سلفا ومدة زمنية متفق عليها ونتائج قابلة للتطبيق. The current study aimed at investigating the contemporary trends in functioning the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy. The descriptive method was utilized to attain the study objectives. The most prominent results attained revealed that there are many contemporary trends in utilizing the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy such as: the orientation toward partnership between universities, production and service institutions, planned change in research objectives and operations, marketing scientific research, knowledge management, human resources and attraction of talents. The study also showed a number of requirements that assist in functioning the scientific productivity of the university faculty members in the field of knowledge economy such as: the dissemination of scientific productivity of the university faculty members via books, reports, articles, conferences, scientific journals of high impact factor, training the university teaching staff to disseminate their research electronically, emphasizing the scientific productivity based on the team work as well as individual work, exchanging scientific productivity among the university teaching staff with different specializations via scientific discussion rings, marketing scientific productivity through the media, constructing scientific productivity in the light of the requirements of the knowledge economy and global orientation and in the light of its effect on achieving the objectives of the community and resolving its problems and encouraging the university faculty members to conduct research with a predefined budget, agreed time and applicable results.

Objectives. The aim of the current study was to analyze the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the field of acupuncture research. Methods. The Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve lists of 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the field of acupuncture research. Two authors screened literature, extracted data, and analyzed the results. Results. The citation number of the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses varied from 65 to 577; they were published between 1989 and 2018. Fourteen authors published more than 1 study as the corresponding author and 10 authors published more than 1 study as the first author. In terms of the corresponding authors, Edzard Ernst and Linde Klaus published the most systematic reviews/meta-analyses (n = 7). The USA published most of the systematic reviews or meta-analyses (n = 24), followed by England (n = 23) and China (n = 14). Most institutions with more than 1 study were from England (4/13). The institutions with the largest numbers of most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses were the Technical University of Munich in Germany, the University of Maryland School of Medicine in the USA (n = 8), the Universities of Exeter and Plymouth in England (n = 6), and the University of Exeter in England (n = 6). The journal with the largest number of most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses was the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (n = 20), followed by Pain (n = 6). Conclusion. Our study reveals that the 100 most-cited systematic reviews or meta-analyses in the acupuncture research field are mostly from high impact factor journals and developed countries. It will help researchers follow research hot spots, broaden their research scope, expand their academic horizons, and explore new research ideas, thereby improving the quality of acupuncture research.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine, using PubMed, the number of articles in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation medicine originating in Japan, especially those containing high-quality scientific evidence (randomized controlled trials [RCTs], systematic reviews, meta-analyses) and those published in high impact factor journals. Methods: We searched the PubMed database to identify articles, RCTs, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from Japan covering physical medicine and rehabilitation published between 2001 and 2019; we then calculated the proportion of articles from Japan. Additionally, using Journal Citation Reports, we selected the top ten highest impact factor journals on “Rehabilitation” each year between 2001 and 2019. For each year, we searched PubMed for the total number of articles in these top ten journals and for articles originating in Japan. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to evaluate the change in the proportion of publications from Japan over time. Results: The proportion of articles on physical medicine and rehabilitation originating in Japan increased from 2001 to 2019 (P

We warmly thank all the colleagues who have enthusiastically participated in the project of this Special Issue on “2D Ultra-Thin Carbon Films”, considering a globally unfavorable context characterized by (i) a myriad of publication options; (ii) strong pressure, by the highly competitive research (and researcher) funding and evaluation system, to publish in high impact factor journals, specifically for topics of worldwide interest; and (iii) all sorts of restrictions imposed by the sanitary crisis [...]

Encuestamos a 348 investigadores de Psicología y Educación en España, sobre temas como su percepción de una crisis en la ciencia, su confianza en la calidad de los resultados publicados y el uso de prácticas de investigación cuestionables (QRP). También se recogieron sus percepciones respecto a la presión por publicar y la competencia académica. Los resultados indican que una gran parte de la muestra de académicos españoles piensa que existe una crisis en la Ciencia, principalmente por falta de inversión económica, y duda de la calidad de los hallazgos publicados. También sienten una fuerte presión para publicar en revistas de alto factor de impacto y un clima laboral altamente competitivo. We surveyed 348 Psychology and Education researchers within Spain, on issues such as their perception of a crisis in Science, their confidence in the quality of published results, and the use of questionable research practices (QRP). Their perceptions regarding pressure to publish and academic competition were also collected. The results indicate that a large proportion of the sample of Spanish academics think there is a crisis in Science, mainly due to a lack of economic investment, and doubts the quality of published findings. They also feel strong pressure to publish in high impact factor journals and a highly competitive work climate.

Purpose: To examine the absolute number and the proportions of articles published in general high-ranked ophthalmology journals for each ophthalmic subspecialty during the last decade, and to examine the publishing trends over the study period. Methods: All original articles published between January 2010 and December 2019 in the selected general clinical ophthalmic journals were included in the study. All abstracts of original articles were reviewed and deemed to be related to 1 of the 11 ophthalmic subspecialties. Results: Six journals and 10,232 abstracts were reviewed. Articles focused on medical retina were the most common in the last decade (35.22%) while articles focused on strabismus were the least common (2.11%). The total number of articles published per year decreased during the last decade ( p Conclusions: During the last decade, there have been differences in the proportion of publications of different ophthalmology subspecialties in high impact factor journals. This probably derives from demographic changes and advances in diagnosis and treatment. The proportion of articles focused on medical retina was the highest during all years while the proportion of articles focused on strabismus was consistently the lowest.

Background To explore the performance status of Chinese postgraduate medical students in literature searching. Methods A self-designed online questionnaire was used to assess the literature search performance of postgraduate students (PGSs) from the classes of 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 from two medical colleges. The items of the questionnaire mainly included: the demographic characteristics of the PGSs, methods of literature review, literature reading habits, and use of literature. We also designed a self-assessed score that ranged from the lowest 1 point to the highest 5 points. Results A total of 902 PGSs (482 male, average age: 29.4±5.8 years old, working time range: 0-10 years, average 3.7±2.4 years) completed the questionnaire. Most PGSs investigated literature only at the work tasks (632, 70.1%) and writing papers (571, 63.3%) stages. Of the PGSs, 542 (60.1%) PGSs searched literature frequency (≥1 paper/week), and 114 (12.6%) did not perform advanced searches, and some had no knowledge of advanced search techniques at all. Most PGSs had not read more than 100 Chinese articles or English articles before. Most PGSs were used to read articles from the most authoritative journals (665, 73.7%) or high impact factor (IF) (540, 59.9%). PGSs (845, 93.7%) only read the full text of articles they deemed important. Of the PGSs, 441 (48.9%) did not use literature management tools. For self-assessed score of literature searching and reading skills, the mean was 2.1 (standard deviation, 0.8). Reading literature efficiently (710, 78.7%) and tracking recent literatures (615, 68.2%) were the two needed literature skills reported. Conclusions Chinese medical PGSs still have room for improvement in relation to literature investigation. Intensive training in literature searching should be given to improve their performance.

Rice is fundamental need for Indonesia and most of its citizens are occupied as farmers. In Ploso, Jombang, there are several big grain mills. The enterprises must be clever to respond many obstacles on their business, that way will minimize their loss and increase profit. Loss factor in grain mills lay on the mistake when they made calculation of price estimation, one of them is grain damage. The calculation commonly used among farmer is the price of grain is divided by damage grain. This study was descriptive qualitative research to reveal factors that affected rice price based on damage grain calculation in mill enterprise located in Ploso, Jombang Regency. The study was conducted in four months from February 2019 to May 2019 which took place in UD Santoso located in Ploso, Jombang Region. The study has resulted that grain yield must be considered by rice millers as factors in affecting rice price based on damage grain calculation. To avoid it, there must be socialization for farmer and mill owner about factors that affect grain yield, rice price expectation based on grain price and solution about how to minimize grain loss.

This paper investigates the impact of individual characteristics (gender, age, education level, and marital status) and regional influences on unemployment duration of young in Tunisia using data from the Panel Study of Tunisia Labor Market 2014 (TLMPS 2014). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the survival function are presented (used) to analyze the determinants of unemployment duration. Results point (out) significant differences between men and women in the difficulty of getting a first job. These differences consist mainly in the following points. First, education appears as a highly positive factor in reducing the duration of unemployment, particularly for women. Second, the rural – urban gap continues to be significant in this context. Third, residents of regions with higher unemployment rates, all else equal, have longer duration of unemployment. In all regions, women have relatively longer duration of unemployment. Fourth, the unemployed persons from the age group 25-30 years have a higher probability of remaining unemployed. Fifth, married women have significantly longer duration than married men before finding jobs. These results may be useful and can improve the implementation of adequate policies on the Labor market of Tunisia by identifying vulnerable groups of persons that look for employment.

Objective To identify and describe the use of the GRADE approach for rating the certainty of evidence in nutrition systematic reviews (SRs). Study design and setting We systematically searched for SRs using GRADE that were published between 2015 and 2019 in the 10 “nutrition” journals with the highest impact factor according to the JCR 2018. Results Out of 800 SRs, 55 SRs of randomized control trials (RCTs) and/or nonrandomized studies (NRSs) used GRADE. Forty-seven SRs (5.9%) rated the outcome specific certainty of evidence (n = 36 in 2018/2019). We identified a total of 465 certainty of evidence outcome ratings (n = 335 RCT ratings), ranging from very-low (28.8%) to low (41%), moderate (26.5%), and high (3.7%). Very-low and high certainty of evidence ratings accounted for 61.4% and 0.8% of ratings in SRs of NRSs, compared to 16.1% and 4.8% in SRs of RCTs. Certainty of evidence was downgraded mostly for risk of bias (37.8%) and imprecision (33%) in SRs of RCTs and for imprecision (32.7%), risk of bias (29.4%) and inconsistency (29%) in SRs of NRSs. Conclusion Our study suggests a need for directing more attention toward strengthening acceptance of GRADE as well as building knowledge of the GRADE methodology in nutrition evidence synthesis.

Objective: Our primary objective was to determine the journal efficiency by measuring the timelag in the acceptance and publication of scientific findings by a journal on behalf of the authors upon submission. Methods: This paper is a part of an ongoing series that is aimed to address the journal efficiency of all journals in the general medical, neurology, mental health, and public health domains. For this part, we selected the annals of Indian academy of neurology. To collect necessary efficiency parameters, we assessed the latest issue of the journal, and collected details about the dates of submission, acceptance, and publication of original research articles. All data was entered in MS-Excel and, after that, the time lag between each step was calculated by using simple mathematical formulae. Results: The journal published a total of 11 original research articles in its latest May-June 2020 issue. The average timelag from submisson to acceptance (step-1) was 40.1 (95%CI 14.6-65.5, range 2-126) days, while the timelag between article submission and its publication (step-2) was 283.3 (95%CI 173.4-393.2, range 37-522) days. The percent difference in the delay from article acceptance to its publication was 150.4% higher than for acceptance alone of the article. Conclusions: We affirm that the journal had a reasonable average timelag between article submission and its acceptance; although it varied upto 126 days. Moreover, the journal fails grossly in efficiency parameters by having a timelag of 150.4% more for final publication after acceptance, and an average delay of 283.3 (95%CI 173.4-393.2) days for publication, and took upto 522 days for publishing the accepted articles. Such unethical timelag disadvantages the authors alone, corrupts the entire publication ecosystem, and, also, brings up many questions regarding the possible repurcussions of such delays on the author’s profession, mental health, and academic returns, etc. due to journal inefficiency. We consider that it is a high time that the journals start to realize their duties and obligations towards their authors pertaining to their efficiency. Full text fully-formatted PDF text version and Speech Abstract©: academiaandEgnyteandpr@mail.euclid.int

It is said that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites, but the properties of high-quality reference lists have never been numerically quantified. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 primary research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this 20-years period, there have been significant changes in reference lists’ properties. On average, more recent ecological papers have longer reference lists, cite more high Impact Factor papers, and fewer non-journal publications. Furthermore, we show that highly cited papers across the ecology literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful papers, and account for more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal range of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists.

Aim To present a scientometric analysis of the entire body of scientific publications in the field of vital pulp therapy (VPT) and analyse the research trends and popular topics. Methodology A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the Web of Science and Scopus databases on 21 August 2020 to identify all articles related to VPT. The publications were reviewed and basic research parameters were collected, including publication year, patterns of authorship, geographical distribution of scientific productions, journals, h-index, study design and keyword analysis. Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were used for the citation analysis of the ten top cited articles. The data were analysed using VOSviewer and visualized by tables and diagrams. Results In total, 1197 VPT-associated items were identified from 64 countries in 176 journals. The majority of papers were published in the Journal of Endodontics. The United States of America was the leading country for number of publications, citations, h-index and collaborations. The distribution of articles based on study design was as follows: basic science (35%), clinical (27%), observational studies (26%) and review publications (12%). The most frequently occurring keywords were pulpotomy, mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide and direct pulp capping. Conclusions This scientometric analysis outlines the evolutionary trends and the productivity of researchers and countries in the field of vital pulp therapy. Research output is dominated by basic science articles involving innovative materials published in high impact factor dental journals.

BackgroundsObservational studies plays an important role in urology studies, But few studies have paid attention to the statistical reporting quality of observational studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and evaluate the reporting quality of statistical methods of the published observational studies in urology.MethodsThe five urology journals were selected according to the 5-year impact factor. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed for relevant articles. The quality of statistical reporting was assessed according to assessment criteria.ResultsA total of 193 articles were included in this study. The mean statistical reporting score of included articles was 0.42 (SD=0.15), accounting for 42% of total score. The items that must be reported with a reporting rate more than 50% were: alpha level (n=122, 65.2%), confidence intervals (n=134, 69.4%), name of statistical package (n=158, 84.5%) and exact P-values (n=161, 86.1%). The items with a reporting rate less than 50% were: outliers (n=2, 1.0%) and sample size (n=13, 6.7%). For multivariable regression models (liner, logistic and Cox), variables coding (n=27, 40.7%), validation analysis of assumptions (n=58, 40.3%), interaction test (n=43, 30.0%), collinearity diagnostics (n=5, 3.5%) and goodness of fit test (n=6, 5.9%) were reported. Number of authors more than 7(OR=2.06, 95%CI=1.04-4.08) and participation of statistician or epidemiologist (OR=1.73, 95%CI=1.18-3.39) were associated with the superior reporting quality.ConclusionThe statistical reporting quality of published observational studies in 5 high-impact factor urological journals was alarming. We encourage researchers to collaborate with statistician or epidemiologist. The authors, reviewers and editors should increase their knowledge of statistical methods, especially new and complex methods.

Being the most proliferative journal of oncology a cancer research of the past decade, the Open Access journal Oncotarget had reached more than 20,000 publications and a relatively high impact factor score in the past years. In 2018, the journal citation report decided to withdraw the status of an impact factor journal. Since there was a large discussion in the scientific community and specific reasons for the withdrawal were not stated, this bibliometric analysis was performed to assess if Oncotarget exhibits any differences in its bibliometric structure compared to other journals. For this purpose, we used the “New Quality and Quantity Indices in Sciences” platform and analyzed 20,000 Oncotarget articles. Density equalizing mapping technique helps to construct maps of cancer research in Oncotarget and shows that it has led to a unique global landscape which is not asymmetrically dominated by the Western hemisphere but exhibits a publishing architecture with a pronounced emphasis on Chinese articles.

Background Informed consent confers upon participants the right to decline or accept participation in a study in equal measure. Consent declines can be used as a potential metric to assess the adequacy of the informed consent process. Limited literature is available on the reporting of consent declines in Clinical Research. We evaluated randomized controlled trials published in three high-impact factor journals for consent declines (four-year period) to assess the extent of exertion of autonomy by research participants. Methods CONSORT flow charts in RCTs published in New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) between 2012 and 2015 were evaluated. The total and per journal proportion of RCTs reporting consent declines was calculated. Percentage of consent declines was also compared based on number of centers (single centric vs. multicentric) and type of setting (developed vs. developing). Between-groups analysis was done using Chi Square, Chi Square for trend and a Crude odds ratio [95% C.I] (cOR) were calculated. Results Only 3.7% (1103/29,825) of the published articles were RCTs. Of the 1103 RCTs, only 532 (48.2%) reported consent declines. JAMA had the highest RCTs reporting consent declines (171/267.64%), the Lancet [129,150/781,924, 16.5%] had the most participants declining consent. Difference was significant using Chi square for linear trend [ p Conclusion Both authors and journal editors need to ensure better reporting of consent declines.

Career progression in academic medicine is partly influenced by publication productivity. There has been a significant increase in female authorship over a 35-year time period at both the first and senior authorship positions in 3 high impact factor neurology journals in the United States. While these trends are encouraging, a sex gap remains. Institutions/departments may wish to consider further strategies for trainees and faculty that can help to maintain momentum and narrow the gap further.

Background In this study, we aimed to evaluate the inclination of orthodontic research published in original articles in three of the most popular and recognized orthodontic journals with high impact factor; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJODO), the Angle Orthodontist (AO), and European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO) published in a 5-year duration time frame (2010–2014). Materials and Methods Online search with supplementary hand searching was undertaken for original research articles in these three orthodontic journals from 2010 to 2014. Classification of data was completed autonomously by manual and direct appraisal of the manuscript of each journal. Results and Conclusion Three thousand one hundred and forty articles published in AJODO, AO, and EJO in the particular time period were selected, out of which 1783 original research study articles (56.78%) were appraised for classification in their various respective knowledge domains. AO (82.73%) and EJO (76.99%) were relatively more committed toward publication of research work in comparison to AJODO (34.55%). Research articles based on perception and questionnaires (12%), temporary anchorage devices (11%), cone-beam computed tomography (8%), invisible orthodontics (lingual orthodontics, clear aligners, esthetic brackets, and wires) (5%), and airway examination (5%) were the five most recurrently selected subjects of interest (41%) in these three journals during the observation period. The total number of research articles published in the three journals reduced statistically significantly in 2014 when compared to 2010.

Engineering properties of stones have a crucial importance when they are used for civil engineering works. In this study, the suitability of rocks blocks or stones as a construction material is established. Cove and Dan cities surroundings in the southern part of Zou Province have large blocks and aggregates quarries operated recently. In this study, laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the performance of rocks blocks and aggregates quarried in the region. For this purpose of the study, three wooden containers with rocks blocks and aggregates samples were collected from three different quarries, and so, laboratory tests including particle density and water absorption test, resistance to wear, magnesium sulfate test, compressive strength and methylene blue absorption test were performed in accordance with the international standards to explore the quality of stones to be used for modern construction. Concluding that rocks blocks and aggregates satisfy the relevant regulation (that is, a norm, European standard).

Background:Changing the traditional p value significance level from 0.05 to 0.005 has been proposed as one remedy to the common ill understanding and use of the p values (1-2) especially leading to poor reproducibility. It was then reported that this change would decrease the number of statistically significant primary end points in randomized controlled trials (RCT) reported during 2017 in 3 main general medical journals by 1/3 (3).Objectives:We reasoned that the same change would affect in the right direction the significance conclusions more in observational studies (OS) in that OS generally have retrospective or cross-sectional designs, looser study inclusion criteria, many potential confounders and post – hoc analyses.Methods:We surveyed how the 0.05 to 0.005 change would affect the OS in the same 3 journals in reference 3 for the same year (2017) and in another year (2002), included to better assess the validity of our findings. RCT were also surveyed for both time periods. Two authors (MO, ZTD) surveyed all studies. Disagreements were settled by HY. Differing from the previous study (3) we analyzed the p values as related to the primary end points only in the abstracts. The RCT and OS between January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2002 and January 1, 2017 -December 31, 2017 in N Engl J Med, Lancet and JAMA were included.Results:Among the RCT in 2017 the decrease in the number of significant p values was quite similar between what was reported (3) and the current study (Table) (29.3 vs 30.0%) supporting the validity of the slightly different methodology we used. We were however surprised to see that changing the significance level to 0.005 did not decrease the number of significant p values in OS as compared to the RCT. In fact the percentage decrease in RCT was statistically significantly less in 2002 and numerically in 2017 (Table).Table.OS and RCT in 2002 and 2017OS (2002)RCT (2002)Number of articles305211Total number of p values related to primary outcome(s)323322p260(80.4)240(74.5)p190(58.8)121(37.5)Reductionin significant number of p values* (%)70(26.9)P=0.011119(49.5)OS (2017)RTC (2017)Number of articles167200Total number of p values related to primary outcome(s)187257p162 (86.6)173(67.3)p125(66.8%)121(47.0%)Reductionin significant number of p values* (%)37(22.8)P=0.5552(30.0)RCT:Randomized Controlled TrialsOS: Observational Studies*Number of p values Conclusion:Contrary to our initial reasoning we now realize that changing the traditional p threshold will not decrease the number of significant p values more in OS than in RCT. A limitation of our work was that we surveyed only 3, high impact factor, general medicine journals. We envisage that in studies with smaller sample sizes more commonly published in journals with lower impact factors, the proposed change in the significance threshold would be more useful. Smaller sample sizes lead to more unstable, fickle p (4) values and changing the threshold would conceivably more or less stabilize this fickleness both in OS and RCT.References:[1]Ioannidis JPA. The proposal to lower p value thresholds to .005. JAMA. 2018;319:1429-30.[2]Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Johannesson M, Nosek BA, Wagenmakers EJ, Berk R,et al. Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav. 2018;2:6-10.[3]Wayant C, Scott J, Vassar M. Evaluation of lowering the p value threshold for statistical significance from .05 to .005 in previously published randomized clinical trials in major medical journals. JAMA. 2018;320:1813-15.[4]Halsey, Lewis G., et al. The fickle P value generates irreproducible results. Nature methods. 2015;12:179-185.Disclosure of Interests:None declared