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The pile bearing capacity is considered as the most essential factor in designing deep foundations. Direct determination of this parameter in site is costly and difficult. Hence, this study presents a new technique of intelligence system based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-group method of data handling (GMDH) optimized by the imperialism competitive algorithm (ICA), ANFIS-GMDH-ICA for forecasting pile bearing capacity. In this advanced structure, the ICA role is to optimize the membership functions obtained by ANFIS-GMDH technique for receiving a higher accuracy level and lower error. To develop this model, the results of 257 high strain dynamic load tests (performed by authors) were considered and used in the analysis. For comparison purposes, ANFIS and GMDH models were selected and built for pile bearing capacity estimation. In terms of model accuracy, the obtained results showed that the newly developed model (i.e., ANFIS-GMDH-ICA) receives more accurate predicted values of pile bearing capacity compared to those obtained by ANFIS and GMDH predictive models. The proposed ANFIS-GMDH-ICA can be utilized as an advanced, applicable and powerful technique in issues related to foundation engineering and its design.

The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is a widely used experimental technique for studying the mechanical properties of materials at high strain rates. There are two kinds of loading methods applied in the SHPB technique, namely one-side loading and symmetric loading. However, the experimental accuracy of the two loading methods is affected by the interface contact. The present study focused on the inadequate contact caused by the misalignment of the pressure bars. The commercial software ABAQUS was used for simulations. The result shows that the inadequate contact caused by the alignment of the bars has a non-negligible effect on the calculated results. Compared with the one-side loading Hopkinson pressure bar, the symmetric loading Hopkinson pressure bar has a more relaxed requirement for the alignment of the bars. The conclusion arrived at in this paper can help researchers to make a reasonable choice between one-side and symmetric loading Hopkinson pressure bars according to actual requirements.

The paper summarizes the results of research of the destruction of an ice block with cylindrical and spherical penetrators at low velocity (≤325 m/s). The behaviour of ice at high strain rates is described by an elastic–plastic model of continuum mechanics. Numerical modelling of penetration is performed with IMPACT computer code. Algorithms of splitting nodes and destroying elements in a Lagrangian numerical method were modified to solve problems of penetration and perforation. The fracturing is described by a deterministic fracture model. Crack paths are examined; the damage is predicted and compared with existing experimental results. It was found that in the subsonic range of initial velocities the penetration time did not exceed 0.3 ms. Examination of the penetrators’ shapes showed that they were not plastic deformed.

A influência da velocidade de carregamento no comportamento de geo-materiais e, por decorrência, na estimativa de seus parâmetros constitutivos se constitui em um dos desafios da engenharia geotécnica. Durante eventos dinâmicos ou carregamentos rápidos, como terremotos, o solo exibe comportamento distinto daquele observado ao longo da vida útil da estrutura, gerando poro pressões elevadas e tensões cisalhantes mobilizadas pela parcela de escoamento viscoso. No outro lado do espectro, baixas taxas de deformações produzem drenagem parcial durante o cisalhamento e, nestes casos, a resistência mobilizada não corresponde a comportamento não-drenado. Este artigo discute o comportamento de solos quando submetidos a uma ampla gama de taxas de deformação, discutindo efeito das condições de drenagem necessárias para a transição entre uma resposta drenada a velocidades de deformação baixas, para uma resposta não-drenada ou viscosa especialmente em ensaios realizados a altas taxas de deformação. O artigo reúne pesquisas desenvolvidas no Brasil e em Portugal, enfatizando suas contribuições à prática de projetos geotécnicos.

Mechanical components are frequently subjected to severe cyclic pressure and/or temperature loadings. Therefore, numerical and analytical low cycle fatigue methods become widely used in the field of engineering to estimate the design fatigue lives. The primary aim of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used numerical and analytical low cycle fatigue life methods for specimens made of 316 LN austenitic stainless steel and subjected to fully reversed uniaxial tension–compression loading, in the room temperature condition. It was found that both maximum shear strain and Brown–Miller criterions result in a very conservative estimation for uniaxially loaded specimens. However, maximum shear strain criteria provide better results compared to the Brown–Miller criteria. The total strain energy density approach was also used, and both the Masing and non-Masing analysis were adopted in this study. It is found that the Masing model provides conservative fatigue lives, and non-Masing model results in a more realistic fatigue life prediction for 316 LN stainless steel for both low and high strain amplitudes. The fatigue design curves obtained from the commonly used analytical low cycle fatigue equations were reexamined for 316 LN SS. The obtained design curves from Langer model and its modified versions are nonconservative for this type of material. Consequently, the authors suggest new optimized parameters to fit the given test data. The obtained curve using the currently suggested parameters is in better agreement with the experimental data for 316 LN SS.

Background. Students are exposed to numerous stress factors. The large number of demands and high strain can lead to a higher drop-out rate. For this reason, the aim of the study is to examine and comparing the experience of stress among German and international students during their studies under adaptation to generally stressful conditions. The international students performed a complete study program in Germany. Methods. Data from 194 students (41.8% women, 58.2% men) were evaluated. The average age of the participants was 23.0±3.44 years. Our sample consisted of 80 international students. The questionnaire on strains during the study (and at the workplace) was used. We registered the frequency and the intensity of the stress factors in everyday study life. We factor analysed the 34 stress items, which gave five main stress factors. We then looked at the differences between German and international students on these factors, while adjusting for generally stressful conditions. Results. The most important stressors were unfavourable working hours, incompatibility of tasks, climate, excessive demands, high responsibility, lack of information, social isolation, emotional strain and financial problems. The stressors differed in 17 out of 34 stressors in the groups of students of different origin. The international students experienced more physical and psychosocial strain and they experienced resources less often than German students did, but if they felt them, it was more intense. Conclusions. Strains during studies and their individual demands vary. German and international students have different perceptions of stress during study programs. There is a need for health promotion and prevention programs, which should be integrated during study.

Objectives To assess the relationship between social factors (socio-economic status, household load and job strain) and chronic pain occurrence, and the role of gender in this relationship. Methods We used data corresponding to 8 years of follow-up of the Stockholm Public Health Cohort Study (2006–2014) to compute Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) and additive interaction measures of chronic pain episodes, social factors, and sex in 16 687 subjects. Results For men, increased rates of chronic pain occurrence were observed for skilled workers (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.61) and lower non-manual employees (IRR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.78), compared with unskilled workers; subjects with high household load (IRR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.88), compared with those with a null score; and subjects with active jobs (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.51), compared with those with low-strain jobs. For women, we observed decreased rates of chronic pain occurrence in lower (IRR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.99), intermediate (IRR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.88) and higher non-manual employees (IRR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.79), compared with unskilled workers. Compared with subjects with a null score, women with low household load showed a lower rate of chronic pain occurrence (IRR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.00). Compared with subjects with low-strain jobs, those with passive jobs (IRR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.44) and high-strain jobs (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.09) showed higher rates of chronic pain occurrence. Conclusion In general, our analysis yielded different, if not opposite, results when data were stratified by sex. Sex may then represent an effect modifier of the relationship between social factors and chronic pain.

Purpose of review Resource limitation, or capacity strain, has been associated with changes in care delivery, and in some cases, poorer outcomes among critically ill patients. This may result from normal variation in strain on available resources, chronic strain in persistently under-resourced settings, and less commonly because of acute surges in demand, as seen during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Recent findings Recent studies confirmed existing evidence that high ICU strain is associated with ICU triage decisions, and that ICU strain may be associated with ICU patient mortality. Studies also demonstrated earlier discharge of ICU patients during high strain, suggesting that strain may promote patient flow efficiency. Several studies of strain resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic provided support for the concept of adaptability - that the surge not only caused detrimental strain but also provided experience with a novel disease entity such that outcomes improved over time. Chronically resource-limited settings faced even more challenging circumstances because of acute-on-chronic strain during the pandemic. Summary The interaction between resource limitation and care delivery and outcomes is complex and incompletely understood. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a learning opportunity for strain response during both pandemic and nonpandemic times.

Ultra high performance– Fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) is a newly developed building material that has major advantages in terms of high strain ability and high compressive and tensile strength, which is useful for strengthening or repairing concrete members. Web openings are usually constructed in simple reinforced concrete (RC) beams in the shear zones that occasionally demand the crossing of water or sewage pipes and utility cables to accommodate the utility. The presence of opening has a remarkable effect on the ultimate strength of (RC) beams and the beams failed due to shear. This research analyzes numerically simple RC beams with opening strengthening using a UHP-FRC plate. Through the computer program ABAQUS, a numerical study focusing on the nonlinear analysis of finite elements was carried out. The FEM was verified using the experimental studies simple RC beam with/without openings were cast and tested. The UHP-FRC plates were used on both sides of the RC beam around the opening. The numerical study was carried out to investigate the impacts of using UHP-FRC plates with five different thicknesses (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) mm with constant width 100mm and three different plates with width (50,70 and100) mm with constant thickness 20mm. The result showed that the use of plates thickness from 10 to 20 mm increased the ultimate loads about 52.99% to 62.81%, the use of plates thickness from 30up to 50 mm could not provide any enhancement in the ultimate loads, and the use of plates with different width from 50 up to 100 mm increased the ultimate loads about 23.91% to 62.81%. Overall, the strengthening technique using UHP-FRC plate of RC beam with the opening significantly enhance the ultimate load, ductility and shear strength. الخرسانة فائقة الأداء-المسلحة بألياف (UHP-FRC) هي مادة بناء مطورة حديثا ولها مزايا رئيسية من حيث القدرة العالية على الإجهاد وقوة الانضغاط والشد العالية، وهو أمر مفيد لتقوية أو إصلاح العناصر الخرسانة. عادة ما يتم إنشاء فتحات عرضية في الکمراتالخرسانية المسلحة البسيطة في مناطق القص التي تتطلب أحيانا عبور أنابيب المياه أو الصرف الصحي وکابلات المرافق لاستيعاب المرافق. وجود الفتحة له تأثير ملحوظ على قدرة تحمل الکمرات الخرسانية المسلحة ويحدث الانهيار نتيجة قوى القص.يحلل هذا البحث عدديا تدعيم الکمرات الخرسانية المسلحة البسيطة المزودة بفتحات باستخدام شريحة من الخرسانة فائقة الأداء المسلحة بألياف. من خلال برنامج الکمبيوتر ABAQUS، تم إجراء دراسة عددية ترکز على التحليل غير الخطي للعناصر المحدودة. تم التحقق من التحليل العددي باستخدام الدراسات التجريبية عن طريق صب واختبار عدد 2 کمرة خرسانيةمسلحة(مع / بدون فتحات). تم استخدام ألواحمن الخرسانة فائقة الأداء المسلحة بألياف على جانبي الکمرة الخرسانية المسلحة حول الفتحة. أجريت الدراسة العددية لبحث تأثير استخدام ألواح UHP-FRCمن الخرسانة فائقة الأداء المسلحة بألياف بخمس تخانات مختلفة (10،20،30،40، 50) مم بعرض ثابت 100 مم وثلاث ألواح مختلفة بعرض (50،70 ،100) مم مع سمک ثابت 20 مم. أظهرت النتائج أن استخدام الألواح بسمک من 10 إلى 20 مم أدى إلى زيادة الأحمال النهائية بحوالي 52.99٪ إلى 62.81٪، واستخدام الألواح بسمک من 30 إلى 50 مم لا يمکن أن يوفر أي تحسين في الأحمال النهائية، واستخدام الألواح بعرض مختلف من 50 إلى 100 مم زاد الأحمال النهائية بنسبة 23.91٪ إلى 62.81٪. بشکل عام، تعمل تقنية التدعيم باستخدام الواح من الخرسانة فائقة الأداء المسلحة بألياف للکمرة الخرسانية المزودة بفتحة على تعزيز الحمل النهائي والليونة وقوة القص بشکل کبير.

Granite is a common construction material that is widely used in the various types of structures, but its dynamic behavior is not clearly understood. To investigate the uniaxial compressive behavior of the granite under high strain rates compression, three groups of specimens with the same aspect ratio (0.5) but different diameters were tested with two large split Hopkinson pressure bar systems with respective diameters of 60 and 155 mm. The latter allowed the large specimen with diameter up to 150 mm to be employed in the compressive tests. Brittle fracture was the main failure pattern in the dynamic tests. The fragment size decreased with the increasing strain rate, ranging from 21 to 286 s−1. The percentage of the fragments with small sizes ( 20 mm) decreased. The incomplete stress–strain curves corresponded to the incomplete fragmentation of the specimens. The representative stress–strain curve of each impact velocity was developed using a mathematical model. The dynamic strength of the 50-mm- and 60-mm-diameter specimens were identical, while that of the 150-mm specimens was larger at the same strain rate level. The dynamic increase factor was 1.0 at higher strain rates. The energy absorption density increased with the impact velocity, dynamic strength, and strain rate. Two groups of representative curves were developed to describe the relationships between the energy absorption density, strain rates, and dynamic strength.

This study aims to assess the viability of waste tire chips as sand reinforcement for enhancing the performance of shallow foundations. Detailed experimental investigation is carried out to analyze the behavior of model footing placed on sand reinforced with waste tire chips, and the observed improvement is quantified in terms of a non-dimensional factor, bearing capacity ratio (BCR). The influence of variation of several factors such as the content of tire-chip reinforcement, the extent of tire reinforced sand zone, footing shape, the effect of submergence, and scale effects on BCR has also been studied. Test results indicate significant improvement in BCR validating the effectiveness of tire chips in improving the bearing capacity of sand. The optimum tire content, depth of reinforced zone, and width of the reinforced zone are recommended as 30%, 1B-2B, and 3B-5B, respectively (B is the width of the footing), where BCR increased to more than 5 under both low strain and high strain conditions. It was also established that submergence of the reinforced soil and shape and size of footing did not have a significant influence on the BCR. Moreover, the performance of tire chip-reinforced sand is found to be better than both fiber- and geogrid-reinforced sand. Bearing capacity increase of up to 1.89 times and 2.40 times was observed in tire chip-reinforced sand in comparison to fiber- and geogrid-reinforced sand, respectively. On the whole, the significant improvement in BCR and the better performance of tire chips over other alternatives ascertain that bulk utilization of tire wastes in shallow foundations has immense potential for effective waste management of large stockpiles of tires and can prove to be an economical and sustainable solution for the construction industry.

Dynamic formulae are a widely used expedient for the control of driven piles to ensure load capacity. These formulae have considerable limitations when used in the prediction of the load capacity on their own, but are very useful in the control of a piling when combined with other tests. This technical note presents an evaluation of the Danish Formula for 54 precast concrete piles, comparing its results with High Strain Dynamic Tests (HSDTs), Static Load Tests (SLTs) and predictions by a semi-empirical static method (Aoki & Velloso, 1975). The data used in the comparison come from three works in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All piles were driven with free-fall hammers and in one particular work the piles were relatively short. The predictions of the Danish Formula were evaluated in relation to the pile length/diameter ratio. It was concluded that for short piles - with lengths less than 30 times the diameter - this formula indicates bearing capacities higher than the actual ones. A correction for a safe use of the Danish Formula for short piles is suggested.

The paper computationally investigates the explosive forming of the oxygen-free high thermal conductivity (OFHC) copper tube subjected to five different explosives. To investigate the effect of explosive type on the formability of OFHC copper tube, commonly used explosives, including C-4, TNT, HMX, Comp-B, and PBXN, was compared by using the finite element method. To verify the developed finite element model (FEM), the explosive forming experiments were carried out by using C-4. In the simulations, Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method to model the large deformations, Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equations of state (EOS) to define the explosive properties and Johnson-Cook (J-C) strength and damage models to specify the metal’s mechanical behavior were utilized. Besides, Hillerborg’s fracture energy was calculated with the Charpy impact test results and given as input to the FEM. The results of FEM were compared and verified using the results of explosive forming tests considering the mesh density and friction coefficient. The simulations revealed that the explosive type affected both the final shape and also the strain rate of the copper tube. When the simulation results for C-4 was taken as reference, HMX and PBX-N increased the strain rate as 110%, roughly. However, Comp-B and TNT reduced the strain rate by nearly 10% and 22%, respectively. Also, the explosive type changed the final hardness of the metal. OFHC Copper had the lowest hardness (112.7 HV) when the simulations were conducted with TNT. In contrast, the highest hardness value (129.5 HV) was reached when HMX was used in the simulations. In addition, simulations put forth that Hillerborg’s fracture energy criteria could be used in the explosive simulations to predict the damage on the metals.

[...]the authors offered recommendations and research opportunities (e.g., learn from extreme work environments such as the military or bush fire brigades) to identify “factors that help employees function well—even when experiencing high strain levels.” [...]the article focused more on managers and other white-collar employees, even if implicitly, rather than others (e.g., frontline staff, gig workers, contract workers, and freshly unemployed/underemployed) who have been severely affected by the pandemic. [...]the authors take a decidedly organizational perspective and shift the burden of managing the fallout of the pandemic to employees and governments. The complex interplay between organizations, their work settings, and societies present opportunities for I-O psychology scholars to examine the implications of micro-organizational research to the societal level, combining “managerial/organizational relevance” with “societal relevance.” [...]I-O psychologists need to expand their primary constituencies to include the broader society, which is meant to benefit from the activities of businesses.

Hydrogels and organogels, as two crucial representatives of soft materials, have attracted immense interest. However, they develop independently along two parallel lines, and these gels with single networks have their inherent drawbacks. For example, hydrogels tend to freeze, and organogels are usually brittle. Herein, organogels were incorporated into a hydrogel matrix for the synthesis of organohydrogels GOHs through polymerization in Pickering emulsion. The rigid organogel domains contribute to enhancing the strength of organohydrogels. Besides this, the organogels derived from 12-HAS self-assembly behavior exhibit a gel-sol transition when the temperature reaches 70 °C, thus leading to a thermo-softening behavior in the GOHs. Due to the phase transition of organogel domains and the elastic hydrogel network, the resultant organohydrogels demonstrate high-strain shape-memory performance (over 1000%) which could help achieve full recovery in seconds. Consequently, GOHs are endowed with the potential of practical application in soft robots, wearable devices, and biological materials.

In this review, the evolution of high strain Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based lead-free piezoceramics and their multilayer actuators has been explored. First, in terms of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based ceramic materials, the origin of high strain, the typical chemical modification methods of obtaining large strain and extrinsic factors affecting the large strain are discussed. Then it briefly summarizes the problems existing in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based ceramics for multilayer actuator applications. Strategies to optimize strain performance by means of microstructure control and phase structure design are also discussed. Thereafter, in terms of multilayer actuator, we describe its characteristics, applications and preparation process systematically, as well as the recent development of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based multilayer actuator. At last, perspectives on directions of following work and promising fields for the applications of the materials and their devices are presented.

In the hemodynamic study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has shown that high wall shear stress (WSS) is an important parameter in cerebral aneurysm formation. However, CFD analysis is not more realistic than fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis given its lack of considering the involvement of vascular structures. To investigate the relationship between the hemodynamic parameters and the aneurysm formation, the locations of high WSS and high strain were extracted from the CFD and FSI analyses, respectively. Then the distances between the aneurysm formation site and the locations of high WSS or high strain were calculated. A total of 37 intracranial paraclinoid aneurysms were enrolled for quantitative comparison. Additionally, the dura mater was modeled to facilitate realistic results in FSI analysis. The average distance from the location of the aneurysm formation site to the high strain (1.74 mm $$\pm $$ ± 1.04 mm) was smaller than the average distance to the high WSS (3.33 mm $$\pm $$ ± 1.18 mm). The presence of dura mater also influenced the findings in the aneurysm formation site. High strain extracted by FSI analysis is an important hemodynamic factor related to the formation of cerebral aneurysms. Strain parameter could help to predict the formation of aneurysms and elucidate the appropriate treatment.

In this study, the flexural resistance of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRCs) containing different fiber volume content, under static and dynamic flexural loading was investigated. Thirty-six specimens of UHPFRCs, size 0.5x0.5x210 (mm), reinforced with 0.5%, and 1.5% volume of smooth steel fiber (d=0.2 mm, l=19 mm) were cast and tested by three-point bending test, under the static load (strain rate 1.67x10-5 s-1) and high acceleration load (strain rate up to 210 s-1). Experimental results show that the flexural strength of UHPFRCs increases significantly when the fiber reinforcement content increases. In addition, as the loading speed increases, the flexural resistance of the material also increases. The flexural strength of UHPFRC material reinforced with 0.5 and 1.5% of fiber volume content was 17.7 and 30.0 MPa at static loads, increased to 23.6 and 51.92 MPa at a loading rates of 110 s-1 and 28.86 and 61.04 MPa at loading rate of 210 s-1.

Edge flames are a canonical two-dimensional flame structure appearing in lifted jet flames and in the growth and repair of flame holes in nonpremixed turbulent combustion. Computational studies of ...

This paper presents the compressive behavior of tortoise carapace at high strain rates and its protection mechanisms under impact loading. Both experimental and numerical results are reported. Tortoise is a land-based desert-dwelling animal taxonomically classified in the order of Testudines. The carapace is the dome-shaped upper part of the tortoise shell that protects its body from predator attacks. The carapace structure is composed of four layers formed as a composite structure with a porous core. The outer surface is keratin scutes made of fibrous structural proteins. The remaining layers are bone-like materials which are dorsal cortex, cancellous interior and ventral cortex. The compressive behavior at high rate of deformation is examined using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. The results shown in the stress-strain plot illustrate a strain-rate hardening effect. The impact test is conducted using a gas gun with 6.35-mm diameter steel bearing balls as projectiles. The responses of carapace sample under a range of impact velocities are investigated to analyze its protection mechanisms. The numerical model of impact test is created to obtain an insight into mechanical behaviors of the carapace structure that cannot be observed in the experiments. The strain rate dependent material model is defined based on the SHPB test results. The distributions of stress and rebound velocity are presented and discussed.

The shape memory polymers (SMPs) are one of the most evolved classes of stimuli-responsive polymers that can attain a temporary shape and retrace back to the original shape when excited with a stimulus. The advantages of these materials being lightweight and possessing high strain recovery ability make them one of the most vogue materials in the realms of applied medical sciences. The following perspective is an author’s reflection on how these materials have evolved since its inception. Moreover, the article revisits some of the growing trends in the area of these smart materials, touching upon the latest developments, such as 4D printed SMPs. In an attempt to blend both the applications and the technology, the perspective provides a succinct overview of the expanding boundaries of the SMPs employed to fabricate medical devices. To illustrate the versatility of shape morphing polymers in the applied medical sciences and biomedicine including vascular, orthopedic, and neuronal applications

Cyclophanes are an admirable class of macrocyclic and cage compounds that often display unusual properties due to their high strain and unusual conformations. However, the exploration of new, complex cyclophanes has been encumbered by syntheses that can be low yielding, require harsh reaction conditions, and arduous purification steps. Herein, we discuss our work using metalloid-directed self-assembly and dynamic covalent chemistry to form cryptands. These were then subjected to mild conditions to produce discrete disulfide, thioether and hydrocarbon macrocycles in high yields. ‘Design of Experiments’ was then used to selectively synthesize targeted macrocycles from complex mixtures.1 Introduction2 Cryptands to Cyclophanes3 Functionalizable Macrocycles4 ‘Design of Experiments’ Targeted Synthesis5 Conclusions and Outlook

Natural resilin possesses outstanding mechanical properties, such as high strain, low stiffness, and high resilience, which are difficult to be reproduced in synthetic materials. We designed high resilient elastomers (HREs) with a network structure to mimic natural resilin on the basis of two natural abundant polymers, stiff cellulose and flexible polyisoprene. With plasticization via mineral oil and mechanical cyclic tensile deformation processing, HREs show ultrahigh resilience, high strain, and reasonable tensile strength that closely mimic natural resilin. Moreover, the mechanical properties of HREs can be finely tuned by adjusting the cellulose content, providing the opportunity to synthesize high resilient elastomers that mimic different elastic proteins, such as elastin.

A 6061 Aluminium alloy with Silicon carbide as the reinforcing agent is implemented as composite constituent. The reinforcement content is diversified in terms of weight percentage. Further, the casted specimens are made to experience high strain through means of “Equal channel angular extrusion” wherein grain enhancement takes place leading to improvement in its tribological and mechanical characteristics with no alteration in the cross section. The extruded samples are tested for advancement in the properties and comparative analysis is conducted for better conclusion which inferred as improvement in the properties of the ECAPed specimen although casted AMC revealed considerable improvement, hence increasing its level of applicability to various domains.