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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a chronic disease caused by the accumulation of fat in the liver related to overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and high levels of triglycerides and leads to an increased cardiovascular risk. It is considered a global pandemic, coinciding with the pandemic in 2020 caused by the 'coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19). Due to COVID-19, the population was placed under lockdown. The aim of our study was to evaluate how these unhealthy lifestyle modifications influenced the appearance of metabolic alterations and the increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 6236 workers in a Spanish population between March 2019 and March 2021. Results: Differences in the mean values of anthropometric and clinical parameters before and after lockdown were revealed. There was a statistically significant worsening in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in the insulin resistance scales, with increased body weight, BMI, cholesterol levels with higher LDL levels, and glucose and a reduction in HDL levels. Conclusions: Lockdown caused a worsening of cardiovascular risk factors due to an increase in liver fat estimation scales and an increased risk of presenting with NAFLD and changes in insulin resistance. Keywords: COVID-19; insulin resistance; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background and objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a greater incidence in the most disadvantaged social classes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the level of cardiovascular risk in cleaning workers. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study in 46.632 cleaning workers (40.169 women and 6.463 men). Thirty-one different scales related to cardiovascular risk were studied (14 assessing overweight and obesity, 5 determining the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 5 scales of cardiovascular risk, 4 atherogenic indices, and 3 scales of metabolic syndrome, among others). The results obtained were divided between personnel who perform their cleaning tasksin the hotel and catering industry and those in other sectors. Results: The prevalence of obesity and arterial hypertension in cleaning workers was over 20% in both sexes. A similar amount was observed in moderate or high values on the REGICOR (Registre GIroní del COR) scale. More than 15% presented metabolic syndrome according to the NCEP ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Program III) criteria, while over 10% of women and 20% of men had a high risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease assessed with the fatty liver index. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk is higher, in both sexes, in the group of cleaning workers who work in companies other than hotels.

Background: Diabesity is a growing problem internationally. Taking into account the importance of physical activity and diet in its prevention and treatment, the objective of this study was to delve into the impact of healthy habits on diabesity. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 386,924 Spanish adult workers. Obesity was determined according to eleven different formulas. Life habits were also valued; sociodemographic variables; and educational level; as well as analytical and clinical variables such as blood pressure and blood glucose levels. The association between the different variables was performed using the chi-square and the Student’s t-tests when the samples were independent. A multivariate analysis was performed using the multinomial logistic regression test by calculating the odds ratio and a 95% confidence interval. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was also performed. Results: The overall prevalence of diabesity ranged between 0.3% (95% CI 0.3–0.4) when obesity was assessed according to the abdominal volume index and 8.3% (95% CI 8.2–8.4) when evaluated according to the CUN-BAE (Clínica Universitaria de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator) formula. The prevalence of diabesity was also higher in workers with a non-heart-healthy diet and in those who did not exercise regularly. Conclusions: The most disadvantaged socioeconomic classes are those with the highest prevalence of diabesity. It is important to prioritise prevention in populations and communities with the most unfavourable social and environmental conditions to reduce the burden of diabesity.

Los supositorios de quitina constituyen una nueva opción en la terapéutica anorrectal, cuya estabilidad debe ser evaluada. Se analizó el comportamiento de 3 lotes de supositorios elaborados a escala piloto, almacenados en tiras de aluminio termosellable, a 3 temperaturas diferentes, por un período de 2 a. Se realizaron comprobaciones periódicas de las propiedades organolépticas, de los parámetros peso y tiempo de liquefacción, así como del contenido de quitina, con la combinación de una técnica gravimétrica y la espectroscopia infrarroja (IR). Se investigó la estabilidad desde el punto de vista microbiológico mediante conteo diferencial. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios para cada parámetro evaluado, ya que se encontraron dentro de los límites, aun transcurridos 2 a de elaborado el producto, para cada una de las temperaturas de almacenamiento ensayadas.Chitin suppositories are a new option in anorectal threapeutics, whose stability should be evaluated. The behaviour of 3 lots of suppositories made at a pilot scale and stored at 3 different temperatures by a period of 2 years was analyzed. Periodical checkings of the organoleptic properties, of the weight and liquefaction time parameters, as well as of the content of chitin were carried out by combining a gravimetric technique and infrared spectroscopy . The stability was investigated from the microbiological point of view by a differential count. The results were statisfactory for each evaluated parameter, since they were still within the limits for each of the assayed storage temperatures 2 years later.

Se propuso combinar la gravimetría directa como método cuantitativo con la espectroscopia infrarroja como técnica cualitativa complementaria, con el objetivo de establecer la metodología para el seguimiento de la estabilidad química de la quitina como fármaco en diferentes formas farmacéuticas: suspensión, crema, supositorio. La determinación del contenido de quitina por técnicas gravimétricas se validó en cada caso según los parámetros: linealidad, precisión, exactitud y especificidad. El análisis cuantitativo mostró resultados satisfactorios con respecto al contenido de fármaco en el tiempo en todas las formulaciones evaluadas. Estos resultados fueron corroborados por los espectros infrarrojos, manifestándose que la quitina es el único producto retenido en los filtros y que desde el punto de vista químico no ha sufrido alteraciones transcurridos 2 a de estudio.We proposed to combine direct gravimetry as a quantitative method with infrared spectrophotometry as a supplementary qualitative technique so as to establish a methodology for monitoring chemical stability of chitin as a drug in various pharmaceutical forms: suspension, cream and suppository. The determination of chitin by gravimetric techniques was valiadated in every case according to linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity parameters. The qualitative analyses showed satisfactory results in the drug contents in time in all the evaluated formulations. These outcomes were corroborrated by infrared spectra, which showed that chitin is the only product left in filters and that it has not changed from the clinical viewpoint after two year of study.

"A multisyringe liquid chromatographic (MSC) method by using stepwise solvent elution and reverse-phase liquid chromatography C18 monolithic column to separate Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrine (NE) and Dopamine (DA) was developed. The first step employs the mixture sodium1-hexanosulfonate monohydrate (HS) 7.5mM: methanol (98:2) to separate NE and E and the second step uses HS (5. mM): methanol (92:8) to elute DA. The three analytes were separated on 6 min spending only 10 mL of mobile phases. The detection limits were between 1.3 ug mL-1 (DA) and 2.04 ug mL-1 (NE)."