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NASA's Parker Solar Probe mission1 recently plunged through the inner heliosphere of the Sun to its perihelia, about 24 million kilometres from the Sun. Previous studies farther from the Sun (performed mostly at a distance of 1 astronomical unit) indicate that solar energetic particles are accelerated from a few kiloelectronvolts up to near-relativistic energies via at least two processes: 'impulsive' events, which are usually associated with magnetic reconnection in solar flares and are typically enriched in electrons, helium-3 and heavier ions2, and 'gradual' events3,4, which are typically associated with large coronal-mass-ejection-driven shocks and compressions moving through the corona and inner solar wind and are the dominant source of protons with energies between 1 and 10 megaelectronvolts. However, some events show aspects of both processes and the electron-proton ratio is not bimodally distributed, as would be expected if there were only two possible processes5. These processes have been very difficult to resolve from prior observations, owing to the various transport effects that affect the energetic particle population en route to more distant spacecraft6. Here we report observations of the near-Sun energetic particle radiation environment over the first two orbits of the probe. We find a variety of energetic particle events accelerated both locally and remotely including by corotating interaction regions, impulsive events driven by acceleration near the Sun, and an event related to a coronal mass ejection. We provide direct observations of the energetic particle radiation environment in the region just above the corona of the Sun and directly explore the physics of particle acceleration and transport.

Background: Adverse respiratory effects in children with asthma are associated with exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Levels indoors can be much higher than outdoors. Primary indoor sources of NO2 are gas stoves, which are used for cooking by one-third of U.S. households. We investigated the effects of indoor NO2 exposure on asthma severity among an ethnically and economically diverse sample of children, controlling for season and indoor allergen exposure.Methods: Children 5-10 years of age with active asthma (n = 1,342) were recruited through schools in urban and suburban Connecticut and Massachusetts (2006-2009) for a prospective, year-long study with seasonal measurements of NO2 and asthma severity. Exposure to NO2 was measured passively for four, month-long, periods with Palmes tubes. Asthma morbidity was concurrently measured by a severity score and frequency of wheeze, night symptoms, and use of rescue medication. We used adjusted, hierarchical ordered logistic regression models to examine associations between household NO2 exposure and health outcomes.Results: Every 5-fold increase in NO2 exposure above a threshold of 6 ppb was associated with a dose-dependent increase in risk of higher asthma severity score (odds ratio = 1.37 [95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.89]), wheeze (1.49 [1.09-2.03]), night symptoms (1.52 [1.16-2.00]), and rescue medication use (1.78 [1.33-2.38]).Conclusions: Asthmatic children exposed to NO2 indoors, at levels well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency outdoor standard (53 ppb), are at risk for increased asthma morbidity. Risks are not confined to inner city children, but occur at NO2 concentrations common in urban and suburban homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the social and economic circumstances of childhood that predict the probability of survival to age 85 among African-Americans. It uses a unique study design in which survivors are linked to their records in U.S. Censuses of 1900 and 1910. A control group of age and race-matched children is drawn from Public Use Samples for these censuses. It concludes that the factors most predictive of survival are farm background, having literate parents, and living in a two-parent household. Results support the interpretation that death risks are positively correlated over the life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The targeting of the ATP binding pocket of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, by the small molecule drugs gefitinib and erlotinib, represents a promising new therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it is now apparent that only a subset of patients responds to such treatment. Two publications in early 2004 reported the presence of activating mutations in the EGFR tyrosine kinase gene conferring exquisite sensitivity to these drugs. Several publications have since reported prospective data consistent with this finding. This brief review summarises the mutation data from 15 such studies in terms of mutation frequency by clinicopathological features and correlation with response to tyrosine kinase inhibition. A new paradigm for the routine detection of such mutations is needed to facilitate patient selection for treatment and further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle choices leading to obesity, hypertension and diabetes in mid-life contribute directly to the risk of late-life Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in late-life or in late-stage AD conditions, obesity reduces the risk of AD and disease progression. To examine the mechanisms underlying this paradox, TgF344-AD rats were fed a varied high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet to induce obesity from nine months of age representing early stages of AD to twelve months of age in which rats exhibit the full spectrum of AD symptomology. We hypothesized regions primarily composed of gray matter, such as the somatosensory cortex (SSC), would be differentially affected compared to regions primarily composed of white matter, such as the striatum. We found increased myelin and oligodendrocytes in the somatosensory cortex of rats fed the HCHF diet with an absence of neuronal loss. We observed decreased inflammation in the somatosensory cortex despite increased AD pathology. Compared to the somatosensory cortex, the striatum had fewer changes. Overall, our results suggest that the interaction between diet and AD progression affects myelination in a brain region specific manner such that regions with a lower density of white matter are preferentially affected. Our results offer a possible mechanistic explanation for the obesity paradox., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Excessive subthalamic nucleus (STN) β-band (13-35 Hz) synchronized oscillations has garnered interest as a biomarker for characterizing disease state and developing adaptive stimulation systems for Parkinson's disease (PD)., Objectives: To report on a patient with abnormal treatment-responsive modulation in the β-band., Methods: We examined STN local field potentials from an externalized deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead while assessing PD motor signs in four conditions (OFF, MEDS, DBS, and MEDS+DBS)., Results: The patient presented here exhibited a paradoxical increase in β power following administration of levodopa and pramipexole (MEDS), but an attenuation in β power during DBS and MEDS+DBS despite clinical improvement of 50% or greater under all three therapeutic conditions., Conclusions: This case highlights the need for further study on the role of β oscillations in the pathophysiology of PD and the importance of personalized approaches to the development of β or other biomarker-based DBS closed loop algorithms. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society., (© 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.)

COVID-19 disrupted families' food supply. Based on in-depth interviews with 45 Black low-income mothers of young children in an underserved Houston, Texas, neighborhood from April 2020 to June 2021, we compared two aid programs-Pandemic Electronic Benefits Transfer cash assistance and in-kind food distributions. We found that mothers preferred cash assistance for boosting existing food strategies, while food distributions presented new challenges for already burdened families. We argue that food assistance interventions can be more successful and equitable by integrating service user context, needs, and preferences. ( Am J Public Health . 2023;113(S3):S227-S230. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307458).

Objective: To characterize how the proximity of deep brain stimulation (DBS) active contact locations relative to the cerebellothalamic tract (CTT) affect clinical outcomes in patients with essential tremor (ET)., Background: DBS is an effective treatment for refractory ET. However, the role of the CTT in mediating the effect of DBS for ET is not well characterized. 7-Tesla (T) MRI-derived tractography provides a means to measure the distance between the active contact and the CTT more precisely., Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 12 brain hemispheres in 7 patients at a single center who underwent 7T MRI prior to ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) DBS lead placement for ET following failed medical management. 7T-derived diffusion tractography imaging was used to identify the CTT and was merged with the post-operative CT to calculate the Euclidean distance from the active contact to the CTT. We collected optimized stimulation parameters at initial programing, 1- and 2-year follow up, as well as a baseline and postoperative Fahn-Tolosa-Marin (FTM) scores., Results: The therapeutic DBS current mean (SD) across implants was 1.8 mA (1.8) at initial programming, 2.5 mA (0.6) at 1 year, and 2.9 mA (1.1) at 2-year follow up. Proximity of the clinically-optimized active contact to the CTT was 3.1 mm (1.2), which correlated with lower current requirements at the time of initial programming (R 2  = 0.458, p  = 0.009), but not at the 1- and 2-year follow up visits. Subjects achieved mean (SD) improvement in tremor control of 77.9% (14.5) at mean follow-up time of 22.2 (18.9) months. Active contact distance to the CTT did not predict post-operative tremor control at the time of the longer term clinical follow up (R 2  = -0.073, p  = 0.58)., Conclusion: Active DBS contact proximity to the CTT was associated with lower therapeutic current requirement following DBS surgery for ET, but therapeutic current was increased over time. Distance to CTT did not predict the need for increased current over time, or longer term post-operative tremor control in this cohort. Further study is needed to characterize the role of the CTT in long-term DBS outcomes., Competing Interests: JV was a consultant for Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, and Cala Health, and serves on the External Advisory Board for Abbott and the Scientific Advisory Board for Surgical Information Sciences. NH was a co-founder and a consultant for Surgical Information Sciences. RP and TP were consultant for Surgical Information Services. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Ikramuddin, Brinda, Butler, Hill, Dharnipragada, Aman, Schrock, Cooper, Palnitkar, Patriat, Harel, Vitek and Johnson.)

Flame retardants are globally distributed contaminants that have been linked to negative health effects in humans and wildlife. As top predators, marine mammals bioaccumulate flame retardants and other contaminants in their tissues which is one of many human-imposed factors threatening population health. While some flame retardants, such as the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), have been banned because of known toxicity and environmental persistence, limited data exist on the presence and distribution of current-use alternative flame retardants in marine mammals from many industrialized and remote regions of the world. Therefore, this study measured 44 legacy and alternative flame retardants in nine marine mammal species from three ocean regions: the Northwest Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Baltic allowing for regional, species, age, body condition, temporal, and tissue comparisons to help understand global patterns. PBDE concentrations were 100-1000 times higher than the alternative brominated flame retardants (altBFRs) and Dechloranes. 2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromobiphenyl (BB-101) and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ) were the predominant altBFRs, while Dechlorane-602 was the predominant Dechlorane. This manuscript also reports only the second detection of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in marine mammals. The NW Atlantic had the highest PBDE concentrations followed by the Baltic and Arctic which reflects greater historical use of PBDEs in North America compared to Europe and greater industrialization of North America and Baltic countries compared to the Arctic. Regional patterns for other compounds were more complicated, and there were significant interactions among species, regions, body condition and age class. Lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations in harbor seal liver and blubber were similar, but HBBZ and many Dechloranes had higher concentrations in liver, indicating factors other than lipid dynamics affect the distribution of these compounds. The health implications of contamination by this mixture of compounds are of concern and require further research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Evaluators have become increasingly aware of the influence of culture in evaluation, leading to new evaluation approaches that account for the cultural considerations in which evaluations are situated. This scoping review sought to explore how evaluators understand culturally responsive evaluation and identify promising practices. A search of nine evaluation journals yielded 52 articles that were included in this review. Nearly two-thirds of the articles stated that community involvement was essential to culturally responsive evaluation. Power differentials were discussed in almost half of the articles, and the majority used participatory or collaborative approaches to community engagement. Findings from this review suggest that in culturally responsive evaluation, evaluators prioritize community involvement and have an awareness and attentiveness to power differentials. Yet, gaps exist in how culture and evaluation are defined and interpreted, and consequently, inconsistency in how culturally responsive evaluation is practiced., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Evidence suggests that spontaneous beta band (11-35 Hz) oscillations in the basal ganglia thalamocortical (BGTC) circuit are linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology. Previous studies on neural responses in the motor cortex evoked by electrical stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus have suggested that circuit resonance may underlie the generation of spontaneous and stimulation-evoked beta oscillations in PD. Whether these stimulation-evoked, resonant oscillations are present across PD patients in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), a primary output nucleus in the BGTC circuit, is yet to be determined., Methods: We characterized spontaneous and stimulation-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) in the GPi of four PD patients (five hemispheres) using deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads externalized after DBS implantation surgery., Results: Our analyses show that low-frequency (2-4 Hz) stimulation in the GPi evoked long-latency (>50 ms) beta-band neural responses in the GPi in 4/5 hemispheres. We demonstrated that neural sources generating both stimulation-evoked and spontaneous beta oscillations were correlated in their frequency content and spatial localization., Discussion: Our results support the hypothesis that the same neuronal population and resonance phenomenon in the BGTC circuit generates both spontaneous and evoked pallidal beta oscillations. These data also support the development of closed-loop control systems that modulate the GPi spontaneous oscillations across PD patients using beta band stimulation-evoked responses., Competing Interests: RP was a Surgical Information Sciences Inc. consultant. GM was previously consulted for Abbott. NH is a shareholder of Surgical Information Sciences. MP was listed faculty for the University of Minnesota Educational Partnership with Medtronic, Inc. and has been a consultant for Zimmer Biomet, Synerfuse, Inc., NeuroOne Medical Technologies Corp., Boston Scientific, and Surgical Information Sciences, Inc. JV served as a consultant for Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Abbott and serves on the scientific advisory board for Surgical Information Sciences. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zapata Amaya, Aman, Johnson, Wang, Patriat, Hill, MacKinnon, Cooper, Darrow, McGovern, Harel, Molnar, Park, Vitek and Escobar Sanabria.)

Introduction: Major inequities exist in levels of health and wellbeing, availability, and access to healthcare services between seniors of Indigenous and non-Indigenous background in Ontario. First Nations elders are 45-55% more frail than the average senior in Ontario. Additionally, needed rehabilitation services are not easily accessible or available in the first language of most First Nations elders within their home communities. A literature review demonstrated community-based rehabilitation assistant models had been successfully developed and implemented in regions facing similar equity and access challenges. Building on these findings, a needs assessment was conducted to capture unique needs and requirements in Northwestern Ontario relating to rehabilitation among First Nations elders., Methods: The needs assessment resulted in four First Nations, three Indigenous health organizations, three rehabilitation health organizations, and two academic institutions iteratively developing and evaluating curriculum for a Community Rehabilitation Worker (CRW) program in treaty territories 5, 9, and Robinson-Superior. The goal of the program is to train local CRWs, familiar with local languages and cultures, to provide rehabilitative services that support ageing in place, health, wellbeing, and quality of life for First Nations elders. The study employed a community participatory action research approach aligning with the OCAP® (Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession) framework for working with Indigenous populations. Seventeen community partners were active participants in the program development, evaluation, and adaptation of the CRW curriculum. Feedback was received through advisory committee meetings, surveys, and individual and group interviews., Results: All 101 participants agreed, across all curriculum modules, that (1) the time allotment was realistic; (2) instructional materials, activities, and resources were appropriate and easy to understand; (3) evaluation activities accurately measured learning; and (4) participants identifying as Indigenous felt that Indigenous culture was adequately reflected. The qualitative findings highlighted the importance of incorporating culture, spirituality, traditions, local language use, and reintegration of First Nations elders into traditional activities and community activities for both the CRW curriculum and rehabilitation efforts. The need for locally available First Nations, elder-focused mental health support, transportation options, and gathering spaces such as those commonly seen in urban areas was also highlighted., Conclusion: The process of iteratively developing and evaluating a CRW program resulted in a Northwestern Ontario college welcoming the first cohort of students to the CRW program in March 2022. The program is co-facilitated with a First Nations Elder and includes components of local culture, language, and the reintegration of First Nations elders into community as part of the rehabilitation efforts. In addition, to appropriately support the quality of life, health, and wellbeing of First Nations elders, the project team called upon provincial and federal governments to work with First Nations to make available dedicated funding to address inequities in resources available to First Nations elders in Northwestern Ontario urban and First Nations remote communities. This included elder-focused transportation options, mental health services, and gathering places. The program implementation will be evaluated with the first cohort of CRWs for further adaptations considering potential scale and spread. As such, the project and findings may also represent a resource for others wishing to pursue similar development using participatory approaches in rural and remote communities both nationally and internationally.

Objective: Overall, paleopathology trails behind related fields in exploring sex, gender, and sexuality in past societies. Here, we interrogatively synthesize scholarship on topics not included in similar reviews, focusing on sex estimation methods, and considering the social determinants of health; trauma; reproduction and family; and childhood - to highlight novel, social epidemiology- and social theory-informed frameworks and interpretive devices., Conclusions: Many paleopathological interpretations focus on sex-gender differences relative to health, with increasing use of intersectionality. Others consistently project present-day ideologies about sex, gender, and sexuality (e.g., binary sex-gender systems) into paleopathological interpretations (i.e., presentism)., Significance: Paleopathologists have an ethical imperative to generate scholarship that contributes to social justice initiatives focused on dismantling structural inequalities, especially relative to sex, gender, and sexuality (e.g., homophobia), such as through denaturalizing presentist binary systems. They also have a responsibility towards greater inclusivity relative to researcher identity and diversification of method and theory., Limitations: In addition to material limitations complicating reconstructions of sex, gender, and sexuality relative to health and disease in the past, this review wasn't comprehensive. The review was also limited by the relative paucity of paleopathological work on these topics., Suggestions for Future Research: The outlook for paleopathological research on sex, gender, and sexuality is, however, positive; paleopathology is well situated to tackle these aspects of social identity. Future work should consider critical, self-reflective movement away from presentism; more robust contextualization; and further engagement with social theory and social epidemiology theory and approaches, including the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), social determinants of health, and intersectionality., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Flame retardants (FRs) are ubiquitously present in various environmental compartments due to widespread application. However, there have been few reports on the alternative FRs in harbor seals, and their relationship with fatty acid (FA) profiles have largely been overlooked. Here, we investigated the levels of legacy and alternative FRs and FA profiles in the blubber of harbor seals from the coasts of South Sweden (2009-2016) and Northeastern US (NE US) (1999-2010). We observed different proportions of mono- and poly-unsaturated FAs (MUFAs and PUFAs) between the two populations, which may reflect variations in the diet. Significantly higher concentrations of ΣPBDE were also observed in harbor seals from US compared to those from Sweden, both dominated by BDE 47. By comparison, the levels of alternative FRs, noticeably HBBZ and PBEB were much lower compared to those of PBDEs. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between BDE 99 and Σn-6/Σn-3 PUFA in harbor seals from Sweden. In addition, BDE 153 and BDE 154 were positively correlated with ΣUFA/ΣSFA in seals from Sweden and US, respectively. Our results imply the influence of diet in FA profiles and FR concentrations in top predators, as well as the importance of blubber FA characteristics in indicating FR exposure. Further investigations are required to assess the risk of exposure in these harbor seals, as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanisms associating FA profiles with FR exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for decades until evidence of negative health effects led to bans in many countries. PBDEs have since been replaced by alternative legacy compounds or newly developed chemicals. In this study, eight alternative brominated flame retardants were analyzed in blubber and liver of harbor seal pups (≤6 months) from the Northwest Atlantic collected during 2001-2010 to elucidate concentrations, patterns, contamination trends, potential maternal transfer, and tissue partitioning. All compounds were detected in liver and blubber tissues with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) predominating. Overall, α-HBCD was the dominant HBCD isomer in both tissues although the concentrations of γ-HBCD exceeded those of α-HBCD in seven pups, indicating their mothers may have had alternative dietary patterns or recent exposure to the commercial mixture. Although it was detected in less than half of the samples, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) concentrations in multiple tissues of a top marine predator. For the brominated components of Firemaster® flame retardants, TBB concentrations exceeded bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH). This pattern may result from recent exposure to commercial mixtures in which TBB exceeds TBPH 4:1 or from differences in perinatal or lactational transfer efficiency of the two compounds. Between the two tissues, lipid-normalized β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, TBB and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) concentrations were significantly higher in liver than blubber. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of these chemicals is not simply related to lipid dynamics but may be linked to blood proteins. This study demonstrates that harbor seal pups from this region are contaminated with alternative flame retardants passed to them via placental or lactational transfer. Given the evidence for negative health effects of these chemicals, this contamination adds additional pressure on the first year survival of these young, developing animals., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A detailed overview of the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the heliospheric interaction with the largely unexplored Very Local Interstellar Medium (VLISM) are provided along with predictions of with the scientific discoveries that await. The new measurements required to make progress in this expanding frontier of space physics are discussed and include in-situ plasma and pick-up ion measurements throughout the heliosheath, direct sampling of the VLISM properties such as elemental and isotopic composition, densities, flows, and temperatures of neutral gas, dust and plasma, and remote energetic neutral atom (ENA) and Lyman-alpha (LYA) imaging from vantage points that can uniquely discern the heliospheric shape and bring new information on the interaction with interstellar hydrogen. The implementation of a pragmatic Interstellar Probe mission with a nominal design life to reach 375 Astronomical Units (au) with likely operation out to 550 au are reported as a result of a 4-year NASA funded mission study., Competing Interests: Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Following the near extinction of bison (Bison bison) from its historic range across North America in the late 19th century, novel bison conservation efforts in the early 20th century catalyzed a popular widespread conservation movement to protect and restore bison among other species and places. Since Allen's initial delineation (1876) of the historic distribution of North American bison, subsequent attempts have been hampered by knowledge gaps about bison distribution and abundance prior to and following colonial arrival and settlement. For the first time, we applied a multidisciplinary approach to assemble a comprehensive, integrated geographic database and meta-analysis of bison occurrence over the last 200,000 years, with particular emphasis on the 450 years before present. We combined paleontology, archaeology, and historical ecology data for our database, which totaled 6438 observations. We derived the observations from existing online databases, published literature, and first-hand exploration journal entries. To illustrate the conservative maximum historical extent of occurrence of bison, we created a concave hull using observations occurring over the last 450 years (n = 3379 observations), which is the broadly accepted historical benchmark at 1500 CE covering 59% of the North American continent. Although this distribution represents a historic extent of occurrence-merely delineating the maximum margins of the near-continental distribution-it does not replace a density-based approach reconstructing potential historical range distributions, which identifies core and marginal ranges. However, we envision the observations contained in this database will contribute to further research in the increasingly evidence-based disciplines of bison ecology, evolution, rewilding, management, and conservation. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions on these data, and this data paper should be cited when the data are reused., (© 2022 The Ecological Society of America.)

Objective: To describe parent-reported barriers and facilitators to reading to preterm-born infants, both in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and at home. We hypothesized that families of preterm infants face unique barriers previously not described in the literature, and that understanding barriers from the parent perspective will uncover strategies for improving the NICU environment and cognitive home environment and allow refinement of current reading programs., Methods: We performed a qualitative study of parents of 0 to 12 month corrected age infants presenting to neonatal follow-up clinic. Infants were born <33 weeks gestational age or with birth weight ≤1500 grams. Parents completed a semistructured interview about reading practices. Answers to open-ended questions were coded to highlight key themes., Results: We reached thematic saturation after interviewing 23 parents of 28 infants. Parent-generated items about barriers and facilitators to reading in the NICU and at home were each coded into 4 themes. Competing responsibilities and believing that reading was developmentally inappropriate were 2 shared themes for barriers to reading in both the NICU and home environment. Support people and understanding developmental impact were 2 shared themes for facilitators to reading in both the NICU and home environment., Conclusions: This qualitative work elucidates new targets for novel programs intended to support cognitive development of high-risk preterm infants. Addressing the unique, parent-reported barriers that we have identified and supporting adoption of the facilitators could increase word exposure for preterm infants, starting in the NICU and continuing at home., (Copyright © 2022 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) details medication-induced weight gain and advanced therapies for the child with overweight or obesity., Methods: The scientific information and clinical guidance in this CPS are based on scientific evidence, supported by the medical literature, and derived from the clinical perspectives of the authors., Results: This OMA Clinical Practice Statement addresses medication-induced weight gain and advanced therapies for the child with overweight or obesity., Conclusions: This OMA Clinical Practice Statement on medication induced-weight gain and advanced therapies for the child with overweight or obesity is an overview of current recommendations. These recommendations provide a roadmap to the improvement of the health of children and adolescents with obesity, especially those with metabolic, physiological, and psychological complications. This CPS also addresses treatment recommendations. This section is designed to help the provider with clinical decision making., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Suzanne Cuda, Medical Director Alamo City Healthy Kids & Families reports a relationship with Rhythm Pharmaceuticals that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Suzanne Cuda, Medical Director Alamo City Healthy Kids & Families reports a relationship with Novo Nordisk Inc that includes: consulting or advisory and travel reimbursement. Roohi Karofa reports a relationship with Rhythm Pharmaceuticals that includes: funding grants and speaking and lecture fees. Sara Karjoo reports a relationship with 10.13039/100001316Abbott Laboratories that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement. Jennifer Paisley reports a relationship with Rhythm Pharmaceuticals that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement. Rushika Conroy reports a relationship with Rhythm Pharmaceuticals that includes: speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Alteration in brain metabolism predates clinical onset of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Realizing its potential as an early diagnostic marker, however, requires understanding how early AD metabolic dysregulation manifests on non-invasive brain imaging. We presently utilized magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to map glucose and ketone metabolic profiles and image cerebrovascular function in a rat model of early stage AD - 9-month-old TgF344-AD (TgAD) rats - and their age-matched non-transgenic (nTg) littermates. Compared to the nTg rats, TgAD rats displayed attenuation in global cerebral and hippocampal vasoreactivity to hypercapnia, by 49 ± 17% and 58 ± 19%, respectively, while their functional hyperemia to somatosensory stimulation diminished by 69 ± 5%. To assess brain glucose uptake, rats were fasted overnight and then challenged with an intravenous infusion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). Compared to their non-transgenic littermates, TgAD rats exhibited 99 ± 10% and 52 ± 5% smaller glucose uptake in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, respectively. Moreover, hippocampal glucose uptake reduction in male TgAD rats compared to the nTg was 54 ± 36% greater than the reduction seen in female TgAD rats. TgAD rats also showed a 59 ± 42% increase in total choline level in the hippocampus, suggesting increased membrane turnover. In combination with our earlier findings of impaired electrophysiological metrics at this early stage of AD pathology progression, our findings suggest that subtle neuronal function alterations that would be difficult to assess in a clinical population may be accompanied by MRI-detectable changes in brain glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Digital recording and video review of delivery room resuscitations is a proven useful tool to evaluate neonatal resuscitation program (NRP) technical and non-technical skills. It is also valuable for research, quality improvement, and individual and group learning. Digital recording and video review programs are growing in number, and planning and implementation of digital recording requires careful thought. Consideration of technology requirements, policy implementation, and stakeholder involvement is essential to implement a successful digital recording and video review program. Video review can then be applied for individual and team-based learning. An approach to sustainability and on-going quality review of the program are key components critical to success., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Strong evidence demonstrates a significant association between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this reason, interest in understanding the underlying vascular pathologies that contribute to AD remain. CAA research has primarily focused on arterioles and capillaries, overlooking the draining venules. Therefore, this study sought to examine venular amyloid pathology and its relationship to arteriolar amyloidosis throughout AD progression in the TgF344-AD rat model. Antibodies targeting the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) sequence suggest morphological differences between arteriolar and venular amyloid. Mass spectrometric analyses of isolated cortical parenchymal plaques, arteriolar and venular amyloid demonstrated presence of Aβ in all three samples, as well as proteins known to be associated with AD. Histopathological analysis indicates a significant age effect for both arteriolar and venular amyloid accumulation, with accumulation initiated in the somatosensory cortex followed by the motor and cingulate cortex. Lastly, significant arteriolar amyloid accumulates relative to venular amyloid deposition in AD progression. Overall, understanding venular and arteriolar amyloid pathology provides insight into the complex connection between CAA and AD., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Mid-life hypertension is a major risk factor for developing dementia later in life. While anti-hypertensive drugs restore normotension, dementia risk remains above baseline suggesting that brain damage sustained during transient hypertension is irreversible. The current study characterized a rat model of transient hypertension with an extended period of normotensive recovery: F344 rats were treated with L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 1 month to induce hypertension then allowed up to 4 months of recovery. With respect to cognitive deficits, comparison between 1 month and 4 months of recovery identified initial deficits in spatial memory that resolved by 4 months post-hypertension; contrastingly, loss of cognitive flexibility did not. The specific cells and brain regions underlying these cognitive deficits were investigated. Irreversible structural damage to the brain was observed in both the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, with decreased blood vessel density, myelin and neuronal loss. We then measured theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling as a readout for network function, a potential link between the observed cognitive and pathological deficits. Four months after hypertension, we detected decreased theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling within each brain region and a concurrent increase in baseline connectivity between the two regions reflecting an attempt to maintain function that may account for the improvement in spatial memory. Our results demonstrate that connectivity between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus is a vulnerable network affected by transient hypertension which is not rescued over time; thus demonstrating for the first time a mechanistic link between the long-term effects of transient hypertension and dementia risk., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Lai, Bazzigaluppi, Morrone, Hill, Stefanovic and McLaurin.)

Background: Patient-to-patient variability in the degree to which β-amyloid, tau and neurodegeneration impact cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) complicates disease modeling and treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to cognitive resilience are not resolved. We hypothesize that the variability in cognitive function and loss relates to neuronal resilience of the hippocampal GABAergic network., Methods: We compared TgF344-AD and non-transgenic littermate rats at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. Neurons, β-amyloid plaques and tau inclusions were quantified in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Somatostatin (SST) and parvalbumin (PVB) interneurons were traced to examine hippocampal neuroplasticity and cognition was tested in the Barnes maze., Results: The 9-month-old TgF344-AD rats exhibited loss of neurons in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Hippocampal neuronal compensation was observed in 12-month TgF344-AD rats, with upregulation of GABAergic interneuronal marker. By 15 months, the TgF344-AD rats had robust loss of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. β-Amyloid and tau pathology accumulated continuously across age. SST interneurons exhibited tau inclusions and atrophy from 9 months, whereas PVB interneurons were resilient until 15 months. The hippocampal PVB circuit underwent neuroplastic reorganization with increased dendritic length and complexity in 9- and 12-month-old TgF344-AD rats, before atrophy at 15 months. Strikingly, 12-month-old TgF344-AD rats were resilient in executive function and cognitive flexibility. Cognitive resilience in TgF344-AD rats occurred as maintenance of function between 9 and 12 months of age despite progressive spatial memory deficits, and was sustained by PVB neuroplasticity., Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the inherent neuronal processes leading to cognitive maintenance, and describe a novel finding of endogenous cognitive resilience in an AD model., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

We present a review of Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs), including the history of their discovery and recent insights into their acceleration and transport in the heliosphere. We focus on a few selected topics including a discussion of mechanisms of their acceleration, escape from the heliosphere, their effects on the dynamics of the heliosheath, transport in the inner heliosphere, and their solar cycle dependence. A discussion concerning their name is also presented towards the end of the review. We note that much is known about ACRs and perhaps the term Anomalous Cosmic Ray is not particularly descriptive to a non specialist. We suggest that the more-general term: "Heliospheric Energetic Particles", which is more descriptive, for which ACRs and other energetic particle species of heliospheric origin are subsets, might be more appropriate., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of patients with previously treated or untreated stage III or IV melanoma has by now reached 63% using ipilimumab and nivolumab therapy. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 59% of patients leading to discontinuation of therapy in 24.5% of patients and one death. Therapy with checkpoint inhibitors could be safer and more effective in combination with hyperthermia and fever inducing therapies. We conducted a retrospective analysis to test the safety and efficacy of a new combination immune therapy in 131 unselected stage IV solid cancer patients with 23 different histological types of cancer who exhausted all conventional treatments. Treatment consisted of locoregional- and whole-body hyperthermia, individually dose adapted interleukin 2 (IL-2) combined with low-dose ipilimumab (0.3 mg/kg) plus nivolumab (0.5 mg/kg). The objective response rate (ORR) was 31.3%, progression-free survival (PFS) was 10 months, survival probabilities at 6 months was 86.7% (95% CI, 81.0-92.8%), at 9 months was 73.5% (95% CI, 66.2-81.7%), at 12 months was 66.5% (95% CI, 58.6-75.4%), while at 24 months survival was 36.6% (95% CI:28.2%; 47.3%). irAEs of World Health Organization (WHO) Toxicity Scale grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 were observed in 23.66%, 16.03%, 6.11%, and 2.29% of patients, respectively. Our results suggest that the irAEs profile of the combined treatment is safer than that of the established protocols without compromising efficacy.

Hypertension, including transient events, is a major risk factor for developing late-onset dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Anti-hypertensive drugs facilitate restoration of normotension without amelioration of increased dementia risk suggesting that transient hypertensive insults cause irreversible damage. This study characterized the contribution of transient hypertension to sustained brain damage as a function of normal aging and AD. To model transient hypertension, we treated F344TgAD and non-transgenic littermate rats with L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for one month, ceased treatment and allowed for a month of normotensive recovery. We then examined the changes in the structure and function of the cerebrovasculature, integrity of white matter, and progression of AD pathology. As independent factors, both transient hypertension and AD compromised structural and functional integrity across the vascular bed, while combined effects of hypertension and AD yielded the largest deficits. Combined effects of transient hypertension and AD genotype resulted in loss of cortical myelin particularly in the cingulate cortex which is crucial for cognitive function. Increased cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a prominent pathology of AD, was detected after transient hypertension as were up- and down-regulation of proteins associated with cerebrovascular remodeling - osteopontin, ROCK1 and ROCK2, in F344TgAD rats even 30 days after restoration of normotension. In conclusion, transient hypertension caused permanent cerebrovasculature and brain parenchymal damage in both normal aging and AD. Our results corroborate human studies that have found close correlation between transient hypertension in midlife and white matter lesions later in life outlining vascular pathologies as pathological links to increased risk of dementia., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Autologous fat grafting is a helpful supplement to facelift surgery that helps to combat age-related volume loss of facial structures. Despite the widespread prevalence of combined facelift and fat-grafting, significant procedural variation exists between providers., Objectives: The primary purpose of this systematic review was to study the efficacy and complication rates of facelift with lipofilling compared with facelift alone., Methods: A systematic review of the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases as completed was undertaken to identify all clinical reports of fat grafting combined with facelift surgery based on the following key terms: ("fat grafting" OR "lipotransfer" OR "lipofilling" OR "fat transfer") AND ("facelift" OR "rhytidectomy" OR "SMASectomy" OR "facial rejuvenation"). Data on techniques, outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected., Results: The systematic review was performed in April 2017. In total, 248 articles were identified for review. After application of exclusion criteria, 15 primary studies were included in this review. Various facelift techniques were reported, including deep-plane or sub-superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) facelift, SMAS facelift, modified minimal access cranial suspension lift, component facelift, midface lift, SMAS plication, SMAS-stacking/SMASectomy, and SMASectomy. The most common locations of fat graft injection included the nasolabial folds, tear troughs, temporal regions, midface/cheek/malar eminence, marionette groove, lips, and ear lobes. The addition of fat grafting to facelift surgery resulted in significant improvements in facial volume and aesthetic assessments., Conclusions: Combined facelift and fat grafting is a safe and efficacious means to simultaneously address age-related ptosis and volume loss. Further research is required to validate and improve existing treatment modalities., (© 2020 The Aesthetic Society. Reprints and permission: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Gynecomastia is a graded condition characterized by enlargement of the male breast that affects a significant proportion of the male population. A plethora of varying surgical approaches currently exists in the literature; thus this comprehensive review sought to analyze surgical practice patterns and trends as they pertain to gynecomastia grade and severity. The current literature was queried utilizing the PubMed and MEDLINE databases-based on predefined parameters and individual review, 17 studies were ultimately included. Key data points included gynecomastia grade, surgical intervention, rate of complication, including hematoma, seroma, infection, and necrosis, and drain use. Two-sample t test was utilized for further analysis. A total of 1112 patients underwent surgical treatment for gynecomastia. Skin-sparing mastectomy with or without liposuction was the most frequently used procedure followed by mastectomy with skin reduction. Major complication rates ranged from 0% to 33%, with hematoma formation being most common (5.8%) followed seroma (2.4%). There was a higher rate of hematoma/seroma formation among authors who routinely utilized drain placement (9.78% versus 8.36%; P = 0.0051); however, this is likely attributable to the large discrepancy in percentage of grade III patients found in each group (50.23% versus 4.36%; P = 0.0000). As a wide variety of surgical techniques exist for the treatment of gynecomastia, an individualized approach based upon gynecomastia grade and patient preference may assist the surgeon in providing optimal outcomes. This senior author's preferred method for treatment of gynecomastia is illustrated in the included algorithm., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

During dispersal into fruit-bearing wild blueberry fields, blueberry maggot flies were highly active during all daylight hours as revealed by trap captures, although in one trial afternoon activity was greater than morning activity. Flies were not captured in traps at night, although observations in growth chambers showed that their activity at night, measured as displacement of position, was equal to daylight conditions. Flies were shown to fly at low altitude, just above the crop canopy, and screen fencing was shown to be effective at reducing colonization of plots, presumably due to their low height during flight. Over a 4-yr mark-capture study, colonization rate was shown to be low at 9.7 m/d, although a separate 2010 study showed higher rates at 14.1 and 28.0 m/d. Movement was shown to be nondirectional or random in the field, but a constrained random walk exhibiting direction into the field. Weed cover and high fruit density were associated with higher fly relative abundance, suggesting these field characteristics served as attractors slowing colonization rate into a field. Transect trap studies showed the temporal and spatial pattern of fly colonization into commercial wild blueberry fields, one of a slow wave that penetrates into the field interior as the season progresses. There is also an increase in fly abundance within-field edges and adjacent forest. The 'stacking' of flies along a field edge and slow movement rate into a field was shown through simulation to be a result of nondirectional short-distance dispersal of flies., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

More than 2000 immuno-oncology agents are being tested or are in use as a result of the cancer immunotherapy revolution. Manipulation of co-inhibitory receptors has achieved tumor eradication in a minority of patients, but widespread immune-related adverse events (irAEs) compromised tolerance to healthy self-tissues in the majority. We have proposed that a major mechanism of irAEs is similar to a graft-versus-malignancy effect of graft-versus-host disease. To verify our hypothesis, we retrieved post-marketing data of adverse events from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. A significant positive correlation was revealed in 7677 patients between the reporting odds ratio of irAEs during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and the corresponding tumor mutational burden across 19 cancer types. These results can be interpreted to mean that the ICI drugs unleashed T cells against "altered-self," self, and tumors resulting in better overall survival.

The outer Solar System object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU 69 ) has been largely undisturbed since its formation. We studied its surface composition using data collected by the New Horizons spacecraft. Methanol ice is present along with organic material, which may have formed through irradiation of simple molecules. Water ice was not detected. This composition indicates hydrogenation of carbon monoxide-rich ice and/or energetic processing of methane condensed on water ice grains in the cold, outer edge of the early Solar System. There are only small regional variations in color and spectra across the surface, which suggests that Arrokoth formed from a homogeneous or well-mixed reservoir of solids. Microwave thermal emission from the winter night side is consistent with a mean brightness temperature of 29 ± 5 kelvin., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, is composed of primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. In January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36-kilometer-long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU 69 ). Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters in diameter) within a radius of 8000 kilometers. Arrokoth has a lightly cratered, smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)