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This article presents a study of the mechanism that the lubricant oil droplet initiates low-speed pre-ignition in highly boosted downsized gasoline engines. Low-speed pre-ignition is a phenomenon that the fuel–air mixture ignites before the spark timing, leading to flame propagation that results in a heavy knock. The ignition of lubricant oil droplets is thought to be one possible mechanism for low-speed pre-ignition. However, the oil droplet ignition conditions are not yet well understood. First, the conditions under which a single oil droplet initiates the combustion of a fuel–air mixture were investigated using a rapid compression and expansion machine. When an initial droplet temperature was above 250 °C, the vaporized oil ignited before the gasoline–air mixture, in which case the combustion of the gasoline–air mixture around the droplet was initiated. The numerical results showed that the oil droplet temperature increases above 250 °C if the droplet is heated by burned gas remaining in the combustion chamber from the previous cycle. A direct-injection single-cylinder research engine was operated under the condition that no residual gas exists in the combustion chamber. In this case, no low-speed pre-ignition occurred even if gross indicated that mean effective pressure was 2.5 MPa. These results indicate that an oil droplet does not cause low-speed pre-ignition if any droplet flies into the combustion chamber unless it remains in the chamber over the exhaust stroke.

Ice accretion is the phenomenon that super-cooled water droplets impinge and accrete on a body. It is well known that ice accretion on blades and airfoils leads to performance degradation and severe accidents. For this reason, experimental investigations have been carried out using flight tests or icing tunnels. However, it is too expensive, dangerous, and difficult to set actual icing conditions. Hence, computational fluid dynamics is useful to predict ice accretion. A rotor blade is one of jet engine components where ice accretes. Therefore, the authors focus on the ice accretion on a rotor blade in this study. Three-dimensional icing phenomena on the rotor blade of a commercial axial blower are computed here, and ice accretion on the rotor blade is numerically investigated.

Furans such as 2-Methylfuran (2-MF) and 2,5-Dimethyulfuran (DMF) are not popular fuels so far. But they can be derived from biomass via sugars and have preferable fuel properties for spark ignition engines. In this work, the effect of furans on knock suppression was investigated. Firstly, auto-ignition delay of 2-MF blend fuel was compared with other biofuel blends such as ethanol and toluene blend known as high octane number fuel by using a rapid compression expansion machine. 2-MF suppressed cool flame reaction most effectively among tested fuels. As the result, auto-ignition delay of 2-MF blend fuel was quite longer than ethanol or toluene blend in spite of the fact that pure 2-MF had lower octane number and higher ignitability. Secondly, the impact of knock suppression was confirmed using a single cylinder research engine. The lower the RON of base fuel was, the higher the blending octane number was, when the base fuel was paraffin mixture.

In traditional Shochu making, the fermented mash of the first–stage is generally utilized as the seed of the next first–stage fermentation, which is called Sashimoto. However, with the repetition of Sashimoto, the activity of yeast cells decreases and therefore generally results in bacterial contamination. In this study, a method for activating yeast cells was studied to develop a Shochu making technology by the repetition of Sashimoto for a long–term process. In addition, the yeast stability during the repetition of Sashimoto was studied. Though the trehalose concentration and the activity of yeast cells increased twice after the first Sashimoto, they continued to decrease with the repetition of Sashimoto. However, the yeast cells were successfully activated by shaking the first–stage fermented mash for 10h and the activity of yeast cells remained high during the entire test period. As a result, the ethanol concentration of the second–stage fermented mash improved to more than 18%(v/v). Comparing the flavor compounds of Shochu produced by the repetition of Sashimoto with those of the conventional method, no obvious difference was found in the concentrations of the low–, middle– and high–boiling flavor compounds, nor in the concentrations of isoamyl acetate and β–phenethyl acetate, which are desired flavor compounds. The yeast strain seemed to be stable during the repetition of Sashimoto, according to the results of the nucleotide sequence analysis of NTS regions.

GABAは血圧が高めの人（軽症高血圧や正常高値の人）が毎日10mgの飲食を継続すれば血圧降下の効用があると言われている（特定保健用食品PR等）．本研究の大豆煮汁からは選定した乳酸菌株の使用により3.5mM（36mg/100ml）のGABAを乳酸発酵により生成でき，グルタミン酸の添加（今回0.05～0.1％（w/v）で試験）で更に多くのGABAを生成（46～79mg/100ml）できた．また煮汁そのものに大豆浸漬により生成したと考えられるGABAが1.7～1.9mM（17～19mg/100ml）含まれていた．更に大豆煮汁に高いACE阻害活性，DPPHラジカル消去能があり，α-グルコシダーゼやα-アミラーゼ阻害活性の機能性もあること，乳酸発酵後もその機能を有していること等を明らかにした．機能性食品素材として利用が大いに期待できるので実用をめざし検討を継続したい．

We report a female patient with IgA nephropathy associated with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. The patient manifested proteinuria and microhematuria and was diagnosed as having IgA nephropathy based on the histopathologic findings of the renal biopsy. Two years later, the bone X-ray demonstrated syndesmophytes and multiple calcifications in the ligament and tendon insertions, suggestive of long-term enthesitis, but the patient had occasionally noticed mild lumbago up to the time she visited our hospital, with spontaneous pain in the bilateral shoulders and lower back. IgA nephropathy can be concomitant with a mild form of seronegative spondyloarthropathy in women. Possible association of this disorder should be carefully checked in patients with IgA nephropathy irrespective of clinical symptoms suggesting the arthropathy, particularly in women.

アクリロニトリルとメタクリル酸との放射線共グラフト重合法およびグラフト鎖中のシアノ基のアミドキシム基への変換によって, キレート形成基としてアミドキシム基をもつキレート繊維を作製した。放射線共グラフト重合法でのモノマーを繰り返し使用して, グラフト鎖の組成および重金属イオン吸着容量に及ぼす効果を調べた。共グラフト重合で生じるホモポリマーの量が0.15g/Lと無視できるほど少ないために, 4回モノマーを繰り返し使用しても共グラフト率の低下は初回の170%に比べて10%程度であった。アミドキシム基密度, 亜鉛およびカドミウムの吸着容量への影響は小さかった。4回モノマーを繰り返し使用することによりコストダウンすることができた。

The effects of mixture equivalence ratio on knock in SI engines were investigated by a numerical simulation using the Lievengood-Wu integral in combination with a detailed chemical kinetic model of n-butane. This method could save the time-consuming of predicting knock and good validations were achieved on various operating conditions of a SI engine. The results showed that lean mixture did not always suppress knock in engines because the knock tendency depended not only on equivalence ratio but also on the pressure and temperature history of the unburned mixture.

A three-dimensional simulation technique for the stratified combustion process in direct injection gasoline engines is developed. The effects of a widely distributed mixture equivalence ratio and a large amount of EGR on laminar flame speed are briefly modeled taking into account only the temperature of the unburned mixture and the flame temperature. The suggested laminar flame speed model is incorporated into a CFD code in combination with the coherent flame model. In burned gas, chemical equilibrium depending on the local equivalence ratio is assumed so that the post flame reaction upon mixing rich burned gas and lean burned gas or fresh air can be simply modeled as a change of the equilibrium. The calculated flame propagation process, heat release rate and exhaust emissions are confirmed by the results of measurements including the LIF technique. The good agreements obtained under various conditions indicate the applicability of this method.

The catalytic methanol steam reforming reaction was investigated by numerical simulation and experiments. Methanol conversion ratio as well as carbon monoxide (CO), which poisons a typical polymer electrolyte fuel cell, increases in a tablet catalyst when temperature is elevated. There is a trade-off relationship between methanol conversion ratio and CO concentration. It was found that the reforming reaction is controlled by heat transfer at large methanol flow rate, where the trade-off relationship shifts to lower methanol conversion ratio and higher CO concentration. To improve the trade-off relationship, internal corrugated metal heater and external catalytic combustion heater were applied to enhance the heat transfer. Optimal cell density for the internal corrugated metal heater, which was about 9×10 5 cell/m 2 , was closely related with reaction parameters such as velocity, cell density, geometric surface area and hydraulic diameter. The catalytic combustion heater is larger than the internal corrugated metal heater in size. Both high methanol conversion ratio and low CO concentration were accomplished by heat transfer enhancement with the two techniques at large methanol flow rate.

The slant-shaped squish chamber recently developed by our company improves charging efficiency and raises compression ratio of its gasoline-engines. We clarified its knock suppression mechanism using rapid compression-and-expansion machine, autoignition simulation, and 3-dimensional turbulent flame propagation simulation. The results indicate the following: 1. Timing of flame acceleration is a key of knock suppression, that is, optimum timing of flame acceleration exists in the latter half of combustion, because expansion stroke suppresses the temperature rise in the end gas. This universal mechanism improves knock-limited ignition timing and compression ratio of the above engines. 2. A cause of the flame acceleration in the slant-shaped squish chamber is strengthened turbulence occurring in front of the flame and in reverse squish flow which separates at the squish lip. 3. The reverse squish flow, which is well known to be induced by the suction due to the larger expansion ratio of squish region than the other region of combustion chamber, is enhanced by the thermal expansion of burning mixture.

A multi-component droplet vaporization model for multi-dimensional calculation was studied in order to simulate the behavior of fuel droplets and mixture in a port injection gasoline engine. Calculation results for a single droplet show that the evaporation process of gasoline, which consists of more than 100 components, can be simulated using a model fuel composed of at least three representative species. Subsequently, three-dimensional calculations of flow and fuel spray for an actual engine intake port configuration were performed, using the developed multi-component vaporization model. It was shown that about 70% of the high-volatility component in injected gasoline flows into the cylinder, while about 70% of the low-volatility component stays in the intake port in the injected cycle.

大量飲酒歴のためにアルコール性肝障害として観察されていた原発性胆汁性肝硬変 (PBC) の一男性例を経験した.症例は69歳, 男性. 約6年前, 健康診断にて肝障害を指摘され, 推定積算飲酒量1.5tの飲酒歴からアルコール性肝障害として観察されていた. その後, 約2年の禁酒にもかかわらずγGTPの低下が乏しいため精査を行ったところ, PBCの診断を得た. 経過中, 抗核抗体およびIgGは高力価陽性, HLAクラスIIはDR4を呈すも抗ミトコンドリア抗体 (AMA) は陰性ないし低力価にとどまり, IgMも正常範囲にあった. しかし肝組織像ではPBCに一致する所見を示し, western blot法によるM2抗体の検索ではPDH-E2およびBCKD-E2が検出された. AMA測定の普及により無症候性PBCの診断は比較的容易になった. しかし本症例のように, γGTP高値でも男性かつ大量の飲酒歴を有し, かつAMA, IgMなども定型的でないところから, PBCの病態が想定しにくい症例も存在し, 興味深い一例と考え報告した.

Objective: To determine whether serum levels of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are raised in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and correlate with autoantibody titres or disease activity, or both. Methods: Serum samples from 48 patients with SLE, 41 normal healthy subjects, and 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were assayed for APRIL by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for autoantibody titres and immunoglobulin levels. Disease activity was assessed using the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index. Results: The APRIL levels in the serum samples from patients with SLE were significantly higher than in those from healthy controls and those from patients with RA. Serum APRIL levels did not correlate with serum IgG and IgM levels, but had a tendency to correlate with anti-double stranded DNA antibody titres. Moreover, serum APRIL levels correlated significantly with musculoskeletal manifestations among patients with SLE when assessed by the BILAG index. Conclusion: APRIL may be an important factor in raised autoantibody titres and musculoskeletal disease in patients with SLE. Patients with raised serum APRIL levels may be ideal candidates for therapeutic targeting of APRIL.

Mitsui Kushikino Mine previously processed two gold ores from Kushikino and Iwato ore deposits by the all silme cyanidation method, where the ores were ground to fine size smaller than 75μm and leached with sodium cyanide. A large amount of slimes were produced as waste and discarded in tailings ponds. To save the costs of grinding and waste treatment it is desirable to process coarse sized ores. The Iwato ore is gold and silver bearing silicified porous rock. As most gold and silver in the Iwato ore are concentrated in the pores, leaching of coarse sized ore is expected to be possible. Laboratory tests and pilot plant tests of vat leaching for the Iwato ore were carried out using 0.15-8.0 mm feed. These results showed that the gold dissolution rate was similar to that by the all slime cyanidation and the decrease in gold recovery was a few %. The properties of these tailings can be used in fine aggregate of concrete. Based on the results vat leaching of the Iwato ore was adopted in the plant. The tailings are sold and used as fine aggregate. Utilization of slime tailings from the other ores was also developed and they are used as flux in copper smelters. Now, there is no tailings pond at Mitsui Kushikino Mine.

各種画像診断の進歩にもかかわらず胆嚢癌の早期診断は依然として困難である.診断の決め手のないまま胆嚢隆起性病変を経過観察するうちに進行癌に至る場合もまれではない.そこで我々は, 侵襲の少ない腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術を診断と治療を兼ねた胆嚢の“total biopsy”として意義づけた.本法を施行した胆嚢隆起性病変24例のうち, 術中迅速病理診断によりそれぞれ深達度m, pmと判定された胆嚢癌を2例 (8.3%) 経験した.術中胆道造影により, 膵管胆道合流異常の合併が認められた深達度pm胆嚢癌では開腹に移行し, 肝床部肝切除, 肝外胆管切除および16番リンパ節を含むR2リンパ節郭清を追加施行した.2例ともに病理組織学的所見からみて必要かつ十分な手術であったものと考えられた.これらの検討結果から胆嚢癌を否定しえない2cm以下の胆嚢隆起性病変に対する腹腔鏡下胆嚢摘出術は不十分な摘出や過度の侵襲を避け, かっ的確な1期的手術治療を可能にするものと考えられる.

Anhydrous liquid ammonia offers a considerable advantage over hydrogen in that it has a large volumetric energy density. The total amount of energy that would be expended for its production and transportation to consumers is estimated to be less than that for liquid hydrogen transportation, even if the lower heating value loss is considered. From a storage viewpoint, these advantages would be particularly beneficial to those vehicles carrying large amounts of freight.

平成2年4月から12月までに東京地区のNTT社員9,161名に対して選別聴力検査を施行した。 対象は節目健診および多項目健診の該当者の約半数で東京中央健康管理センタで受診したものである。 受診率はほぼ100%であった。 受診者総数に対する選別率は男性が20.1%, 女性は24.2%となった。 周波数別に選別件数をみると, 女性は右1kHzのみ, 左1kHzのみ, 右1kHzと左1kHzの順に多く, それぞれ全選別件数中24%前後と異常に多かった。 男性でも同様に1kHzの件数が多く, 女性と同じ順序となったが, 最高の発現率は5.7%であった。 異常に高い発現率を示したものには, 原因として検査の不慣れ, 検査環境の騒音の関与するものが含まれると考えられた。 労働安全衛生規則の改正に伴う選別聴力検査の実施には早急に改善すべき種々の問題がある。 オージオメータの改良や通過者に対する翌年のアンケートまたは問診形式の考慮などと提案した。

In recent years, workload for a doctor has been increasing, because hospital managers are trying to improve the efficiency of management. As a result, many doctors are expected to work harder. We studied how anesthesiologists are stressed by their work, especially on working overnight, using the Profile of Mood States(POMS).Thirty six anesthesiologists working in our hospital are studied. We asked them to answer POMS questionnaires three times at 8:00 before overnight work, 8:00 and 17:00 the following day.Mean working time for overnight job is 32 +/- 4.3 hours and mean sleeping time is 3.0 +/- 1.3 hours (mean +/- SD). The Profile of Mood States has six subscores (depression, fatigue, vigor, confusion, tension/anxiety, and anger). After working overnight, fatigue and confusion scores were significantly increased and vigor scores were significantly decreased, compared with the sores at 8.00 before overnight work.We studied anesthesiologist's stress of working overnight, using the Profile of Mood States. As a result, after overnight work, fatigue, confusion and vigor scores were significantly exacerbated. We speculate that the anesthesiologists are building up so much stress when they work overnight as on call.

Molecular defects of TNFRSF1A was investigated in members of a family presenting with typical phenotypes of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) and in patients with the autoimmune disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genomic DNA from the members of a family with typical TRAPS, as well as from 100 patients with SLE, 100 patients with RA and 100 healthy individuals, was studied for mutations in exons 2, 3 and 4 of the TNFRSF1A gene. All individuals were Japanese. Three novel missense mutations were identified in the TNFRSF1A. The C70G mutation was identified in family members with typical TRAPS, which was the second case in eastern Asian population. In addition, the T61I and R104Q mutations were each identified in 2 of the 100 SLE patients. The T61I mutation was identified in one of the 100 healthy individuals. No mutations were identified in the 100 RA patients. Functional analysis revealed that PMA-induced shedding of TNFRSF1A from PBMCs was impaired in a patient carrying T61I. A larger scale of study will clarify whether these two mutations, T61I and R104Q, are associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, such as SLE, or not.

An epidemiological study of primary lung cancer was conducted on NTT workers in the Tokyo area (about 40,000 persons). During the past 30 years (1960-1989), 77 cases (71 males and 6 females) of primary lung cancer were detected by routine medical examination (radiologic screening by radiophotography at their workplaces) or by clinical symptoms, of whom 59 (54 males and 5 females) were dead as of the end of December 1991. Standardized incidence rate and standardized death rate of the males by the direct method (5-yr age groups from 20 to 59 yr of age, per 100,000 population) were 4.5 in the 1960's, 9.9 in the 1970's and 9.8 in the 1980's, and 3.3 in the 1960's, 7.9 in the 1970's and 8.2 in the 1980's, respectively, with increase being observed from the 1970's. Standardized incidence ratio and standardized death ratio of the males by the indirect method (5-yr age groups from 20 to 59 yr of age) were 107 in the 1970's, 86.8 in the 1980's, and 53.8 in the 1960's, 99.4 in the 1970's and 98.5 in the 1980's, respectively. No significant difference could be observed when compared to the national average. By histological type, 44 cases of adenocarcinoma, 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 8 cases of small cell carcinoma, 7 cases of large cell carcinoma and 6 cases of other or unclear types were detected. Excluding the 3 unclear cases, of the 77 cases, 54 cases were peripheral type and the remaining 20 cases were hilar type on radiophotography. Peripheral adenocarcinoma was the most common type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Irradiation of arylcyclopropanes bearing at least one electron-withdrawing group with a tertiary amine in acetonitrile resulted in the formation of the regioselective addition product of the amine along with the reduction product.

Irradiation of arylcyclopropanes bearing at least one electron-withdrawing group with a tertiary amine in acetonitrile resulted in the formation of the regioselective addition product of the amine along with the reduction product.