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This article is devoted to the review of the research and teaching activities of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Alexey Vladimirovich Sushko. By means of the analysis of the latest historiography, conducted in the vision of the problematic and biographical methods, the research provides the author’s analytical assessment of the contribution of this major academic specialist to the development of modern Russian historical science and higher education.

The historiography of the 19th century and the early 20th century regarding the trade relations between Bessarabia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1812-1867) encompasses various perspectives and approaches to the analysis of this period of history. It is important to note that at this time Bessarabia was part of the Russian Empire, the influence of which was reflected in the Tsarist regime imposed on Bessarabia and its emphasis on integrating the region into the empire's internal market. Russian historiography examines the trade relations between Bessarabia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the context of the political, economic, and cultural relations between these two regions. Key topics addressed by historians include analysis of the impact of political events on Bessarabia's trade relations with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Crimean War (1853-1856), which led to territorial changes in Europe. The study examines the trade routes, goods and services that moved between Bessarabia and the Austro- Hungarian Empire, and assesses the impact of trade on the economic development of both territories. The cultural influences and exchanges that arose as a result of trade relations between Bessarabia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire are examined, including linguistic, religious and social aspects. The interactions between the governments of Russia and Austria-Hungary in the context of trade relations, including treaties and agreements governing trade and economic cooperation, are analyzed. Also examined are attitudes and reactions of society to trade ties with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the opinions of traders, merchants, farmers and other social groups. The historiography of this period can vary depending on the particular interests and research approaches of historians, including national perspectives and emphases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleobiology is not only a science of the deep past: it is a science of deep possibility. Drawing on recent speculative reconstructions of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, I sketch a new account of paleobiological reconstruction. Fossils, as opposed to testing causal hypotheses, are used to characterise and evidence the ‘central subjects’ of paleobiological reconstruction, in this instance, particular dinosaur taxa. These central subjects are then situated in various ‘profiles’, representational tools which isolate particular traits across several dimensions in order to apply comparative methods which generate and test often modal hypotheses. I suggest this represents a particular phenomena-driven mode of exploring possibility, one with distinct advantages over approaches more common in theoretical evolutionary biology.

The purpose of the research paper is to uncover the mechanisms of editorial policy formation of the journal 'Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki' in the field of history from 1873 to 1883, the peculiarities of filling the historical section, and the specifics of the author's circle of that publication. The scientific novelty of the research is in the fact that for the first time, an analysis of the editorial policy of the journal 'Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki' in the formation of the historical section during the first decade of its activity in Lviv is conducted, the circle of authors is outlined, and the range of historical problems of the papers is analyzed. Conclusions. The progress of Polish intellectual culture became the main motive in establishing the printed edition 'Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki' in 1873 in Lviv. Its pages covered and discussed issues of science and literature. The journal was clearly dominated by historical issues, mainly related to the political past of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Significant attention was also paid to the analyzes of the Polish state's political system, in which the scholars focused on finding the reasons for the loss of sovereignty. In the context of the introduction of positivist research methods, issues of the state of historical research, tasks, and methods of historical studies were sporadically raised. The need to maintain the level of scientific knowledge and reader interest made the editors balance between 'pure' research, presented by representatives of academic institutions in Lviv and Krakow, and historical and literary articles, the authors of which were amateur historians and writers. They filled the publication with materials that were distinguished by their attractiveness and, mostly, appealed to nostalgic feelings 'for the old days' or were instructive in nature. Thus, the journal under study appears as a published edition that reflected the main trends in the development of Polish historical science in Galicia from the 1870s to the early 1880s. The journal became a center around which a wide circle of experts in antiquity gathered, most of whom lived and worked in Galicia. Given the fact that more than half of the authors of the younger generation studied under K. Liske, the journal could also be considered as a presentation platform for the achievements of Lviv historical and didactic school. In general, the first stage of the activity of that crypto-historical printed edition was an important step in the professionalization of historical studies in Lviv, preparing the emergence in 1887 of the first Polish specialized historical journal 'Kwartalnik Historyczny'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article examines the problem associated with the development and formation of medieval Arab-Muslim historical thought. Due to the fact that in domestic historiography there is no single approach and opinion in determining the role of historical science in the intellectual heritage of the medieval Arab East, this topic remains relevant. Based on the analysis of the works and statements of the early Arab scholars themselves, the author quite rightly came to the conclusion that the early Muslim “intelligentsia” approached the study of history with great trepidation and considered history an independent science worthy of study and development.Materials and methods. The study analyzes the works of early historians such as Ibn Ishaq, al-Tabari, al-Balazuri, al-Mas'udi, etc. The work uses the principles of historicism and objectivism and systemic analysis. Methods such as comparative historical and problem-chronological were used.Analysis. In the early Middle Ages, in the Arab-Muslim environment, historical science developed in several directions. An important place in it is occupied by such a genre as “genealogy”. The next no less important direction is such a direction as “Significant days of the Arabs”. A special place is occupied by “Sira” - the biography of the Prophet. Then follow the stories of kings and rulers and military-political achievements.Results. This article notes that already in the early Middle Ages in the Arab environment, history began to emerge as a separate science, making its rather significant contribution to the intel-lectual heritage of the Arab East. Medieval Arab scholars attached great importance to the collection and study of historical facts. Oral traditions, preserved in popular memory, are immortalized in the manuscripts of early Arab historians. The study of this intellectual heritage is of great interest to science today.

The article examines the contribution of Tatar women teachers to the education of the Turkmen people and to the training of national teaching staff for the Soviet Socialistic Republic of Turkmenistan in the first years of Soviet regime. The article explores the example of Gulnar Dzhanbekovna Karly, the oldest teacher of the Turkmen State University named after Magtymguly. The author analyses the life path, scholarly and pedagogical work of the prominent Tatar woman, who during her half-century of fruitful work took an active part in the training of highly qualified young historian scholars of Turkmenistan and in the development of school textbooks. The article reveals how representatives of the Karly pedagogical dynasty, at least five generations of educators, including mullahs, teachers and lectors, selflessly served their people, the people of Turkmenistan and the profession of a historian scholar.

The history of the emergence and formation, as well as the dynamics of development of the scientific and practical conference «Civil War in the East of Russia: a look through the documentary heritage», held since 2014 in Omsk, is presented. The key characteristics of past conferences are analyzed (topics and number of materials in collections, geography of authors, whether they have academic degrees, the total number of participants, etc.). The authors of the article (active members of the organizing committee) consider the conference as a current phenomenon of scientific life, realized in external and internal political circumstances that are special for Russia and its academic science. The review is addressed to a wide range of readers, including researchers in the history of historical science, historiography of the Civil War in Eastern Russia, historical memory, the history of archival affairs in Siberia and local history.

The first issue of the modernized Medium Tables of the Library Bibliographic Classification (LBC) – the national classification system of the Russian Federation – was published in 2001. They were to systematize literature on the social and human sciences, including history. Their analysis was made. The revision and clarification of the conceptual apparatus were performed, the historical periodization was clarified, the ideological division was eliminated. In 2022 the first stage of the LBC Medium Tables modernization was over, but the Library Bibliographic Classification Research and Development Center in the Russian State Library again faces with the task their updating again, which is again to begin with the sociohumanitarian sections. The historical science has continued its development over the past years: the methodology has been improved, and new lines of investigation have emerged. All this needs to be reflected in the LBC schedules. The aim of this article is to analyze the scientific works on the history of Russia, published from 2018 to 2023 and make proposals for adjusting the LBC Medium Tables. The interdisciplinary nature of modern historical research is emphasized, the most popular historical disciplines are mentioned, which include new social history, regional history, the history of everyday life, gender history, etc. The author proposes to make some changes to the historical sciences section of the LBC Medium Tables. They are connected with new methodical instructions in subclasses on the theoretical basis and methodology of historical science, the history of historical science in Russia since the 1990s, changes in formulations and methodical instructions of special subdivisions in section “History”. These changes will make it possible to reflect the current subjects of the Russian historical research in the second edition of the medium LBC Tables.

Modeling his position on Arthur Fine's Natural Ontological Attitude, Derek Turner proposed the Natural Historical Attitude. Although these positions share a family resemblance, Turner's position differs from Fine's in two important ways. First, Fine's contextualism is more fine-grained. Second, Turner's argument for metaphysical agnosticism seems to lead to the implausible conclusion that we should be agnostic about the mind-independence of ordinary objects – a position in tension with Fine's "core position." While this paper presents a textual analysis of Fine's and Turner's arguments, the conclusions reached here cohere well with some of the best empirically-informed assessments of the historical sciences. Given the diversity of the historical sciences, the fact that many claims in the historical sciences have enough support to be regarded as true, and the implausibility of Turner's agnosticism, philosophers studying historical science would be better served by embracing a stance closer to Fine's Natural Ontological Attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasilattices are algebraic structures that comprise a semilattice-ordered system of lattices. In this paper, certain quasilattices (that are characterized abstractly by a local completeness property) provide an extension of Wille's concept analysis to the study of complex systems that function on a number of distinct levels. In an important special case, a chain semilattice serves to represent a time series governing the evolution of a single system. Natural set representations of locally complete quasilattices have opposed set inclusions describing order relations within a complete lattice, and parallel set inclusions tracking homomorphisms that connect distinct lattice fibers. In the time series model, the sets that appear within the set representation accumulate successive layers at each time point, establishing a mathematical model for historical phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a relatively new subject in the physics curriculum of Malaysian secondary schools, quantum physics (QP) raises questions about its relevance to students and the best approach for teaching it. This paper aims to analyze the content of the QP curriculum to provide students with a meaningful learning experience and expose them to the nature of science (NOS). To accomplish this, the Malaysian standard curriculum document known as Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran (DSKP) and the textbook were analyzed through integrative review. Frameworks and perspectives identified by Stadermann and co-workers on the common trust of the QP curriculum in 15 different countries were used as a benchmark for this analysis. It is found that the QP curriculum in Malaysia focuses on the fundamental principle of understanding the quantum energy of light and its interaction with matter. However, it is also found that there are specific NOS aspects that can be highlighted to help students develop their scientific literacy. These might include emphasizing the philosophy of complementarity in explaining the wave-particle duality principle, the ultraviolet catastrophe, and the contradiction of classical physics interpretation with QP. It is suggested that the QP curriculum be improved by including these and other relevant examples to be on par with other countries. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the relevance and content of QP in Malaysian secondary schools. The proposed changes may help improve students’ learning experience and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the NOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication includes the memoirs of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Yurii Mytsyk about one of his students, the Professor of Ukrainian History at Harvard Serhii Plokhy. The historians first met in the mid-1970s at the Historical department of Dnipropetrovsk State University. Yurii Mytsyk was the lecturer at the Chair of general history, and Serhii Plokhy was a first-year student. The memoir reveals the circumstances of acquaintance and the beginning of young scholar's scientific work under the supervision of Yurii Mytsyk. It was at the latter's suggestion that Serhii Plokhy began to study Latin-language historiography, wrote his first research paper sand published articles. In addition, the professor talks about the problems that his student faced when entering postgraduate school and how he managed to overcome them. The historian also recalls Serhii Plokhy's preparation of his PhD thesis "Latin-language works of the mid-seventeenth century as a source on the history of the Liberation War of the Ukrainian people in 1648-1654" at the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. The stories of personal friendships and inter-family communication between historians are of special interest. Yurii Mytsyk talks about Serhii Plokhy's arrival at the Department of General History as a lecturer, his professional growth and career progression, and participation in the life of the Historical department. He talks about the complicated relations between colleagues-historians during the election of Serhii Plokhy as head of the chair, his work as dean of the Faculty for Foreign Students, and the circumstances under which Plokhy had to leave Dnipro University. A separate part of the memoirs is devoted to Serhii Plokhy's academic trips abroad and the impressions he shared with his colleagues, including a joint trip to an international conference in Italy. A part of the memoirs is devoted to the contacts between the historians when they both stopped working at the Dnipropetrovsk University and met during Yurii Mytsyk's internship in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the process of formation of historical science and social thought in Mexico in the 19th century. The author focuses on the important works of some of the most famous researchers of Mexican history, which laid the foundation for Mexican historiography. The author notes that the origin and formation of Mexican national historiography and social thought was associated with key political events in the country's history: War of Independence 1810-1824, creation of the first liberal constitutions, Mexican-American War 1846-1848. and territorial disputes with the United States, bourgeois reforms, the civil war of 1854–1860, the Anglo-French-Spanish intervention, the liberation war of the Mexican people of 1861–1867. These events occupied an im-portant place in the works of the first Mexican historians, who often personally took part in the process of the political formation of an independent state and became the starting points around which the historical concepts of the Mexican history of the national period were formed. these events primarily attracted the attention of historians and became the starting points around which the historical concepts of the Mexican history.

An analytical review of the work of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference «The activities of domestic special services in the era of social cataclysms», held on October 19–20, 2022 in Omsk, is presented. The authors of the publication (active members of the organizing committee) consider the conference as an actual phenomenon of scientific life, which took place in historical foreign and domestic political conditions that are special for Russia. Covered: the course of the event, the main content of scientific reports, key aspects of the controversy, the results of the conference are presented, the resolution is given. The review is addressed to a wide range of readers, including, first of all, researchers of historical science, Russian special services, local history and official commemoration practices.

Natalya Alekseevna Shabelnikova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Police Colonel, Honored Worker of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. She is the author of scientific research on the history of law enforcement agencies in a wide problem-thematic and chronological range. This interview was agreed in October 2022 during the scientific official journey N. A. Shabelnikova in Omsk to participate in the work of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference «Activities of domestic special services in the era of social cataclysms». The interview was given remotely, and then edited by Natalya Alekseevna from Vladivostok in January 2023. The conversation was devoted to the prospects for studying the history of Russian special services in Russia, modern estimates of the historiography of the Civil War in the Far East and the policy of preserving historical memory in Russia.

The paper provides an analytical review of the scientific reference publication «Victims of the Civil War: a reference book-martyrology on the act records of the parish registers of the temples of the Omsk region (June 1918–December 1919)», prepared by the creative team of Omsk historians-archivists — candidates of historical sciences Dmitry Igorevich Petin and Maxim Maksimovich Stelmak. The features of the author’s approach, chosen as key criteria in the preparation of the publication, are critically comprehended. The use of a theoretical set, consisting of the principle of consistency, problematic and comparative historical methods, allows us to present the analyzed work as a striking phenomenon of historical science. The general scientific, cultural and methodological novelty of the publication is noted.

This article critically reviews how creationists or antievolutionists are using discussions in philosophy of science to undermine the efficacy of evolution to defuse the tension between evolution and religion. They include (1) the scientific realism debate, (2) the distinction between historical and experimental sciences, (3) the problem of induction, and (4) the definitional problem of species. It then discusses how using these specific arguments to undermine evolution is misplaced when looked at from an Ashʿarī perspective, a Sunnī school of theology. In doing so, it reveals the multiple ways that theology and philosophy of science are interacting with one another in the ongoing creationism-evolutionism debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people assume ceaseless conflict between natural science and Christianity, but the real conflict has been between scientism and Christianity. Scientism is the view that only the sciences (especially not theology) generate knowledge or rational belief. I show how Christianity generated rational beliefs that contributed to the rise of science. This science-fostering rational belief included rationales for when to practice methodological naturalism, and when to study nature without that restriction. Both practices cultivated science, though in different ways. This historical difference is of enduring value for recent debates about metaphysical naturalism (atheism), creationism, theistic evolution, and intelligent design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Climate models calibrated exclusively with observations from the 19th through 21st centuries are unsuitable for assessing many important hypotheses about the future. Many systems in the modern climate are expected to cross dynamic thresholds in the near future, requiring more than the instrumental record for adequate calibration. In this paper I argue that paleoclimate analogues from earth’s past can mitigate this threshold problem, even if the modern climate exhibits features that make it historically unique. While this requires that paleoclimatologists be increasingly discriminate in the past systems they target for modern analogues, the upshot is a practice of climate model construction that improves the reliability of future projections. All of this is achieved by integrating features of past climate systems discovered by the study of earth deep in the past. My analysis synthesizes important empirical work done by climate modelers and paleoclimatologists with relevant philosophical work on analogical reasoning in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical review is devoted to a new and conceptual microhistorical research — the monograph «The History of the Omsk clan of Batyushkin», published by the Omsk historian-archivist and local historian, PhD in History, Associate professor Dmitry Igorevich Petin. From the standpoint of a problematic vision, the substantive aspects of the book are highlighted, which, in the opinion of the reviewer, are worthy of close attention of the academic community, as well as plots, the discussion of which can be continued in a debatable manner. In conclusion, the high significance of the analyzed monograph for understanding the Modern History of Russia is emphasized.

Goals. The article seeks to reveal specifics of historical science’s institutionalization in the Buryat-Mongol ASSR throughout the 1920s and 1930s. It analyzes the conditions to have accompanied the development of historical science in the prerevolutionary era, peculiarities in the shaping of new organizational forms for historical research in the Republic (scientific institution, scientific society, museums and archives), and a corresponding educational infrastructure. Much attention is paid to the analysis of history and ethnography research endeavors of scientific societies (Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat-Mongol Society, Troitskosavsk-Kyakhta Branch of the Russian Geographical Society) and the first scientific institution of the Republic to have evolved from Buryat-Mongol Scientific Committee into the State Institute of Language, Literature and Cultural History during the mentioned period. Materials and methods. The paper examines unpublished documents stored at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs (Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies SB RAS), Scientific Archive of the Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), and the State Archive of Buryatia. The principles of historicism and systemacity employed make it possible to reconstruct the process of historical science’s institutionalization in the young Buryat-Mongol autonomy, the latter having been determined by objectives of scientific, cultural, social, economic and political development of the Soviet state. This has yielded a balanced approach aimed to characterize the ideological predicaments faced by the humanities in earliest decades of the BMASSR. Results. The first post-October decade witnessed the shaping of a conceptually new paradigm of historical science based on Marxist-Leninist ideologies — paralleled by the formation of Buryat-Mongolia’s infrastructure of historical science represented by institutions of science and education, public organizations and archives. In methodological terms, the very historical science was being developed ‘under the flag of local history’ with the typically insufficient detailing and generalizing nature of historical problem statements. The first 1926 meeting on ethnic culture and the 1934 meeting on controversial issues of Buryat-Mongolia’s history did articulate consolidated ideas pertaining to development directions and objectives for historical science in the Republic. Despite the ideological extremities had had most negative impacts on human resources and potentials of regional historical science, by the late 1930s there were a source base and theoretical/methodological tools generally compliant with Marxist-Leninist ideologies. All that helped P. Khaptaev, A. Okladnikov, F. Kudryavtsev and many others prepare generalized works on the history of Buryatia that have become classics of Russian historiography.

The work is dedicated to the memory of Zoya Veniaminovna Moshkina, Doctor of Historical Sciences, a remarkable person, a teacher, a deep and demanding researcher of the history of political hard labor in Transbaikalia. For a long period of her activity in the field of science (about 30 years), about 100 scientific papers have been written, including a monograph, articles in journals reviewed by the Higher Attestation Commission, works on the results of participation in various All-Russian and regional conferences. Most of Zoya V. Moshkina’s scientific works are devoted to the history of political hard labor and exile in Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk penal servitude). Sudden death did not allow the scientist to create an updated systematic work on the history of penal servitude in Transbaikalia, which was planned for the near future. Systematization of the author’s works in various areas of research of the Nerchinsk political penal servitude, analysis of the problems and determination of the novelty of her research allow us to call Z.V. Moshkina a leading historian on the history of political penal servitude and exile in Transbaikalia. Zoya Moshkina’s scientific research was carried out at the junction of history, jurisprudence and psychology, it is not only regional in nature but also have all-Russian significance, since political hard labor in the second half of the XIXth century was mostly concentrated in the Nerchinsk mountain district in Transbaikalia. Zoya Moshkina’s works are a comprehensive study of the Nerchinsk political penal servitude (the organization of the management system of political convicts, the regulatory framework for the maintenance of this category of criminals, living conditions in penal servitude, the gender, age and social composition of political prisoners, the behavior of convicts in conditions of penal servitude, etc.). The works by Z. V. Moshkina reflect personal, historical- psychological, gender and sociological approaches relevant to modern historical science, the application of which in the history of political hard labor has made a significant scientific novelty. The problems of the Trans-Baikal historian’s research, new aspects of studying the problems of the Nerchinsk political penal servitude have become a scientific basis for a new generation of scientists.

The principle cultural contexts are considered, which are necessary to be taken into account in order to create “the single textbook of history”. There should be included such things as commemorative practices, historical memory, scientific rationality. The clear understanding of their borders and forms of their representation in the historical textbooks is needed.

Explanations in the natural historical sciences often take the form of stories. This paper examines two accounts of the sources of narrative's explanatory power: Beatty's suggestion that narrative explanation is closely connected to historical contingency, and that narratives explain by contrasting what happened with what might have happened; and Ereshefsky and Turner's view that narratives explain by organizing events around a central subject with a distinctive direction of historical development. In both accounts, it turns out that non-epistemic values typically play a role in the construction of narrative, and hence contribute to narrative's explanatory force. Two case studies from historical science – the plate tectonic story of the Avalonian terrane, and the story of the evolution of trichromatic vision in (some) mammals – help to motivate and illustrate this argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e purpose of the study is to demonstrate the existence in modern Polish historiography of a constant interest in the problem of reducing the social impact of professional historiography in the modern world, and in Poland in particular, and to characterize the main approaches formulated by Polish historians. Th e research methodology is based on the methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis, as well as historiographical comparative studies. Th e scientifi c novelty is that, for the fi rst time, the question of the Polish reception of the international discussion on the social role of historiography is analyzed. It has been found that over the last two decades or so, many Polish scholars have debated this issue and off ered a variety of answers to overcome the growing alienation between academic historiography and social reality. It is shown that the use of Western historical thought has a signifi cant impact on the formulation of research ideas and proposals of Polish colleagues. At the same time, Polish historians rely on the actual Polish social and intellectual context, and their conclusions are mostly original and not overloaded with intellectual borrowings. Conclusions. In recent decades, part of the Po lish historians' community has been thinking more and more about professional history, which is becoming less and less needed by society to restore lost positions and preserve its place in the intellectual and social life of the country. In order to increase public confi dence in their profession, Polish historians are looking for ways to make historical knowledge more meaningful for the present and the future, for solving pressing problems, and for social progress. In this sense, it is oft en suggested either direct ideological support of certain social groups, processes, or phenomena (affi rmative history), or closer interaction of historians with amateurs and enthusiasts of history, and an alliance between professional and non-academic ways of presenting the past (digital history, public history), or more active use of cognitive resources embedded in professional historical knowledge (traditional academic historiography). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the monograph «The History of the Omsk clan of Batyushkin» prepared by the Omsk historian-archivist and public figure, candidate of historical sciences, associate professor D. I. Petin. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the author’s approach to coverage on the example of a single Omsk family and the mansion of political and social history that belonged to it in more than a century of the functioning of the Russian statehood. The scientific, methodological novelty of the monograph is noted; as critical passages, certain aspects are highlighted, with which the author of the review does not fully agree. In the final, a conclusion is made about the high significance of the analyzed book novelty.

The article highlights the formation of a separate trend in the historiography of the Byelorussian SSR, called «Bundism». Jewish historians-Marxists in the 1920s – early 1930s were actively involved in the process of scientific understanding of the revolutionary events and socialist transformations at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. This scientific phenomenon requires a separate study, since the views of the Jewish intelligentsia on the concept of national history had a strong impact on the scientific community of the BSSR. In Belarusian historiography, the problem received incomplete coverage in the works of V.N. Mikhnyuk. The purpose of the article is to reveal the main conceptual approaches of Jewish historians-Marxists on the current trends in the history of Belarus in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The research is based on written sources presented by published scientific works. The texts of unpublished sources are taken from the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. On the basis of historical-comparative, historical-genetic methods and the method of retrospective analysis, the main works of representatives of Jewish historiography are identified, biographical data of a number of researchers little-known for modern science are revealed, and the degree of politicization of the historical science of the BSSR is determined. The scientific problems of the national historiography were expanded by the matters of the history of the labor movement, social democratic organizations, party (Bolshevik) and Komsomol organizations, the civil war in Belarus. The position of Jewish Marxist historians was based on a national platform, which contradicted the official concept of the history of the CPSU (b). The leadership of the BSSR considered the scientific views of Jewish authors to be a manifestation of the Bundist and Zionist ideology. A campaign of criticism and eradication of Jewish nationalism in the historical science of the Byelorussian SSR followed. Revealing the degree of scientific development of the problem, determining the personnel potential of the science of the BSSR, assessing the nature of the author’s approaches and ideas allows us to actualize the problem of forming the concept of the history of Belarus in the 1920s – early 1930s. The results obtained can be applied in the educational and scientific activities of higher school lecturers in the process of teaching academic disciplines, in the development of topics of national historiography.

Hieromonk Arseny, laic name Alexei Ivanov Lobovikov (1830–1907), was the author of scientifi c publications on the history of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and Sergievski Posad. His works are widely used by present-day historians, but almost nothing is known about his life. Using archival sources has helped to reconstruct the biography of this learned monk. A. Lobovikov comes from the rural clergy of Vyatka diocese, received a systematic spiritual education and at the age of 23 decided to devote himself to the “vows of monastic life” in Trinity-Sergius monastery. From that moment on, his obedience was determined, this was work with manuscripts at the library of the Lavra. For several years, he successively passed through several stages of the monastic hierarchy: he was enrolled as a novice (1854), tonsured a monk (1856), ordained a hierodeacon (1858), and then a hieromonk (1860). In 1897, he was awarded a silver medal on the Alexander Ribbon to be worn on his chest in memory of the late Emperor Alexander III. The initial direction of the study of the history of the famous monastery was by the 1880s transformed into a study of Sergievski posad settlement that emerged from the villages and settlements surrounding the monastery. Until that moment, its history was in the shadow of the grandiose history of the Lavra and did not attract the attention of researchers. The articles of Hieromonk Arseny about the four parishes of the city were written with the involvement of a large number of sources, starting with legislative acts and princely charters, and ending with monastic clerical documentation and documents of the church population registration. They passed serious scientifi c testing in the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at the Moscow Imperial University and were published in its periodical, Readings. Hieromonk Arseny, born in the time of Emperor Nicholas I, lived during the reign of four monarchs and died in the time of Emperor Nicholas II. Before his death, he confessed and received communion, and after his death was buried in the monastery cemetery in the Lavra. His works are still in demand today.

In our opinion, the relevance of the logical and philosophical understanding of history for its scientific character cannot be doubted. The fact is that most of the modern interethnic and interethnic conflicts (including paramilitary ones) are «mixed up», very often, on the «historical component». Some ethnic groups, especially under the influence of propaganda, are sure that they inhabited this territory «earlier» than others (and vice versa), and therefore have more rights to it; they have a reason to be a «titular nation»; they must have certain privileges; their religious views must be endowed with the status of an official ideology, and so on. To substantiate their claims, leaders or representatives of such national, ethnic or religious formations very often resort to «scientific argumentation», while referring to the research of certain historians as «truth» proved by «historical science». And this, in turn, can lead to sad consequences. It is enough to recall the «scientific research» of the ideologists of the Third Reich, adherents of Mussolini’s ideas or some Islamist theorists. In this regard, the question arises as to how much one can trust the research of historians? Is history able to provide guaranteed true scientific knowledge about the past? In general, is history a science? That is why the purpose of our article is a logical and philosophical analysis of history in order to find out whether it is really a science. The methodology of our research has become traditional logical and philosophical methods: analysis, synthesis, elements of deduction, the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, as well as the method of unity of the historical and logical. The scientific novelty of this article is that the author justifies the fact that history is not a science from a logical and philosophical position. The results obtained in the course of the research carried out in the article have a certain theoretical and practical significance. Their theoretical significance lies in the fact that they can be used by scientists in conducting scientific research in the field of philosophy of science, philosophy of history, political science, sociology, social psychology, ethnography, religious studies and others. In addition, they can be used by practitioners (politicians, public and religious figures, heads of state and public organizations, etc.) in resolving social conflicts and solving other socially significant tasks.

The article shows what problems interested humanities scholars and publicists in the prewar period of the Soviet history and how these problems were covered from new methodological positions. The works created at that time by historians of the old school are examined, it is emphasized that even in articles written by authors who have not mastered Marxist theory, much attention is paid to the problems of the life of the masses, the manifestations of the class struggle, and public relations in Stavropol villages. The activity of local history societies and organizations is highlighted. Researchers paid much attention to the problems of the agrarian history of Stavropol, works of this time, as a rule, affect both the pre-Soviet and Soviet periods, since most of them give comparative material. In the 1920s, when the ways of agricultural development were not yet determined, the practical needs of the agricultural sector caused increased attention to the issues of developing cooperation, forms of land ownership and land use in the past. The restructuring of the economy in a socialist manner in the late 1920s and early 1930s is reflected in the journalistic articles of party and Soviet leaders. In the period under review, the history of the revolutionary movement and the struggle for power of the Soviets became the most relevant topics for research. The article discusses the activities of Eastparts - commissions on the history of the revolutionary movement and civil war. It is shown that these organizations, including the Stavropol Istpart, have done a lot to collect and publish materials on this topic. The analysis of journal publications is given, the errors made by the authors are revealed. The widespread publication of the memoirs of participants in revolutionary events, characteristic of the 1920s, was not accompanied by a critical check, therefore, over articles containing incorrect information or a controversial assessment of events, discussions arose in which both historians and participants in the events took part. The characteristic is given to generalizing works on the history of the October Revolution and the Civil war in the Stavropol Territory.

The article studies the establishment of historical science and education in Stavropol in the context of time and attempts to assess the activities of first professional historians of Stavropol by the example of professors V. A. Romanovsky and P. A. Shatsky. The author studied the conditions and the peculiarities of scientific historical school development in the Stavropol Pedagogical Institute. The analysis of the state of historical knowledge in the first half of the 20th century is conducted, namely, the absence of academic centers to study the history of the North Caucasus and the Stavropol region and train scientific personnel. The article studies the reasons for the establishment of the historical faculty in the postwar period and the context of inviting a well-known all-Union level scientist Viktor Romanovsky that was fallen in disgrace that time. It is claimed that prior to V. A. Romanovsky the historical knowledge in the Stavropol region was at the prescientific level. The author differentiates the concepts of local history and historical science. The region needed to establish its own database of historical studies while seriously exploring the North Caucasus region and training its history experts - not only school teachers but also university-level scientists who were supposed to study the history of the North Caucasus. The author views the first period of establishing the Faculty of History (1946 - the end of the 1960s) as a fruitful stage in the development of Stavropol historical school. The works of the 50s-60s of the XX century served the basis for further study of many problems of political, economic, social and cultural development of the North Caucasus.

Works of the Russian historians of the first half of the XIX century had a number of signs of similarity to works of fiction. In particular, one of such signs was that the plot reminded a literary work plot. Such plots could be found in works on stories of the Cossack troops, the Don V. D. Sukhorukov's army and Black Sea army of A. M. Turenko. The plots in these works reveal such relevant subject lines as the start, the climax and the denouement. In Sukhorukov's work on stories of Don the internal conflict which is not typical of Turenko's work on the Black Sea history can be accurately traced. In these historical works literary plots are characterized by witticism which makes them interesting for the reader.

The relevance of the study of the mechanism of evolution is determined by the fact that the understanding of scientific laws is changing in modern science. From the microworld to the megaworld, the historical nature of the processes occurring in them is recognized, which should be reflected in the interpretation of laws. The author sets out to reveal the prerequisites of the idea of self-organization, which is a distinctive feature of evolutionary processes in the synergetic picture of the world of post-non-classical science. The idea of self-organization grows out of the concepts of evolution developed in the classical and non-classical periods of the development of modern science. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the concepts of the evolution of these periods. The dominant approach in the modern philosophy of science is the history of science, so the author is guided by the methodology of historical and scientific research, when comparative analysis is implemented through finding out the similarities and differences of the stages of interest. The article substantiates the thesis that at this stage the concept of evolutionism is based on the recognition of the time parameter either in the form of an infinite sequence of events embodied in the present («external time»), or in the form of the principle of historicity («internal time»). The classical concept of evolution was a hypothesis. In non-classical science, the concept of evolution receives a scientific — empirical and theoretical — justification. To specify the principle of evolution in this period, the material from astrophysics, biology and historical science is given. The novelty of the obtained results is connected with the recognition of the hypothetical nature of the idea of evolution in the non-major non-rationalist branch of descriptive natural science of classical stage, the acquisition of scientific justification by it (the idea of evolution) at the non-classical stage, as well as with the transition from the concept of «external» to «internal» time. «Internal» time is the essence of the new concept of historicism, where evolution is interpreted as self-organization. A new concept of evolution and a new type of scientific laws set the prospect for further research.

Social mobility is a sociological concept that implies any transition that a person makes from one social position to another, and this presents different ways of mobility and indices through time and space. Historical science and migratory studies have dedicated a space to it for a few decades and data and analyzes worth highlighting have emerged from it. The objective of this research is to review the literature of historiography and migration scholars on social mobility. The purpose is to show the state of the art and reflect on the wide possibilities of the historical analysis of social mobility in migratory issues. The methodology used is documentary and theoretically based on historiographic reflection on the democratization and fragmentation of history and multidisciplinary dialogue. This is expected to awaken the interest of historical reflection on topics of the various forms of social mobility in the phenomenon of migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of methodological pluralism as a meta-approach on the formation of modern historical science; to examine the role that diverse approaches played in the scientific study of the past; to demonstrate the importance of a multi-vector view of history as an integral part of the study of the past. The relevance of the research: these are interdisciplinary interactions between both socio-humanitarian and natural sciences. The consequence of this is the emergence of the phenomenon of methodological pluralism as the basis of modern historical science. Conclusions: in the process of research we discovered that diverse methodological approaches influence the historical science, which ultimately leads to the emergence of the new directions in historical knowledge. Research methods: analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive, comparative approach. The novelty of the article lies in the analysis of the potential of methodological pluralism in the discourse of post-classical historical science. The productivity of using modern interdisciplinary approaches in the study of processes that have taken place in the past is substantiated.

The article is prepared for the 65th anniversary of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and World History, Archaeology of Volgograd State University Sergey G. Sidorov. The article traces the biography of S.G. Sidorov, his pedagogical, scientific, and administrative activities. It is shown that fundamental foundations of the future pedagogical and scientific work of S.G. Sidorov were laid at the Faculty of History of Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky, from which he graduated in 1981. Most of Sergey Grigoryevichs life is connected with Volgograd State University, where he has been working since 1986. He combined teaching historical disciplines with the administrative work. S.G. Sidorov was Vice-rector for Academic Affairs for 25 years. Being in this position he has done a lot to make Volgograd State University a leader in the region in training highly qualified specialists. S.G. Sidorov is one of the leading experts on the history of the Great Patriotic War. He is the author of the first fundamental comprehensive study of using labor of prisoners of war of the Second World War in the national economy of the USSR in 1939–1956. With his active participation, six volumes of Documents and Materials “Prisoners of War in the USSR. 1939–1956” were published. Since 2009, S.G. Sidorov has been the Head of the Dissertation Council on Historical Sciences at Volgograd State University. From 2014 to 2020, largely due to the efforts of S.G. Sidorov, Volgograd State University held five International Thematic Scientific Conferences “Military History of Russia: Problems, Searches, Solutions”.

In this paper we argue that the difference between standard measurement and proxy measurement in paleoclimatology should not be understood in terms of 'directness' (cf. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Measurements taken by climatologists to be paradigmatically non-proxy exhibit the kinds of indirectness that are thought to separate them proxy measurement. Rather, proxy measurements and standard measurements differ in how they account for confounding causal factors (CCFs). Measurements are 'proxy' to the extent that the measurements require vicarious controls, while measurements are not proxy, but rather 'standard', to the extent that the measurement apparatus provides sufficient physical control on its own. Guided by this account of proxy measurement, we then consider some of the challenges specific to historical proxy measurement and how it is that historical scientists address these challenges. Historical scientists rely on significant causal dependencies and naturally preserved signals to mitigate the influence of destructive processes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a serious issue within the forensic science community, which even extends outside of the field. The role of the scientist in the investigation of crime has been increasingly confined to the laboratory, which has been accompanied by the conflation of the terms forensic science and criminalistics. This unfortunate situation has been festering for years. To make matters worse, the era of the proactive, problem‐defining, criminalist (generalist) is waning, and possibly over. Present‐day "criminalists" are treated as little more than reactive, protocol‐constrained, laboratory technicians, with few, if any, consequential crime scene roles. In most cases, these "criminalists" merely respond to routine requests from prosecutors and police. The absence of science at the front end of forensic investigations, i.e., the scene, has resulted in biased, ineffective, inefficient, and/or erroneous outcomes with immediate and long‐term societal impacts. To disentangle this imbroglio, we propose the use of another term, traceology, which has seen limited use worldwide except in the field of archaeology. With respect to criminalistics, this term has been previously proposed by Margot (20–21). Traceology is an historical science, dealing with the examination, analysis, and scientific interpretation of event traces (signs or remnants) of earlier activities. In this commentary, we define and redefine familiar, but ambiguous, terms and concepts with the hope of recapturing the essence of criminalistics (32), which we suggest is best termed traceology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanation is a perennially hot topic in philosophy of science. Yet philosophers have exhibited a curious blind spot to the questions of how explanatory projects develop over time, as well as what processes are involved in generating their developmental trajectories. This paper examines these questions using research into the end-Permian mass extinction as a case study. It takes as its jumping-off point the observation that explanations of historical events tend to grow more complex over time, but it goes beyond this observation by scrutinizing the processes responsible for generating this pattern. Surveying several decades of research into the end-Permian extinction, I suggest that the principal "driver" of explanation in geohistory is non-explanatory work: work that is undertaken to increase our descriptive understanding of a phenomenon, not to test a particular explanatory claim. Non-explanatory work drives explanation by imposing or eliminating demands on explanation, and by furnishing new resources for constructing explanatory models. Explanations grow more complex because (1) the demands on explanation tend to increase with ongoing characterization of the target phenomenon, and (2) characterization tends grows the roster of explanatory resources. However, the fact that non-explanatory work sometimes eliminates demands on explanation means that this trend is not irreversible. I suggest that to achieve a more rounded view of the dynamics of explanation, philosophers should ask how research into complex phenomena is organized, as well as how explanatory progress depends upon the coordination of different kinds of material and epistemic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis conducted in 2013–2019. Omsk historians and archivists of scientific conferences at which various aspects of the events that took place in Siberia after the February bourgeois-democratic and Great October Socialist revolutions and during the ensuing Civil War in Russia were examined. Then, in 1918–1919, the city of Omsk, having gained a special position on the political map of Russia, became the capital of «White» Russia, headed by Admiral A. V. Kolchak. Particular attention is paid to the efforts of Omsk historians, archivists, local historians, who became the organizers of a deeper study of the history of the Civil War in Russia and, especially, in Siberia, in the Omsk Irtysh Region in connection with the 100th anniversary of those controversial events

In the article dedicated to the 85th anniversary of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor and Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Veniamin V. Alekseev, the author traces the main milestones of the scientific biography of the prominent historian who is a well-known specialist in the field of national history and the theory of historical process and the founder of the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The paper considers the main stages of the formation of the scientist, his scientific, organizational and administrative activities in the field of historical science. The author highlights the scientific results of Academician V.V. Alekseev that made him well known in Russia and abroad, his theoretical and methodological studies and such large blocks of scientific research as the history of Russian modernizations, the phenomenon of Russian regionalism, the history of metallurgy of the Urals and industrial heritage. The article also focuses on the features of the scientific method of V.V. Alekseev and his merits in the formation of the documentary base for historical research.

Тhe article presents changes in the management system of science and education, specifics of the development of some academic institutions at Russian and regional levels, institutional dynamics of historical science in the Omsk region on the backdrop of the characteristics of the social transformations of the 1990s – the mid-2010s. It is concluded that the formation of the academic platform and the expansion of the educational space in the region is based on a pronounced humanitarian perspective, in which historical knowledge is much inferior to the socio-economic areas of research

The article examines the century long way of formation and development of historical science at the Belarusian State University. It is concluded that from the very beginning of the university’s activity, the most important directions of historical research were formed in it. A special place was occupied by Belarusian studies, which became the sphere of professional activity of both historians and archaeologists, ethnographers, source researchers, historiographers, and archivists. At the same time, Russian and Slavic history was also deeply studied and since the 1920s. Belarusian antiquity, media studies, novistics et cetera has originated. It is noted that such a wide range of studies was largely determined by the fact that the university had to train specialists in the relevant fields of knowledge. Historians of BSU initiated the creation of separate research societies and institutions, including the Institute of Belarusian Culture and the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. Highlighted the stages of development of university historical science, which were characterised by their distinctive features and were determined by socio-political factors. The current state of the historical science of BSU is outlined.

The article surveys the issue of historical memory governmentalization causes and possibility of its replacement by ideological surrogates under the influence of political course. The issue of historical memory is tightly connected with other matters - politics, construction of nation in the new Eastern Europe countries, national identity and ethnical and national correlation, Russian historical science situation. The chosen in the article approach suggests their discussion in the systemic interconnection. It's supposed that historical science renovation is the key problem and it forms the necessary condition of solving other problems. Methodological possibility of this issue systemic analysis arises with the introduction of the new historical culture concept in scientific turnover. It is the instrument for social agreement establishing through the reference to authority of the past represented as a historical memory. New historical culture fixes shift in the politics, memory and historical thinking correlation according to which historical memory horizons are going to broaden and include layers of the past hidden before, alternative universes of family and personal "histories". The precondition of new historical culture, according to the author, is the J. Ortega y Gasset's Historical Reason concept with basic idea of human existence as a radical reality, and theoretic-methodological base - the New Institutionalism by D. North. The main results of the research are certain scientific points with attribution of originality. First of all, the idea of boarders of the past "extension" in the process of institutional basis reconstruction during the evolution that opens the space of alternative worlds. In this view memory presents time as something integral, in unity of the past, present and future modus, as an inclusion of new (alternative) experience in structures of the present. Secondly, the idea of politics being a social "apriori" of historical science. The article notes culture and ideology as two ways how to mediate the relations between the politics and history. Thirdly, the idea of national identity in Russia being "uncompleted" from beneath, thus immature national origin is replaced by civilizational one, historical memory becomes governmental and opportunistic and cultural tradition loses its vital ground and devastates itself.

Contrary to proponents’ claims, methodological naturalism is not metaphysically neutral. Consequently, its acceptance as a practice requires justification. Unfortunately for its advocates, attempts to justify it are failures. It cannot be defended as a definition, or a self-imposed limitation, of science, nor, more modestly, as an inductively justified commitment to natural causes. As a practice, it functions not to further scientific investigation, but rather to impose an explanatory straitjacket.

The article presents the analysis of such concepts as “historical regularity”, “chance” and “great personality”. It is stressed that while studying epistemological problems of historical science we must focus on the system categories being used in general methodology of science, first of all on the category “scientific theory”. The role and place of personality in historical and political process is reviewed. It is noted that in order to solve the urgent problems of social development, there is a need for leaders who, through their own energy, will, mind and abilities, can implement quality changes.