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Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), an exceptional Swiss surgeon who described a technique for the safe removal of enlarged thyroid unraveled the true function of this endocrine gland but also made significant contributions to many other fields of surgery. Kocher was the first surgeon awarded the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1909 for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland. He was professor and clinical director at Insel Hospital during 45 years. Kocher created the prominent Surgeon's School in Bern. He was the first president of the International Society of Surgery in 1903 and the founding president of the Swiss Society of Surgery in 1913.

With the majority of eponyms being removed from disease classification systems, it is even more difficult to remember the neurologists who influenced the development of techniques and understanding of the brain over the last centuries. Determining whether Polish researchers were given similar attention to Western equivalents based on eponymic presence in medical databases is an interesting way to provide an overview of unremembered Polish neurologists. This work aims to recognize the developments of forgotten Polish neurologists, whose work, although important, was not properly appreciated over the centuries.

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Behaviour settings theory is the product of Roger Barker and Herbert F. Wright's decades-long Midwest Field Station research programme. The theory followed from the demonstration that the best predictor of a person's behaviour was the setting (i.e. location, timing and activity) in which their behaviour took place, rather than any individual trait (e.g. personality). Now little known in psychology, behaviour settings theory is often further obscured by being presented as a theory only, neglecting the clear methodology Barker provided for investigating the question: 'What do people do in everyday life?' This literature review takes a comprehensive look at Barker's contributions both within and outside of psychology. The corpus comprises both theoretical and empirical articles; however, our primary interest is in the empirical articles. We describe the who, when and where of behaviour settings research over the past half-century, and we identify branches and neighbours of behaviour settings research (e.g. manning theory, behaviour mapping and activity settings theory). Primarily, however, we attempt to answer the following questions: (i) Are any of Barker's tools for studying people in everyday settings being used currently? (ii) How accurately has Barker's theory been explained, or his methods applied? (iii) Does such work contribute to behaviour settings theory in a meaningful way? This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'.

Due to a lack of long-term observations in China, reports on historical ozone concentration are severely limited. In this study, by combining observation, reanalysis and model simulation data, XGBoost machine learning algorithm is used to correct the surface ozone concentration from CMIP6 climate model, and the long-term and large-scale surface ozone concentration of China during 1950-2014 is obtained. The long-term evolutions and trends of ozone and meteorological effects on interannual ozone variations are further analyzed. The results reveal that CMIP6 historical simulations have a large underestimation in ozone concentrations and their trends. The XGB-derived ozone are closer to observations, with R 2 value of 0.66 and 0.74 for daily and monthly retrievals, respectively. Both the concentrations and exceedances of ozone in most parts of China have shown increasing trends from 1950 to 2014. The daily mean ozone concentration without climate change effects is estimated to be 117 ppb in the year 1950 averaged over China. It indicates that the increase in anthropogenic emissions of China has a significant contribution to ozone enhancement between 1950 and 2014. The higher ozone growth rates of XGB retrievals than those from the model indicate a regional surface ozone penalty due to the warming climate. The relatively significant increment in ozone are estimated in the Central and Western China. Seasonally, the ozone enhancement is largest in spring, indicating a shift in seasonal variation of ozone. Given the uncertainty in simulating historical ozone by climate model, we show that machine learning approaches can provide improved assessment of evolution in surface ozone, along with valuable information to guide future model development and formulate future ozone pollution prevention and control policies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The author declares no competing interest.

Sarah Gaffen, PhD, is a professor of medicine and rheumatology and holds the Gerald P. Rodnan endowed chair at the University of Pittsburgh. Her lab explores the biological function of IL-17 and its receptor in the context of fungal host defense and autoimmunity. We spoke to Sarah about where her interest in cytokines began, the importance of saying no in your career, and her interest in paleogenetics., (© 2024 Van Emmenis.)

Competing Interests: None.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as notable causative agents of opportunistic infections. To examine clinical significance, species distribution, and temporal trends of NTM in Denmark, we performed a nationwide register-based study of all unique persons with NTM isolated in the country during 1991-2022. We categorized patients as having definite disease, possible disease, or isolation by using a previously validated method. The incidence of pulmonary NTM increased throughout the study period, in contrast to earlier findings. Mycobacterium malmoense, M. kansasii, M. szulgai, and M. avium complex were the most clinically significant species based on microbiologic findings; M. avium dominated in incidence. This study shows the need for surveillance for an emerging infection that is not notifiable in most countries, provides evidence to support clinical decision-making, and highlights the importance of not considering NTM as a single entity.

Use of onboard commercial airline defibrillators began in 1997. At first, it was met with resistance but is now present on all planes. The first in-flight resuscitation of a passenger occurred in 1998 and is described here.

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Francisco Schlottmann and Mario A. Masrur have no conflicts of interest, financial ties, or funding/support to disclose.

Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: The author declares no conflict of interest.

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.

Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: NIH research funding; served on advisory boards for Aerium, GSK, and Opko.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest and Sources of Funding: None declared.

This article examines the development of urology as an independent medical discipline in Germany, with a particular focus on professionalization and specialization in the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on historical sources, the text illuminates the importance of the German medical profession's further training regulations as an instrument of medical self-administration and the classification of urology as a medical specialty in the Bremen guidelines of 1924, which established board certification in diseases of the urinary organs (urology)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This article reviews the historical trajectory of crisis hotlines in the United States from their 1960's inception as 24/7 alternatives to traditional mental health services to becoming "the front door" of the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline in 2022. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) 2001 effort to network, certify, and evaluate crisis hotlines laid the foundation for demonstrating the efficacy of crisis hotlines and their ability to reduce distress and suicidality in people accessing these services. SAMHSA-funded evaluations and the collective leadership of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline network established evidence-based standards, policies, and practices., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In response to the data revolution, academic research and media attention have increasingly focused on the technological adaptation and innovation displayed by the far right. The greatest attention is paid to social media and how groups and organizations are utilizing technological advancement and growth in virtual networks to increase recruitment and advance radicalization on a global scale. As with most social and political endeavors, certain technologies are in vogue and thus draw the attention of users and regulators and service providers. This creates a technological blind spot within which extremist groups frequently operate older and less well regarded technologies without the oversight that one might expect. This article examines the less well-studied traditional and official websites of the Ku Klux Klan, the most established and iconic of American far-right organizations. By incorporating non-participant observation of online spaces and thematic analysis, this research analyzes the evolution of 26 websites, from their emergence in the early 1990s to the present day. We examine the ways in which traditional printed communications and other ephemera have progressed with advances in technology, focusing on the following central elements of Klan political activism and community formation: Klan identity, organizational history, aims and objectives; technology and outreach, including online merchandise and event organization; and the constructions of whiteness and racism. The results add value and insight to comparable work by offering a unique historical insight into the ways in which the Klan have developed and made use of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web3 technologies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

The contemporary history of the cardiac autonomic nervous system includes early descriptions of neuroanatomy in the 19 th  century, followed by an understanding of the physiologic determinants of neurocardiology in the 20 th  century. Neurology and cardiology preceded the arrival of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, a specialized field in medicine devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The rapid growth in pharmacology, ablation, pacing and defibrillation, associated with significant technological breakthroughs, have resulted in new opportunities for neuromodulation in the 21 st  century. Small changes in autonomic tone can potentially provide important therapeutic benefits for patients with cardiac and arrhythmia disorders., Competing Interests: Disclosure The author reports no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Racial health disparities are tightly linked to the longstanding and pervasive institution of racism. Efforts to reverse disparities begin with awareness and accountability through education. The health care workforce must be formally educated about racist practices, tools, and ideologies that perpetuate poor health outcomes. This article explores prior efforts to integrate race didactics into medical school education, addresses current legislation, and illuminates lessons learned from a single institution pilot curriculum exploring the history of racism in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Educating medical school students about the history of racism is an important and necessary tool for positive change., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)