57,730 results on '"History, Ancient"'
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2. Continuity and change in ancient China
- Author
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Bartolo, Luke
- Published
- 2021
3. Contributing factors to the Boudicca revolt
- Author
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Bartolo, Luke
- Published
- 2021
4. Year 11: The nature of ancient history - the investigation of ancient sites and sources
- Author
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Castro, Francisca
- Published
- 2021
5. The chronopolitics of the belt and road initiative and its reinvented histories
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Carrai, Maria Adele
- Published
- 2021
6. Was Cyrus really 'The great'?
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Nally, David
- Published
- 2021
7. Continuity in the reign of Hatshepsut
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Hurley, Toni
- Published
- 2021
8. The three move thesis: Explicitly teaching students to develop logical arguments
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Dallimore, Jonathon
- Published
- 2021
9. Encountering death in the visual and verbal culture of classical Athens
- Author
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Clifford, Emily, Elsner, Jas', and Budelmann, Felix
- Subjects
Death in art ,History, Ancient ,Art ,Literature - Abstract
This thesis builds a picture of culturally-mediated encounters with death in classical Athens. Starting from the premise that death is a mystery, that no one knows what death is and what it is like, I ask two core questions. First, how does visual and verbal culture drawn from the classical period (broadly conceived, to encompass late archaic/early classical and early fourth-century material) generate encounters with death? Second, how does it prompt reflections on the imaginative processes involved in responding to death from the perspective of the living? My approach is by way of case studies, and each chapter covers a distinct medium: literary philosophy, painted pots, tragic drama, temple sculpture, and historiography. My claim is that existential reflection in classical Athens was not confined to a group of elite thinkers and to the texts that they produced, texts that were self- consciously philosophical or that made death the explicit focus of enquiry. Reflections on death were also generated by diffuse and idiosyncratic interactions between individuals and visual or verbal media in a variety of contexts across Athens, and by dialogues between those encounters. Texts and material culture generated and shaped encounters with death, and also generated and shaped epistemological reflections on the imaginative nature of those encounters-upon the immediate and wider cultural frameworks within which such imaginative processes took place. In my conclusion, I expand this claim by considering the wider implications of my thesis when set against a background of intense intellectual and cultural activity in classical Athens.
- Published
- 2022
10. Maritime exclusion policy in Ming China and Chosŏn Korea, 1368-1450 : dynastic authority, national security, and trade
- Author
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Siu, Yiu and Lewis, James B.
- Subjects
East Asia ,History, Ancient - Abstract
The Ming dynasty was a special period in China's maritime history. From the beginning, the court implemented strict and consistent restrictions on private navigation, prohibiting its residents from carrying out maritime trade and communicating with overseas people. Almost at the same time, Chosŏn, another important East Asian maritime country, carried out a similar policy. This thesis aims to explain the context of, and the reasons behind, the implementation of the maritime exclusion policy in both Ming China and Chosŏn Korea. It attempts to address a simple but crucial question: why did these two East Asian countries suddenly and simultaneously strengthen their maritime border controls at the turn of the fifteenth century? To answer this question, the thesis surveys primary textual evidence from court discussions on maritime exclusion. By focussing on court debates, this thesis intends to explain maritime exclusion policies from the perspective of central, elite, decision makers and reveal what the Ming and Chosŏn courts understood themselves to have been doing in imposing maritime bans. Scholarship on maritime border control is voluminous. Scholars have made efforts to decipher the rationales for the policy, primarily interpreting it as anti-piracy strategies, part of a Sino-centric or Korea-centric diplomatic framework, which was later known as the 'tributary system', or a Confucian, value-oriented policy that stressed the stability of a natural economy and suppressed commercial activities. Most historians assume that maritime exclusion was an anti-trade policy that could primarily be explained by non-economic factors, such as security, diplomacy, and ideology. The thesis does not deny that non-economic factors were important, but it argues that economic considerations played a key role in the policy-making process. As will be shown, the Ming and Chosŏn courts strengthened coastal border control partly because they intended to maximize their revenue from maritime trade. Although the thesis foregrounds economic considerations, it also considers other factors. Ming and Chosŏn had security concerns, but their maritime policies were more a consequence of the courts' worries about geopolitical uncertainty in the overseas world than about piracy. The thesis also demonstrates the role of the maritime exclusion policy in the establishment of dynastic authority, showing how the courts, by implementing control policies, extended jurisdiction over coastal regions, imposed civilian control over their own militaries, and constructed 'tributary systems' that were designed to strengthen monarchic authority over foreign and domestic audiences. In sum, the thesis shows that the decisions to implement maritime exclusion were motived by multiple practical considerations like trade revenue, national security, and dynastic authority. Moreover, the thesis also shows how the Ming and Chosŏn differed regarding policies and practices. The Ming and Chosŏn courts implemented similar policies simultaneously, because they faced similar security challenges from nearby maritime countries. They were both newly-established regimes founded roughly at the same time, and they had similar interests in improving their fiscal balance as newly centralized authorities. Although their policies look identical, the two administrations attached importance to different aspects of the policy. The Ming court repeatedly highlighted the ban on Chinese border-exit activities, while the Chosŏn court concentrated on its control over border-entry activities or foreign access to Korea. This was partly explained by the fact that the Ming court had a strong military and was able to impose exclusive control over the high seas and protect its marine business. The Koreans, on the contrary, were at a disadvantage when they met the Japanese fleets on the seas, and thus, they had to tolerate the presence of Japanese visitors in their territory. Finally, the thesis will also show how policies evolved differently in the two countries after their initial developments and follow changes into the mid-fifteenth century.
- Published
- 2022
11. The socio-ecosystem of South-Western Asia Minor in the Roman period
- Author
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Fiolna, Sabina Barbara, Ma, John, and Thonemann, Peter
- Subjects
Social sciences--Network analysis ,Numismatics, Roman--Turkey ,Environmental sciences--History ,History, Ancient - Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to explore the characteristics of the socio-ecosystem of south-western Asia Minor in the Roman period. I propose a new narrative anchored in complex systems approach reconstructing the co-evolution of the human populations and their environment with the main focus on the ancient regions of Pisidia and Pamphylia. This experimental work combines recent developments in a number of scholarly fields. The previous historical narratives on the regions, both ancient and modern, have been deconstructed. The numismatic material serves firstly as a starting point for the synthesis of the history of the region, and then as a material for performing Social Network Analysis of Anatolian 'poleis' and the creation of multiple graphs. The climatic framework of the Roman period has been discussed with the special focus on the proxies relevant to south-western Asia Minor. The past landscapes and their changes have been reconstructed with the use of palynology. My main hypothesis is that in the Roman Imperial period Anatolia operated not only on the basis of independent micro-ecologies, but also on the level of meso-scale entities. These were formed along river systems from their springs in the high mountains through upland and coastal plains to their outlets to the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas. Such regional socio-ecological systems were more connected internally than externally, characterised by hierarchical structures and developed thanks to both cultural and natural drivers. The cultural drivers included the interplay between imperial and local politics and economy, changes in land ownership patterns and land use practices. The main natural drivers were the shape and cycles of the local hydrosphere and climatic variability. The potential and connectivity of the regional and supra-regional socio-ecological systems of Anatolia had been accumulating over a longer period of time, but it was particularly encouraged and accelerated by the conditions created effectively by the Pax Romana, and this proved later to be the basis of the resilience of the Roman Empire in Anatolia. My reconstruction tries to grasp the dynamics of these processes in Pisidia and Pamphylia and add nuance to earlier syntheses on the region.
- Published
- 2022
12. Invisible histories
- Author
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Olsson, Kristina
- Published
- 2020
13. A historical geography of the Judean and Samarian Hill Country, 539 BCE-70 CE
- Author
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Economou, Michael Symeon, Goodman, Martin, and Bispham, Edward
- Subjects
Archaeology ,History, Ancient - Abstract
This thesis is a historical geography of the Judean and Samarian Hill Country between the 6th century BCE and 1st century CE. The Hill Country is a small region of Palestine bordered by the Jordan Valley in the east, the Shephelah and the Coastal Plains in the west, the Negev in the south, the Jezreel Valley in the north, and the Carmel Range in the northwest. Across six chapters, I explore the ways the environment shaped (and was shaped by) the society, economy and culture of the local population, drawing on a selection of literary, epigraphic and material evidence, and arguing for the coherence and value of this fascinating historical unit.
- Published
- 2021
14. Women's relationships in classical Attika
- Author
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Backler, Katherine, Crawley Quinn, Josephine, Morgan, Teresa, and Thomas, Rosalind
- Subjects
History, Ancient ,Women - Abstract
This thesis offers a new assessment of the relationships of fifth- and fourth-century Attic women, of citizen and metic status. Chapter 1 demonstrates women's capacity to build and use relationships through and against the vicissitudes of their lives, particularly their transitions between marriages and households. Chapter 2 argues for women's ability to shape formal and informal kinship structures in response to their own affective relationships. Chapter 3 suggests that women could use their relationships with enslaved people, particularly enslaved women, either to confirm or challenge their other roles and relationships within the household. Chapter 4 shows how income-generating work expanded women's social networks, gave them opportunities publicly to present themselves in terms and contexts independent of their family relationships, and enabled them to redefine their roles within their families. Chapter 5 shows how women formed, used, and defined their friendships, considering in particular the role of the neighbourhood and of religion as contexts within which women could shape their social landscapes. The thesis weighs up different approaches to writing women's history. Chapter 1 argues for the value of reconstructive biography. Later chapters focus on re-reading narratives about men to draw out the experiences of women, without attempting complete biographies, and on understanding epigraphic testimonies that women were involved in authoring as instances of women's self-writing-not autobiographies but women's brief portraits of themselves and others. The thesis argues that women's formal and circumstantial relationships did not necessarily commit them to fixed roles or social behaviours but provided a framework within which they could develop and shape their affective relationships and negotiate their own roles. It demonstrates the potential breadth of women's networks, affiliations, and relationships; how they were formed and changed across the course of women's lives, and how they cross-cut other groupings and divisions in Attic society. It argues that women were more able to shape their lives and relationships than has previously been thought, and therefore played a more dynamic role in the social history of classical Attika.
- Published
- 2021
15. Aiolian ethnicity : myth, culture, and performance
- Author
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Wilson, Alexander Robert James and Thomas, Rosalind
- Subjects
Greece--History--To 146 B.C ,Aeolians ,History, Ancient ,Greek language--Dialectology ,Music, Greek and Roman ,Kinship--Greece--History - Abstract
This thesis is the first extended study of one of the major ethnic groups in Greek antiquity, the Aiolians. In the Archaic and Classical periods, Aiolian identity is associated with the regions of Boiotia, Lesbos, Aiolis and the other north-western parts of Asia Minor and the nearby islands. Thessaly is sometimes also considered Aiolian. The equivalence of the Aiolians with other intra-Hellenic ethnic groups in ancient sources has prompted a wide-spread assumption that the Aiolians constructed, thought about and expressed their identity in the same way as the better-understood Dorian and Ionian groups. This thesis tests that assumption, following recent studies which have re-examined the evidence for specific aspects of the Aiolians' cultural and political cohesion. This thesis seeks to provide a holistic reconsideration of the weak political cooperation between Aiolians in the wider context of Greek ethnicity and Aiolian culture. The thesis thus also makes a methodological contribution by exploring ways to reincorporate material and cultural evidence into the wider study of ethnicity in the ancient world. The thesis comprises studies of individual aspects of Aiolian ethnic identity. A preliminary chapter reviews the recent historiography of ethnicity in the modern and ancient worlds, with a particular focus on the characteristics employed to study it. Advancing on the well-established discursive model which focuses on 'intentional' histories, I suggest that the model of 'performativity' which has been useful in gender studies can help scholars to incorporate cultural indicia into the study of Greek ethnicity by investigating how cultural forms may have been imbued with ethnic relevance. After establishing the scope of the ethnonym 'Aiolians' (Αἰολεῖς) and thus this thesis' range (chapter 2), the second part of the thesis explores ancient constructions and modern analysis of the early history of Boiotia, Lesbos, Aiolis and Thessaly. Chapter 3 considers the literary evidence for Aiolian migrations into these territories. Considering the highly variable tradition, I reconsider the migratory traditions as artefacts of Thessalian-Boiotian and Boiotian-Aiolian kinship. The Aiolians, unusually, did not focus on their heroic leaders or their own ancestry per se; the traditions instead codified the historical relationship of the Aiolians with their territory. Chapter 4 turns to a separate examination of the archaeological evidence for the historical migration, which is not decisive. Chapter 5 considers the myths of common descent which have become fundamental to modern scholarship on Greek ethnicity, but in the case of the Aiolians show little ethnic significance. I then turn in the final part to three fields of action which belonged to the Aiolians' present rather than distant history. I argue throughout that objective modern analysis of cultural features has unjustly dismissed the social discourse surrounding dialect and other cultural practices. Chapter 6 is on musical culture, for which Greeks used ethnic terminology to categorize and label certain aspects. I discuss the poetic discourse surrounding the development of an Aiolian 'mode', one of several signs of the importance of musical culture for Aiolian identity. Chapter 7 discusses the existence of an Aiolian dialect group, considering both the rejection of linguistic criteria for ethnicity and the ongoing controversy over the scientific reality of the Aiolic dialectal group. Finally, chapter 8 addresses the evidence for a sense of solidarity between Aiolians, as evinced not by intentional histories or cultural labels, but by shared communal action. Case studies from the Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, and Hellenistic religion are considered to demonstrate the intermittence of community action based on ethnic identity. A conclusion summarizes the main arguments and considers the historical obstacles to a fuller expression of Aiolian identity.
- Published
- 2021
16. Civic honourability in Western Asia Minor from the late Attalid dynasty to the early Principate, 188 BCE to 98 CE
- Author
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Chin, Marcus and Kuhn, Christina
- Subjects
History, Ancient - Abstract
This is a study of the impact of Roman imperialism on the public honorific culture of the Greek cities of western Asia Minor, 188 BCE to 98 CE. It is concerned with the way that local civic languages of power, framed in the terms of reciprocal benefaction and gift- exchange, adapted to changing political structures, as Rome succeeded the earlier Seleukid and Attalid regimes. This entails relating a mass of archaeological realia for public civic discourse, as embodied in several hundred inscribed honorific decrees, statue-base inscriptions, and public dedicatory inscriptions, to known historical and political contexts, thereby composing a diachronic history of discursive and ideological change and continuity tied to specific chronological and regional boundaries. Of the five chapters, Chapters 1, 2, and 4 chart the influence of high political change. The post-Seleukid era, 188-29 BCE, witnesses an overarching Roman dominance conceived in terms of universal euergetism that affects both late Attalid euergetic self-presentation and the honorific status of local citizens, who become plenipotentiary intermediaries with Roman power. Under the principate the autocratic power of the emperor channels the ambitions of local citizens into the imperial cult, which becomes an arena for elite giving at the provincial and local levels, and encourages honorific hierarchisation and titularisation. Chapters 3 and 5 examine developments in internal political culture across these two periods. Euergetic activity in relation to gymnasia and local cults in the decades after 188 is traceable to anxieties over local identity and growing socio-economic imbalance between citizens and non-citizens; this is exacerbated in the 1st century by the presence of resident Romans, and deepening wealth inequalities, thereby giving prominence to wealth and familial descent as arguments for civic honourability. The result is a subtle change in ethos, as honorific monuments by the early empire emphasise the honorand's memorability rather than exemplarity.
- Published
- 2021
17. Kassite letters : communicating orders and networking within the administration of Kassite Babylonia
- Author
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Zimmermann, Lynn-Salammbo and Dahl, Jacob L.
- Subjects
935.5 ,Assyriology ,Administration in ancient Mesopotamia ,Kassite studies ,History, Ancient - Abstract
In this DPhil thesis the language, style, structure, epistolary function and content of 314 Kassite period letters from Nippur, which were available to the author, are analysed. Nippur yielded the largest number of Kassite period letters in comparison with other Kassite period findspots. The Kassite letters not only prove that the governor of Nippur had an elevated status, but also supraregional influence. He was involved in the collection of levies for the king, and in the supraregional distribution of resources, which are tasks ascribed to the royal administration. Provincial officials, such as ḫazannus, from other provinces reported to the šandabakku, because the šandabakku, as the highest official under the king, was involved in the collection of levies for the royal administration. Further, the Kassite letters show that the town of Nippur was surrounded by sub-units called pīḫatus, and that the province of Nippur stretched northeast up until Dūr-Enlilē. The šandabakku had the command over temples in Nippur. Levies of temple grants were collected by provincial officials, and temples were referred to as the šandabakku's own household. Nippur's network reached south through Isin and the Sealand to Dilmun, and in the north to Bīt-Pere-Amurru. In the northeast regular communication with Upī, Dēr and Akkade is attested. The involvement of Nippurean officials in distant provinces can be explained through the involvement of the šandabakku of Nippur in the management of temple lands in different provinces.
- Published
- 2021
18. Tradition in the theological thought of Basil of Caesarea : context and connotations
- Author
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Whitty, John and Edwards, Mark
- Subjects
230 ,History, Ancient ,Fathers of the church ,Theology ,Philosophy - Abstract
My thesis is an analysis of Basil’s appeals to tradition in his theological works, with a focus on Against Eunomius and, most importantly, On the Holy Spirit. The work begins with an analysis of Against Eunomius, focusing primarily on the context of the work, the influences on Basil’s thought and arguments in the treatise, and Basil’s attempt to refute Eunomius’ appeal to tradition. I have then traced ideas of tradition from Against Eunomius to On the Holy Spirit, and established the context of and purpose for the publication of the latter in 375 against Eustathius of Sebaste. Establishing the necessity of tradition for Basil’s argument in On the Holy Spirit, I have broken down the jargon and reconstructed the exact nature of the “non-scriptural tradition” to which he appeals. Following this, I have analysed the context to consider whether this idea of non-scriptural tradition is an innovation, or a development of both Christian and Hellenistic influence (though of course the two are indelibly linked in the fourth-century Christian tradition). The latter appears to be the case. The final task has been establishing how this idea of tradition fits into Basil’s theological epistemology. I argue, based on the tradition’s apparent equality in establishing knowledge of divine things with Scripture, that Basil takes a holistic view of the Christian experience, in that all aspects of it have hidden within the (in Basil’s eyes) undeniable truth of God as Trinity. To me, this holistic view is a natural product of his ascetic beliefs. The scholarship on Basil’s idea of tradition has, since the works of Hanson and De Mendieta in the mid-60s, been scant and cursory, with most generally agreeing with the pronouncements of De Mendieta on the matter. However, though De Mendieta’s work is of significant value, it is very much a product of its time in the discipline of Patrology – the last fifty years have transformed the study of the early church, especially the fourth century. Both this, and the previous focus on On the Holy Spirit alone – often in far too small a space to explore the particularities of Basil’s language, context and influences, and the theological implications of non-scriptural tradition – mean that, in my view, a new and more focussed study is very much required.
- Published
- 2020
19. Imperialism and localism in provincia Asia : the development of Roman provincial administration, 133 BCE-c.20 CE
- Author
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Jordan, Bradley and Kantor, Georgy
- Subjects
937 ,Cities and towns, Ancient--Turkey ,Imperialism ,History, Ancient ,Roman provinces--Administration ,New institutionalism (Social sciences) - Abstract
This thesis contributes to the study of Roman imperialism, providing an investigation of the development of Roman provincial administration in western Asia Minor in the period between 133 BCE and c. 20 CE. It investigates the evolving institutional and ideological frameworks put in place by the Roman state and its representatives and local reactions to them. Chapter 1 focuses on the institutions which the Roman state established in the province of Asia. Employing models of institutional dynamics from the social sciences, it argues that Roman approaches to provincial administration were initially ad hoc and situational and that ‘governance’ developed in an unplanned fashion. The critical role played by individuals such as L. Cornelius Sulla and C. Iulius Caesar, whose influence and power allowed them more flexibility in dealing with institutional constraints, is emphasised. Chapter 2 examines the role of Roman official communication in creating an imperial ideology. It stresses that the establishment of Roman hegemony interrupted long-standing modes of interaction between poleis and Hellenistic rulers and argues that structural factors hindered the establishment of a new framework for negotiating power. Chapter 3 shifts the perspective to the responses of Asian communities to these institutional and ideological realities of Roman rule. It argues that in the absence of a secure discursive framework and faced with an evolving institutional landscape, poleis experimented to maximise their own agency. Addressing the specific strategies of issuing honorific decrees, engaging in diplomacy and monumentalising Roman normative documents, it suggests that communities played a critical role in integrating themselves within a Roman administrative framework. Overall, this thesis makes the case that the Roman state had minimal administrative ambitions vis-à-vis provincia Asia. Consequently, institutional and ideological developments establishing governance were driven by combination of individual Roman actors and, in the longer term, local responses to empire.
- Published
- 2020
20. Teotihuacan: Metropolis of the ancient world
- Author
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Bartolo, Luke
- Published
- 2022
21. Appy times!
- Published
- 2021
22. Gladius: Living, fighting and dying in the roman army
- Published
- 2021
23. Truth and historiographical aims in Polybius' histories
- Author
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Monti, Giustina
- Subjects
History, Ancient ,History, Ancient--Historiography ,Greek prose literature, Hellenistic ,Greek language, Hellenistic (300 B.C.-600 A.D.) - Abstract
This work looks at the textual exegesis of the passages in which Polybius writes about truth as seen in a historiographical milieu and in relation to what Polybius claims to be the proper way of writing history. The main scholarly contribution and originality of this dissertation are to provide a comprehensive analysis of this concept, since the notion of truth in Polybius' work has not been yet extensively examined, and at the same time to 'test' Polybius' assessments and check whether he actually stuck to his claims. The linguistic analysis of the Polybian terminology and the close look at his style and narrative technique illustrate how he employs diverse narrative and oratorical devices, how he mixes references to history, philosophy, tragedy, and rhetoric to invent new words and concepts (which have been defined as Polybian neologisms), and how he plays on different levels with his readers (a special kind of readers, the 'lovers of learning'). Also, this work shows Polybius' anxiety to give an overall view of the events, which is feasible only by applying the rules and techniques required by universal history. The thematic approach to truth has gone hand in hand with the focus on Polybius' attitude towards historiographical methodology in relation with his predecessors, and the dissertation also delineates different types of non-truths or anti-truths in Polybius' view, thus 'how not to write a (false) account of events'. Indeed, in most cases Polybius' methodology lies in the shadow of the critiques to his predecessors. My work not only reconstructs the image Polybius has of truth, but also advocates a new understanding of the figure of the historian, who is characterized by the newly-created Polybian concept of assuming the proper ethos when one undertakes the crucial task of writing history.
- Published
- 2019
24. Herculaneum 2001-2021
- Author
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Fowler, Bob
- Published
- 2022
25. Medicine in the Hippocratic and post-Hippocratic age
- Author
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Lazarević Tatjana, Kovačević Zoran, Janićijević-Petrović Mirjana A., Ljujić Biljana, Glišić Miloš, and Janićijević Katarina
- Subjects
greece ,history, ancient ,history of medicine ,physicians ,therapeutics ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
nema
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Pre-Hippocratic medicine
- Author
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Glišić Miloš, Lazarević Tatjana, Kovačević Zoran, Janićijević Katarina, Janićijević-Petrović Mirjana A., and Ljujić Biljana
- Subjects
egypt, ancient ,greece, ancient ,history, ancient ,medicine, persian ,medicine, traditional ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
nema
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Music, spectacle, and society in ancient Rome, 168 BC - AD 68
- Author
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Morgan, Harry and Purcell, Nicholas
- Subjects
937 ,History, Ancient - Abstract
This thesis explores the cultural history of music in ancient Rome from the mid-second century BC to the death of the Emperor Nero in AD 68. The discussion centres on the role of music in public and private spectacle. Rather than examining the topic in isolation, the thesis seeks to pinpoint the intersections between musical performance and cultural debates about morality, luxury, education, and philhellenism, as a way of situating music within a broader historical context. The thesis is structured chronologically. Chapter I examines Polybius' narration of the theatrical games staged by the triumphator L. Anicius Gallus in 167 BC. Anicius' subversive treatment of Greek musical models is interpreted as a deliberately comical gesture, playing to the theme of military conquest. The second half of the chapter analyses the episode in the light of Greek and Roman debates about musical entertainment in this period. Chapter II focuses on the late Republic. I argue that late Republican writers used music as a way of framing the political conflict between optimates and populares, associating 'good' music with the aristocratic mos maiorum and 'bad' music with a disruptive kind of popular entertainment. Chapter III, on the Augustan period, discusses the assimilation of the princeps and Apollo Citharoedus. The Augustan monuments to the lyre-playing god are examined in relation to the Palatine programme, the 'propaganda' campaign against Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and the ideology of the 'Golden Age'. The fourth and final chapter is devoted to Nero, the notorious musician-emperor. Challenging the perception of Nero as a narcissistic tyrant, I suggest that the charismatic princeps used his performances on the stage as a political platform, uniting audiences through a shared love of music.
- Published
- 2018
28. Ancient Media (Illustrated Edition) : Political and Cultural History of the Median Tribes
- Author
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George Rawlinson and George Rawlinson
- Subjects
- Medes--Iran--Ancient to A.D. 640, History, Ancient
- Abstract
Ancient Media is an area of northwestern Iran where the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, lived. The Medes'emergence in Iran occurred between 800 BC and 700 BC, and in the 7th century the whole of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule. This book brings the chronology and history of the Medes. It also provides a significant amount of information on Median manners and customs and the Medes'language and religion. Contents: Description of the Country. Climate and Productions. Character, Manners and Customs. Religion. Language and Writing. Chronology and History.
- Published
- 2023
29. The Ancient History of the Near East
- Author
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Henry Hall and Henry Hall
- Subjects
- Civilization, Ancient, History, Ancient
- Abstract
This fascinating work presents a detailed history of the origins of Ancient Greek civilization, including observations of Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. Henry Hall brilliantly explained the evolution of their society, their beliefs, and their survival tactics. In addition, he examined the archaeological finds from Babylonia and Assyria, revealing what these empires were actually like. Anyone curious about ancient histories will find a medium that will appeal to their needs in this incredible history.
- Published
- 2023
30. Die Sukzession von Weltreichen : Zu den antiken Wurzeln einer geschichtsmächtigen Idee
- Author
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Marie Oellig and Marie Oellig
- Subjects
- History, Ancient, State succession, Historiography, Imperialism, World politics
- Abstract
Aufstieg und Niedergang großer Reiche haben die Menschen über Jahrtausende hinweg beschäftigt und fasziniert. So wurden im antiken Mesopotamien bereits um 2000 v. Chr. Vorstellungen von Weltherrschaft entwickelt und Reflexionen über die Entstehung und den Verfall von Macht angestellt. Als besonders wirkmächtig erwies sich ein Konzept, das seit dem fünften Jahrhundert v. Chr. in der griechischen Historiographie greifbar wird: die Sukzession der'Weltreiche'Assyrien, Medien und Persien. Dieses Modell wurde in der Folge durch das makedonische Alexanderreich sowie das Imperium Romanum erweitert und fand schließlich Eingang in das Alte Testament. Über das Buch Daniel, das das Ende des vierten Weltreiches – später als das römische gedeutet – mit der Apokalypse in Verbindung bringt, wirkte die Sukzessionstheorie maßgeblich auf das Geschichtsdenken des Mittelalters (Translatio Imperii) ein und blieb bis in die frühe Neuzeit hinein ein zentrales Prinzip historischer Periodisierung. Marie Oellig untersucht die Entstehung und die Genese des Konzepts im Altertum auf breiter Quellengrundlage und kann mithilfe eines interdisziplinären Ansatzes elementare Verbindungslinien zwischen'orientalischen'und'griechischen'Vorstellungswelten aufzeigen.
- Published
- 2023
31. Préhistoire, la grande Histoire
- Author
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Stéphane Montal and Stéphane Montal
- Subjects
- History, Ancient, Antiquities, Prehistoric
- Abstract
Toutes les grandes fresques dessinées de la Préhistoire, qu'elles soient de France ou de la péninsule Ibérique, racontent la même histoire. De plus, d'autres éléments plus isolés trouvés dans l'art mobilier ou sur une paroi rocheuse sont toujours sur le même thème. Et cela, voyez-vous, ça change tout! Le dessin peut maintenant être déchiffré. Il s'agira dans un premier temps de déterminer la signification de concepts et d'éléments en commun présents dans les fresques ou dans des dessins plus isolés, par la suite le thème de cette grande histoire se dévoilera petit à petit. La difficulté est que suivant les régions ou les époques les animaux peuvent changer, avec eux certains concepts évoluent un peu différemment, mais cela n'altère en rien les thèmes et la structure de cette histoire qui restent plus ou moins toujours les mêmes.D'autre part, je tiens à vous prévenir que la lecture de cet art est bien différente de tout ce que nous connaissons. Ces Hommes ont une manière de faire, une façon de s'exprimer avec leurs dessins, et la force qui en émane dépasse souvent notre mode de fonctionnement. Par ces nouveaux codes et cette lumineuse expression, l'aventure que je vous propose est bien plus qu'un simple déchiffrement, c'est un voyage, c'est un très grand voyage dans la Préhistoire! Mais pour entrer dans ce nouveau monde...
- Published
- 2023
32. Vertere – Paradigmen des Übersetzens in der Kultur der Antike
- Author
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Maurizio Bettini and Maurizio Bettini
- Subjects
- Culture—Study and teaching, Ethnology, History, Ancient, Classical literature, Literature, Ancient, Translating and interpreting, Bible—Study and teaching
- Abstract
Maurizio Bettinis Buch schildert die Praktiken und Paradigmen des Übersetzens in der griechischen und römischen Antike bis hin zu den Bibelübersetzungen des hellenistischen Judentums und der christlichen Spätantike. Es ist zugleich eine materialreiche historische Studie und ein kluger Essay über die Dimensionen des Übersetzens als Akt der kreativen Aneignung des Fremden. Im Kontrast zum modernen „postkolonialen“ Übersetzungsverständnis – das letztlich auf die monotheistische Schrift-Übersetzung zurückgeht – versteht Bettini die Übersetzungspraxis der Antike als Teil einer Kultur der sprachlich-literarischen Umwandlung, als Akt des (Nach-) Erzählens, zugleich auch als ein der Ökonomie des (sprach-)grenzüberschreitenden Austauschs verpflichtetes Handeln.
- Published
- 2023
33. «In Agro Crotoniensi» – Archéologie et histoire de Crotone durant la période romaine (3ème siècle av. J.-C. – 6ème siècle apr. J.-C.) – KROTON 2
- Author
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Marc Duret and Marc Duret
- Subjects
- History, Ancient
- Abstract
Les sources littéraires antiques retracent les périodes archaïque, classique et hellénistique de l'histoire de Crotone, la fameuse ville de Grande Grèce. Elles se tarissent quand on aborde la période romaine, après la transformation de Crotone en colonie en 194 av. J.-C. Pour compléter l'histoire de Crotone de son entrée dans la sphère d'influence de Rome à la fin de la période impériale, c'est à l'archéologie qu'il faut faire appel. Au cœur de ce livre, l'archéologie du territoire est mise en dialogue avec celles des pôles urbains de la région (Crotone, Capo Colonna et Petelia) et avec l'insertion de la cité dans les réseaux culturels et économiques régionaux et méditerranéens.
- Published
- 2023
34. The History of Ancient Chaldea : Including Maps, Photos & Illustrations
- Author
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George Rawlinson and George Rawlinson
- Subjects
- Imperialism--History--To 1500, History, Ancient
- Abstract
Chaldea was a Semitic-speaking nation which existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC. This book brings the complete history of Chaldean nation and gives insight into Chaldean language, religion, arts and sciences. Contents: General View of the Country Climate and Productions The People Language and Writing Arts and Sciences Manners and Customs Religion History and Chronology
- Published
- 2023
35. Summary of Susan Wise Bauer's Story of the World, Vol. 1
- Author
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IRB Media and IRB Media
- Subjects
- Nomads--History, History, Ancient
- Abstract
Get the Summary of Susan Wise Bauer's Story of the World, Vol. 1 in 20 minutes. Please note: This is a summary & not the original book. Original book introduction: Now more than ever, other cultures are affecting our everyday lives—and our children need to learn about the other countries of the world and their history. Susan Wise Bauer has provided a captivating guide to the history of other lands. Written in an engaging, straightforward manner, this revised edition of The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child, Volume 2: The Middle Ages weaves world history into a story book format. Who discovered chocolate? What happened to the giant Fovor of the Mighty Blows? Why did the Ottoman Turks drag their war ships across dry land?
- Published
- 2023
36. Images, Perceptions and Productions in and of Antiquity
- Author
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Maria Helena Trindade Lopes, Editor, André Patrício, Editor, Maria Helena Trindade Lopes, Editor, and André Patrício, Editor
- Subjects
- History, Ancient
- Abstract
This book provides access to new and exclusive research in several Antiquity and Antiquity-related fields and subjects. Revolving around four general subjects (Ancient Egypt, the Ancient Near and Middle East, the Classical World, and the Reception of Antiquity), it will provide access to new works spanning from archaeology, literature, art, reception studies, among others, allowing the reader to gain insights into some of the most current subjects of investigation in modern academia.
- Published
- 2023
37. The Politics of Viewing in Xenophon’s Historical Narratives
- Author
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Rosie Harman and Rosie Harman
- Subjects
- History, Ancient
- Abstract
This book considers cultural identity and power relations in early fourth-century BCE Greece through a reading of Xenophon's historical narratives, the Hellenica, Anabasis and Cyropaedia. These texts depict conflicts between Greek states, conflicts between Greeks and non-Greeks, and relations between the elite individual and society. In all three texts, politically significant moments are imagined in visual terms. We witness spectacles of Spartan military victory, vistas of Asian landscape or displays of Persian imperial pomp, and historical protagonists are presented as spectators viewing and responding to events. Through this visual form of narration, the reader is encouraged imaginatively to place themselves in the position of the historical protagonists. In viewing events from different perspectives, and therefore occupying multiple, often conflicting political positions, the reader not only experiences the problems faced by historical actors, but becomes engaged in the political conflicts acted out in the narratives. The reader is prompted to take pleasure in the sight of Panhellenic achievement, but also to witness the divisions and conflicts between Greeks on class and ethnic lines. Similarly the reader is invited to identify with spectacular Greek and non-Greek figures of power as emblems of Greek imperial potential, but also to see through the eyes of those communities subjugated at their hands. The depiction of spectacles and spectators draws the reader into an active participation in the ideological contradictions of their time, in a period when Panhellenic aspiration co-existed with hegemonic competition between Greek states, and when Greeks could be both beneficiaries and victims of imperialism.
- Published
- 2023
38. Teaching primary students about ancient Australia and the dreaming
- Author
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Millar, Diana
- Published
- 2023
39. Persians: The age of the great kings
- Published
- 2023
40. The role of emerging elites in the formation and development of communities after the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Author
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Tian Y, Koncz I, Defant S, Giostra C, Vyas DN, Sołtysiak A, Pejrani Baricco L, Fetner R, Posth C, Brandt G, Bedini E, Modi A, Lari M, Vai S, Francalacci P, Fernandes R, Steinhof A, Pohl W, Caramelli D, Krause J, Izdebski A, Geary PJ, and Veeramah KR
- Subjects
- Humans, Italy, History, Medieval, Human Migration history, History, Ancient, Archaeology, Roman World history
- Abstract
Elites played a pivotal role in the formation of post-Roman Europe on both macro- and microlevels during the Early Medieval period. History and archaeology have long focused on their description and identification based on written sources or through their archaeological record. We provide a different perspective on this topic by integrating paleogenomic, archaeological, and isotopic data to gain insights into the role of one such elite group in a Langobard period community near Collegno, Italy dated to the 6-8th centuries CE. Our analysis of 28 newly sequenced genomes together with 24 previously published ones combined with isotope (Sr, C, N) measurements revealed that this community was established by and organized around a network of biologically and socially related individuals likely composed of multiple elite families that over time developed into a single extended pedigree. The community also included individuals with diverse genetic ancestries, maintaining its diversity by integrating newcomers and groups in later stages of its existence. This study highlights how shifts in political power and migration impacted the formation and development of a small rural community within a key region of the former Western Roman Empire after its dissolution and the emergence of a new kingdom. Furthermore, it suggests that Early Medieval elites had the capacity to incorporate individuals from varied backgrounds and that these elites were the result of (political) agency rather than belonging to biologically homogeneous groups., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The evidence for achondroplasia in 1st century AD Italy.
- Author
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Galassi FM, Landini L, Killgrove K, Artico M, Rossi L, Papa V, and Varotto E
- Subjects
- Humans, Italy epidemiology, History, Ancient, Achondroplasia complications, Achondroplasia epidemiology
- Abstract
Competing Interests: We declare no competing interests.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. On "Turkish saddle" as a socioeconomic and cultural heritage of the community living in the ancient Carian village Çomakdağ Kızılağaç.
- Author
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Turgut M
- Subjects
- Humans, History, Ancient, Turkey, Culture, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. From Ancient Arsenal to an Anesthetic: Historical Roles of Hyoscyamine and Aconitine in Anesthesia.
- Author
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Bouvette S, Butt AL, Harville LE 3rd, and Tanaka KA
- Subjects
- Humans, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Anesthetics history, Anesthetics pharmacology, History, 18th Century, History, 17th Century, History, Medieval, History, 16th Century, Aconitine analogs & derivatives, Aconitine history, Aconitine pharmacology, Anesthesia history, Anesthesia methods
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The coronation of the clitoris: formally introducing the corona of the glans clitoris.
- Author
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Zdilla MJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Male, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 18th Century, Anatomy history, History, 17th Century, History, 16th Century, Terminology as Topic, History, Ancient, Clitoris anatomy & histology, Penis anatomy & histology
- Abstract
The glans clitoris has a corona; however, unlike the corona of the glans penis, the corona of the glans clitoris is practically "nonexistent" as evidenced by the noteworthy absence of its mention and depiction in anatomical and clinical sciences. Accordingly, the corona of the glans clitoris has been neglected in anatomical education and clinical practice. This report details the history regarding the anatomical terminology of the glans and identifies that descriptions of the glans penis, corona of the glans penis, and other penile structures have preceded descriptions of the homologous anatomy of the clitoris by at least a century. Today, recognition of the corona of the glans clitoris, as well as the coronal sulcus and neck of the clitoris should be commonplace. Henceforth, the corona of the glans clitoris and its related anatomy including the sulcus of the glans clitoris and neck of the clitoris should be incorporated into anatomical and clinical language, illustrations, textbooks, education, and practice. Likewise, efforts should be made to propagate knowledge regarding the corona of the glans clitoris, coronal sulcus, and neck of the clitoris to the general public. Giving names to the anatomical structures of the clitoris will undoubtedly increase the awareness of their existence which, in turn, will encourage their clinical assessment and result in decreased morbidity and mortality. Likewise, improved self-awareness of clitoral anatomy will promote self-care which is important in the prevention of disease and the promotion of optimal sexual health., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Association of Anatomists.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Nomina anatomica-unde venient et quo vaditis?
- Author
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Pretterklieber ML
- Subjects
- Humans, History, Ancient, History, 19th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 21st Century, Animals, History, 15th Century, History, Medieval, Terminology as Topic, Anatomy history
- Abstract
As the title indicates, this article deals with the origins of anatomic terminology and its development up to the present day. The first attempt to name anatomical structures in animals and humans date back to Alkmaion, i.e. to the fifth century BC. Further work has been done at the same time by the Hippocratics and about 100 years later by Aristotle. As the Alexandrians Erasistratos and Herophilos first in history dissected human bodies, they expanded the anatomical terms. Until Celsus (around Christ's birth) and even later on, anatomical terminology was almost exclusively based on the Greek language. Thus, Celsus and not-as frequently done-Galenos has to be called the father of Latin-based anatomical terminology. Due to several translations including Arabic, first periods of proverbial Bable resulted. Return to systematic order was achieved finally by Andreas Vesal (1514/15-1564) and Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624). But again due to translations into several national languages, the uniformity of the anatomical nomenclature was undermined. Thus, by the end of the nineteenth century, in 1895 the newly founded Anatomische Gesellschaft created a uniform terminology, the Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA). Although it has been revised several times, it is still the very basic of human anatomical terminology. Recently, an attempt was made to replace it by English translations of the original Latin (and also still Greek) terms to mainly get machine-readable denominations. As this will result again in non-uniformity of terminology, the Anatomische Gesellschaft proposes a version of the latest, generally accepted terminology, based on the Latin terms but incorporating recent developments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Manners of terminology and description in Galen's anatomy in the ancient Rome and their historical consequences up to the modern time.
- Author
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Sakai T and Masayuki F
- Subjects
- History, Ancient, Humans, Rome, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 20th Century, Muscle, Skeletal anatomy & histology, Terminology as Topic, Anatomy history
- Abstract
The oldest extant anatomy textbooks compiled in ancient Rome were by Galen who described in writing most of the various parts and organs of the body. History tells us that ever since the time of Galen, anatomical terminology would be a necessary and beneficial feature, but it also brought unexpected and annoying consequences into the field. The benefits are readily apparent in the case of muscle terminology. Galen identified more than 150 different kinds of skeletal muscles, most of which were unnamed, hence difficult to identify without professional knowledge of anatomy. Vesalius introduced detailed anatomical illustrations in Fabrica (1543), which made the identification of the muscles easier. Bauhin then introduced proper descriptive names for the muscles in Theatrum anatomicum (1605), which enabled the identification of the muscles without illustrations. After the terminology became complex and diverse, a logically consistent standard nomenclature was established by Nomina anatomica (1895). The unexpected consequences may be found in the terminology of bones and joints. Galen gave 39 proper names for individual bones, and classified and termed the types of bony joints. Many of these terms have survived in modern anatomy as literal translations of the bone terms, as well as the joint terms. The annoying consequences may be found in the terminology of intestines. Galen divided the small and large intestines into three portions, such that the major part of the small intestine suspended by the mesentery was divided into two without sufficient reason. The Latin translations of jejunum and ileum were, respectively assigned to them by Mondino in his Anatomia written in 1316., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Association of Anatomists.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Cranial surgery in the North Pontic region during the 3 rd millennium BC.
- Author
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Ushkova Y and Kozak O
- Subjects
- Humans, History, Ancient, Male, Female, Adult, Adolescent, Child, Young Adult, Middle Aged, Trephining history, Anthropology, Physical, Craniocerebral Trauma history, Craniocerebral Trauma pathology, Child, Preschool, Skull pathology, Skull anatomy & histology
- Abstract
This study examines the development of cranial surgery in the North Pontic region during the Early and Middle Bronze Age (late 4
th and 3rd millennium BC according to the Eastern European chronology). 389 skulls from burials of this period were examined for evidence of surgical intervention. Twenty five such cases were identified and analysed for sex, age, temporal and spatial distribution, size and number of lesions, signs of healing, technique, motivation and complications of the surgery. The study indicates that cranial surgery was a well-developed medical practice in the North Pontic region during the period under consideration. Most of the cases are concentrated in the Dnipro steppe area, suggesting the possibility of outlining another centre of cranial surgery on the map of Europe. The predominant trepanation technique used here was scraping, although alternative methods were also practised. Treatment of traumatic injuries is considered to be one of the main reasons for cranial surgery in our sample. The percentage of individuals who underwent cranial intrusions increased significantly from 1.2% in the first half to 10.4% in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, indicating a chronological shift in the distribution of cranial surgery. This trend is believed to be related to changes in weaponry during the Middle Bronze Age. The introduction of stone battle axes and maces as common weapons led to a significant increase in the occurrence of blunt force injuries, both depressed and penetrating. Trepanation may have been employed as an effective medical treatment for such traumas.- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Exploring the interplay of bone lesions: unraveling health implications and daily life challenges in an Iron Age skeleton from Ya'amun, Jordan.
- Author
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Alrousan M, Al-Shorman A, Estebaranz-Sánchez F, Pérez-Pérez A, and Cunha E
- Subjects
- Humans, Jordan epidemiology, Male, Adult, History, Ancient, Bone Neoplasms pathology, Bone Neoplasms history, Anthropology, Physical, Bone and Bones pathology, Paleopathology
- Abstract
This study analyzed the paleopathological conditions of a 30-year-old male unearthed at the site of Ya'amun in northern Jordan. The skeleton was dated back to Iron age. The paleopathological examinations were performed using macroscopic and radiological analyses. The results revealed multiple significant bone lesions, including periosteal osteosarcoma of the right femur, plagiocephaly, asymmetry of the sacrum, vertebral fractures, anemia, and osteoarthritis. This case represents the first example of neoplasm and plagiocephaly in the Iron Age of the region. Despite enduring severe health conditions, the individual managed to reach the third decade while facing the demands of strenuous daily activities that exemplified the harsh living and subsistence conditions characteristic of the Iron Age.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Clovis points and foreshafts under braced weapon compression: Modeling Pleistocene megafauna encounters with a lithic pike.
- Author
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Byram RS, Lightfoot KG, and Sunseri JU
- Subjects
- Animals, Lagomorpha physiology, Archaeology, Fossils, Hunting, History, Ancient, Humans, Weapons history
- Abstract
Historical and ethnographic sources depict use of portable braced shaft weapons, or pikes, in megafauna hunting and defense during Late Holocene millennia in North and South America, Africa, Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Given the predominance of megafauna in Late Pleistocene North America during the centuries when Clovis points appeared and spread across much of the continent (13,050-12,650 cal BP), braced weapons may have been used in hunting of megaherbivores and defense against megacarnivores. Drawing from historical examples of pike use against lions, jaguars, boars, grizzlies, carabao and warhorses we consider the possibility of a fluted lithic pike. Associated osseous rods have been problematic as Clovis foreshafts due to the bevel angle and the apparent weakness of the splint haft when great strength is needed for deep penetration in megafauna hunting. However our review of Late Holocene pike use in megafauna encounters indicates the sharp tip becomes less important after hide or armor has been pierced because compression is sustained. Thus, foreshaft collapse after hide entry may not limit but rather increase the efficacy of the braced weapon. We conduct preliminary static experiments to model a fluted pike that adjusts during compression such that haft collapse and point detachment (when point jams on impact with bone) preserve the fluted biface, beveled rod and wooden mainshaft tip. In addition to Clovis point attributes and association with osseous rods, potential archaeological correlates of Clovis pike use include the high frequency of Clovis point isolates and concentrations of complete points with unbutchered mammoth remains at sites such as Naco in Arizona., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Byram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The earliest evidence of large animal fossil collecting in mainland Greece at Bronze Age Mycenae.
- Author
-
Meier JS, Pliatsika V, and Shelton K
- Subjects
- Animals, Greece, Humans, History, Ancient, Fossils history, Archaeology
- Abstract
Fossils of large animals have long influenced social practices and ideologies in human societies, including the fantastic myths of giants, heroes, and gods in ancient Greece. It has been estimated that purposeful fossil collecting in Greece began in the Late Bronze Age. However, previous archaeological finds of fossils from mainland Greece were not well documented in secure contexts that dated this far back in time. Herein, we present a newly recognized fossilized astragalus bone recently found in the legacy collections of the archaeological site of Mycenae. It was originally recovered by excavations in the 1970s and recently reanalyzed at the Mycenae Museum. Our analysis explored the available evidence of the find location, the state of fossil preservation, and the species represented. The results suggest that a fossilized rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus) astragalus was collected in the past, possibly from afar. Evidence indicates it was brought to Mycenae, where it was deposited near an interesting array of artifacts in a basement storage area of the Southwest Quarter, sometime in the thirteenth century BCE. This find represents the earliest secure evidence of large animal fossil use by people in mainland Greece, dating to the Late Bronze Age., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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