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Introduction: This study reevaluates the historical origins of occlusion therapy for amblyopia, focusing on the contributions of the 9th-century Islamic scholar, Ali ibn Sahl ibn Rabban al-Tabari (838–870 CE). Methods: The investigation delved into al-Tabari's writings, particularly "Firdous al-Hikma," to extract insights into his approach to addressing reduced vision in one eye.Additionally, the study examined subsequent advancements in occlusion therapy by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes, building upon al-Tabari'sfoundational work. Results: Al-Tabari's reports contain significant insights into occlusion therapy for amblyopia, predating commonly attributed origins of the treatment. Within "Firdous al-Hikma," he outlines methods for addressing reduced vision, advocating for the covering of the healthier eye to promote the function of the weaker eye. These findings highlight the pioneering efforts of al-Tabari and his contemporaries in the Islamic civilization and challenge the conventional narrative surrounding the history of occlusion therapy. Subsequent advancements by scholars such as Thabit ibn Qurrah and Rhazes expanded upon al-Tabari's work, advocating for similar therapeutic approaches within the Islamic civilization. Their contributions further solidified the practice of occlusion therapy, laying the groundwork for its continued evolution and refinement in subsequent centuries. Discussion: Al-Tabari's contributions to occlusion therapy underscore the rich heritage of scientific inquiry in theIslamic civilization during the medieval period. This historical perspective sheds light on the diverse contributions to medical knowledge and practice outside of Western contexts and emphasizes the importance of recognizing and honoring these contributions in the broader history of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the diversity of social and political assertions in the work of Vladimir M Bekhterev. Its findings reveal that he drew social and political conclusions based on his doctrine of reflexology. Moreover, he propagated the use of statistical investigations by scientific and governmental institutions to estimate the social and healthcare needs of the population. These conclusions accord with Bekhterev's desire for a transformation of society that would bring continued progress to people's social and living conditions. Additionally, the findings of this research work also support the idea that Bekhterev should be regarded as an important protagonist of neuroethics, a relatively recent field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 25, 1879, nineteen-year-old Eliza Francis Levesay, the daughter of a tenant farmer, and twenty-five-year-old William Miers, the son of a prosperous landowner and farmer, traveled from rural Decatur County, Indiana, to the county seat of Greensburg. Eliza was pregnant, and local dentist Columbus C. Burns performed an abortion on the young woman. Eliza miscarried the pregnancy in her parents' home days later, and Miers and Burns were charged by the Decatur County Court with procuring an abortion and second-degree murder. The trial garnered local, regional, and national attention. Using long-unknown court documents—including Eliza's deposition, taken by the mayor of Greensburg—author Madeleine Boesche recounts a story of premarital sex and out-of-wedlock pregnancy, community standards and secrets, social class, and the practice of abortion in the nineteenth-century rural Midwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Urologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bringing environmental history, the history of medicine and the history of poverty into conversation with material culture studies, this article argues that sleep management in early modern England involved environmental practices in which bodies and matter were interwoven. Using records relating to the Worshipful Company of Upholders in London as a starting point, the article uncovers for the first time the range of animal and plant matter upon which early modern people slept. In so doing it transforms our view of the sleeping conditions of the early modern poor and demonstrates the significance of place-specific, material knowledge for health care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abraham Flexner's 1910 report on medical education is widely regarded as a watershed moment in the history of modern medicine in the US and beyond. Most commentators focus on its administrative and managerial impact, despite Flexner dedicating a sizeable portion of his report to a theoretical account of the kind of medicine that he seeks to implement. Close attention to these sections reveals a surprisingly coherent account of medicine that, based on a Deweyan Pragmatist philosophy of science, unites scientific investigator and medical practitioner in a new experimental paradigm of science. Flexner can develop an account that goes beyond a mere epistemic redefinition of medicine, providing the profession with a social, cultural, and ethical identity that avails itself of the extremely wide purview that Dewey granted to modern science. Due to the subsequent narrowing of philosophy of science to a delimited academic subdiscipline, these broad Pragmatist philosophical commitments at the roots of Flexner's scientific medicine remained a largely unexplored intellectual legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is a phenomenon whose recognition reflects historically different views of the human being. The various medical practices in the treatment of pain from antiquity and the Middle Ages to the late Enlightenment are an impressive testimony to the time of their emergence. When we look at the history of pain treatment, we have to go back at least as far as the Stone Age. This is where the palaeontological evidence of therapeutic experiments in the form of boreholes in the human skull can be found. It is very likely that this was a form of treatment for headaches, as a similar method can still be found today among African natives. The basis of this therapy was the assumption that the „evil spirit of pain“ could escape through this opening and the patient would be cured of the pain. The main aim of treating illness and pain was to expel these spirits from the body. The magical-religious understanding of pain was also present in other ancient cultures, e.g. Egyptian culture, for example the pain after an injury in battle was caused by the gods and spirits of the dead. In ancient Egypt, they believed that evil spirits entered the body through the nostrils or ears. This was directly followed by healing methods, for example in descriptions of treatments using vomiting, sneezing or urination to make the spirits leave the body. So although pain was usually seen as divine punishment, it was treated early on. Pain therapeutic endeavours through the use of opium can be traced back to the Assyrians, Sumerians and ancient Egyptians. In the following centuries of the Middle Ages, many of the findings from antiquity disappeared. Pain was largely seen as God‘s punishment for sins or as a test from God. Accordingly, healing and relief were sought primarily from God and the saints. Only the possibility of developing knowledge about the anatomical and physiological functions of the body and in particular the identification of the brain as the seat of all perception (including the perception of pain) freed pain therapy from magical historical elements. This is where the rational phase of medicine begins, focussing on expanding the development of the therapeutic possibilities of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of a historical, classical philological and philosophical approach, this paper attempts to demonstrate that homeopathy is based on three powerful traditions of thinking, which can be traced back to Ancient Greece's pre-Socratic era. Actually, it seems to be constituted by what may be termed lógos -, hómoion - and iásthai -thinking: that is, thinking in terms of rationality, similarity and healing. By contrast, modern medicine tends to be aligned with just one of these traditions, at the expense of the others, this being not without risk and adverse effects. It is mainly determined by the first type of rationality that genealogically derives from, and is therefore compatible with, the logic of economics whose predominance in the health care systems of modern societies is progressively rising. Homeopathy, however, may not be sufficiently and fairly understood without taking into account the complementary forms of thinking on which it also rests, such as the principle of similarity in an all-encompassing sense, and ancient healing knowledge in the tradition of catharsis. As a corollary of being essentially constituted by the three, homeopathy may persistently be in need of a dynamic equilibrium of its three constituent bases. Attempts to approach homeopathy from only one of the indicated modes of thinking fail to grasp its essence and result in figments or caricatures of what homeopathy was originally meant to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. Fetal death has various causes, among the most common are problems relating to the placenta, such as placental abruption or placental malformations such as placenta accreta. From the literature, it emerges that placental analysis at autopsy can allow for greater resolution of cases compared to clinical history and external examination of the fetus alone. Case Report. We report the case of a woman at the eleventh week of pregnancy who died in hospital. The medical history revealed two further previous pregnancies, both with births by cesarean section. The autopsy identified the cause of maternal death as acute cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to hemorrhagic shock from spontaneous uterine rupture. Hemorrhagic infiltrate was found in the intervillous placental spaces with rupture of the uterus due to placenta previa and accreta. Discussion. Placenta accreta is a condition in which a pathological adherence and/or invasion of the myometrium by the placenta is observed. This condition poses a problem during recovery with potential for severe bleeding. Therefore, we emphasize the macroscopic and histological analysis of the placenta, uterus and the ovaries in all cases of maternal-fetal death, suggesting however that the organs be analyzed both by gross analysis and after permanence in formaldehyde. Furthermore, in these cases, it is important to evaluate the clinical history and data, especially ultrasound scans performed in life, or insertion anomalies during instrumental investigations. For this reason, we recommend to collaborate with a multidisciplinary team in these cases, including the gynecologist and the forensic pathologist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic health is tightly regulated by neuro-hormonal control, and systemic metabolic dysfunction may arise from altered function of the hypothalamic–anterior pituitary axis (HAPA). Ancient experimental observations of hypothalamic obesity (HO) and liver cirrhosis occurring among animals subjected to hypothalamic injury can now be explained using the more recent concepts of lipotoxicity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Lipotoxicity, the range of abnormalities resulting from the harmful effects of fatty acids accumulated in organs outside of adipose tissue, is the common pathogenic factor underlying closely related conditions like hypothalamic syndrome, HO, and MASLD. The hormonal deficits and the array of metabolic and metabolomic disturbances that occur in cases of HO are discussed, along with the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead, within the MASLD spectrum, from uncomplicated steatotic liver disease to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Emphasis is placed on knowledge gaps and how they can be addressed through novel studies. Future investigations should adopt precision medicine approaches by precisely defining the hormonal imbalances and metabolic dysfunctions involved in each individual patient with HO, thus paving the way for tailored management of MASLD that develops in the context of altered HAPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, a herbaceous plant with a long history in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in Europe, which has attracted attention for its remarkable therapeutic effect. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, comprehensive utilization and synthetic biology of S. marianum. Up to now, more than 20 types of flavonolignan components have been isolated from S. marianum. In addition, the rearch on fatty acids and triterpenoids is also constantly improving. Among them, silybin is the most active compound in flavonolignans components. Its pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory properties. The use of coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin as substrates to produce silybin and isosilybin under the action of enzyme catalysis is the commonly used biosynthetic pathway of silymarin, which provides support for a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic pathway of silymarin. In addition to medicinal use, the extracts of plants also have broad application prospects in the production of food, healthcare products, cosmetics and other aspects. In addition, the chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism and synthetic biology of S. marianum need to be further studied, which is very important for its clinical efficacy and resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is an effective method to treat internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Although it has a long history in veterinary medicine, the technique continues to evolve. Despite continuing attempts to reduce the incidence of associated complications, shunt failure remains a major problem, and often leads to multiple hospital admissions. This review gives an overview about current knowledge of ventriculoperitoneal shunting techniques in animals, applicable shunt hardware as well as shunt-associated complications and their prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guyon's canal syndrome is a compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist and is a rare condition. It is most commonly caused by a synovial cyst. However, diagnosis of the syndrome can be challenging, and the etiological investigation should include a detailed medical history focusing on the duration, location and progression, of symptoms. The level of compression can be clinically estimated during examination by assessing motor and sensory changes in the hand. Additional tests are used to confirm the diagnosis. Mild symptoms can be treated non-surgically. Surgical exploration and decompression are standard treatment for neuro-compressive causes, with generally good outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De humani corporis fabrica libri septem is a book written by the Flemish Renaissance physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and physician to the court of Emperor Charles V. It is in this book that for the very first time in detail, a learned academic lesson on the anatomy of the human body can be observed, in a compendium of seven books, based on direct dissections of the corpse, created and documented by a young professor (Vesalius at the age of 28) for his Medicine students. This work was printed in ciceronian latin and published in Basel in 1543 in the workshop of the humanist, linguist, and printer Johannes Oporinus (1507-1568), and illustrated by artists from the Titian workshop such as Jan Stephan van Calcar (1499-1546). Nowadays considered a literary, scientific and artistic jewel, Vesalius'fabrica of 1543 was a milestone in the history of medicine and is considered the foundation work of modern anatomy atlases, and basis for the teaching method of the discipline in medical careers worldwide. This original Mexican volume, is now considered part of UNESCO World Heritage and is the first book of its kind in America since the 16th century. It is part of the old and rare book collection of the Palafoxiana Library in the city of Puebla in Mexico. In this article, its characteristics are described and for the first time, documented in detail from its original source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crossing the early modern Pacific Ocean presented many challenges. This chapter seeks to provide some insights into the food provisions, diseases, and medical supplies found on board galleons. I will also discuss some aspects of transcultural medical knowledge transfer and introduce some results of our ongoing ERC AdG project TRANSPACIFIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reexamines the public memory of Canadian surgeon Norman Bethune. In 1938, Bethune traveled to China to serve at the communist front and to treat soldiers fighting against the invading Japanese army. Throughout China, Bethune is a household name and a communist icon. Back in Canada, however, his name does not evoke the same ubiquity. While Canadians remembered Bethune through biographies, a film, statues, and a small museum, his story in the Anglophone world is confined primarily to the telling of distant history. To explain Bethune's greater notoriety and public presence in China, this essay first turns our attention to Chinese sources that mythologized Bethune's death in 1939. The essay then revisits Chinese propaganda that established Bethune as a lasting political symbol during the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s. These national efforts show how a volunteer surgeon such as Bethune became such an important figure in a remote foreign country. China's Communist Party turned Bethune's death into a political event to rally support for their war of resistance against Japan. Later, during the tumultuous period of the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong used Bethune to symbolize unwavering service and loyalty to leader and party. This essay utilizes primary materials in McGill's Osler Library and commentary from the field of memory studies to contextualize Bethune and to situate him within the broader narrative of political education that arose in China during the Cultural Revolution. A layered interpretation of Bethune — as doctor, martyr, and symbolic hero — slowly emerges. Political forces in China transformed his memory into legacy and carry this complicated figure into the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical clinical research, otherwise defined as research on human subjects, represents the standardized method unanimously accepted by the medical, scientific community, as well as by civil society, as the only way that allows the approval of the use in medical practice of a new drug, as well as of a new method of investigation or treatment. We will briefly present the history of medical research, with reference to Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, Ambroise Paré, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Pasteur, as well as about the negative examples and errors that manifested themselves in the name of medical research, from the perspective of medical ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas medical practice stems from Hippocrates, cardiovascular science originates with Aristotle. The Hippocratic philosophy was championed by Galen (129-216 CE), whose advocacy of a tripartite soul found favor in the early Christian Church. In contrast, Aristotle's works were banned as heresy by ecclesiastical authority, only to survive and prosper in the Islamic Golden Age (775-1258 CE). Galen theorized that the circulation consisted of separate venous and arterial systems. Blood was produced in the liver and traveled centrifugally through veins. When arriving in the right ventricle, venous blood passed through tiny pores in the ventricular septum into the left ventricle, where it became aerated by air passing from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. Following arrival at distal sites, arterial blood disappeared, being consumed by the tissues, requiring that the liver needed to continually synthesize new blood. The heart was viewed as a sucking organ, and the peripheral pulse was deemed to result from changes in arterial tone, rather than cardiac systole. Galen's framework remained undisputed and dominated medical thought for 1,300 years, but the reintroduction of Aristotelian principles from the Islamic world into Europe (through the efforts of the Toledo School of Translators) were nurtured by the academic freedom and iconoclastic environment uniquely cultivated at the University of Padua, made possible by Venetian rebellion against papal authority. At Padua, the work of Andreas Vesalius, Realdo Colombo, Hieronymus Fabricius ab Acquapendente, and William Harvey (1543-1628) methodically destroyed Galen's model, leading to the modern concept of a closed-ended circulation. Yet, due to political forces, Harvey was ridiculed, as was James Lind, who performed the first prospective controlled trial, involving citrus fruits for scurvy (1747); it took nearly 50 years for his work to be accepted. Even the work of William Withering (1785), the father of cardiovascular pharmacology, was tarnished by professional jealously and the marketing campaign of a pharmaceutical company. Today's cardiovascular investigators should understand that major advances are routinely derided by the medical establishment for political or personal reasons; and it may take decades or centuries for important work to be accepted. [Display omitted] • Medical practice stems from Hippocrates; cardiovascular science originates with Aristotle. • Galen's theory of separate venous and arterial systems—dominant for 1,300 years—was destroyed by scholars at the University of Padua (1500-1650 CE). • Landmark works by Harvey, Lind, and Withering were derided and tarnished by political and personal reasons. • Young investigators must challenge the status quo; if they do not rebel, nothing will change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the history of the perception of sugar from antiquity to the Middle Ages. The author shows how changes in society can be demonstrated by changes in the reflection of dietary attitudes towards sweet taste. Medieval society was influenced by ambiguous attitudes towards sugar and sweets in general. On one hand, sweet taste was associated with the risk of mental malaise, which contradicted religious devotion to the Christian faith; on the other hand, the description of sweet taste was often used symbolically in the Bible as an allegory of reward for strong faith. Sugar, however, found its way into pharmacy as a medicine and, above all, as a sweetener. Medieval trade between Europe and its Arab neighbours and the development of urban and international trade eventually opened the way for sugar cane to enter Europe. European merchants learned to produce sugar and, from the 16th century onwards, took their technological knowledge or knowledge of the organisation of cane sugar production to the newly discovered territories in America. The transfer of knowledge was the precursor to the Industrial Revolution and medieval concepts of sugar were forgotten. This article therefore provides a brief overview of medieval mindset regarding sugar and sweet taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Japan's economic growth, its life expectancy increased from 1965, and since 1980, Japan has become one of the longest-lived countries in the world. Strong government-led initiatives such as low-cost health insurance, widely distributed health screenings, a new law to prevent non-communicable diseases established in 1956, Shokuiku (Japanese culinary education), and stress-measuring systems in the workplace contributed to the population's longevity. In addition to these public initiatives, Japan has benefited from evolving lifestyle practices over its long history. These include Washoku (Japanese traditional food), which utilizes the complex interaction of individual nutrients unique to Japan as well as numerous metabolically active compounds, the interrelation of Japan's population levels with its plant-dominant diet, a mindful culture connected with nature, and the principle of hara-hachi-bu (Confucianism-based caloric restriction habit; "eat until 80% full"), and so on. In 2002, Japan took the remarkable action of stipulating by law that citizens must deepen their interest in and understanding of the importance of healthy lifestyle habits, be aware of their own health status, and strive to improve their health throughout their lives. Today, to protect its future, Japan must face a new challenge: a population that is declining and is the world's fastest-aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no longer any serious doubt that daily habits and actions profoundly impact on both short- and long-term health and quality of life. An overwhelming body of scientific and medical literature supports this contention. Thousands of studies support the concept that regular physical activity, healthy nutrition and maintaining a healthy body weight, not smoking cigarettes, obtaining healthy sleep, reducing stress and maintaining positive connections with other individuals all profoundly impact on health. The scientific literature the supports the health impact of these daily habits and actions is underscored by its incorporation into virtually every evidence-based clinical guideline in the area of metabolic diseases. Thus, the scientific basis for lifestyle medicine rests on an enormous body of evidence-based literature. The key issue in lifestyle medicine is to provide an overall framework where these studies, which are often spread over scientific literature in multiple disciplines, can be made accessible to the medical community and to the public at large. This is the essence of the field of lifestyle medicine. The academic basis of lifestyle medicine is robust and needs to be emphasized by all practitioners of lifestyle medicine. This is the key to moving this field forward into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the historical context of collaborative research and authorship disputes, exemplified by the complex relationship between Dutch anatomist and physician Gerard L. Blaes and his East‐Central European mentee, Daniel Gödtke, during the study of medulla spinalis. The study employs historical analysis to unravel the dynamics of scholarly collaboration, emphasizing the significance of mentorship in scientific progress and the communal nature of knowledge exchange. This historical analysis is based on primary sources and historical records. It underscores Blaes's strategy to circumvent public confrontations regarding the authorship of the seminal work 'Anatome medullae spinalis, et nervorum inde provenientium' (1666). As a teacher, he facilitated his student's participation in a public disputation to avert public authorship conflicts over the book. This ultimately led to the publication of two distinct versions of 'Anatome medullae spinalis.' The first one was co‐authored by the mentor and his mentee, while the latter was solely attributed to the mentor. This historical narrative raises essential questions about attributing individual contributions in medical sciences, echoing concerns still pertinent in contemporary academia. Additionally, it makes visible the power dynamics inherent in faculty–students relationships and the potential repercussions of authorship disputes on scholars' reputations. By drawing parallels between historical and modern authorship dilemmas, this study contributes to ongoing discussions on equitable authorship in scientific research and publishing. It not only highlights a historical precedent for the complex dynamics of mentor–mentee collaborations and authorship disputes but also illuminates how these practices continue to influence contemporary academic and publishing customs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although aspirin is deeply rooted in the most ancient history of medicine, the mechanism of action of this drug was only identified a few decades ago. Aspirin has several indications ranging from its long-known analgesic and antipyretic properties to the more recently discovered antithrombotic, chemopreventive and anti-eclampsia actions. In addition, a recent line of research has identified aspirin as a drug with potential hepatologic indications. This article specifically focuses on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic metabolic dysfunction fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD/MASLD) field. To this end, the most recently published randomized controlled trial on aspirin for non-cirrhotic MASLD is summarized and discussed. Moreover, previous epidemiologic evidence supporting the notion that aspirin exerts antisteatotic and antifibrotic hepatic effects, which may result in the primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma, is also addressed. Next, the putative mechanisms involved are examined, with reference to the effects on adipose tissue and liver and sex differences in the action of aspirin. It is concluded that these novel findings on aspirin as a "hepatologic drug" deserve additional in-depth evaluation. Plain Language Summary: Although aspirin is part of the history of medicine, its mechanism of action was only discovered a few decades ago. Aspirin can be used to treat pain, fever, inflammation and conditions where the blood tends to clot excessively (hypercoagulate) as well as for the prevention of certain types of cancer. Additionally, recent research has identified potential hepatologic indications and beneficial actions of aspirin among the so-called fatty liver disorders owing to conditions which disrupt the body's regular metabolic functions and disorders (such as obesity and diabetes). This article discusses a recently published study while also addressing previous studies supporting the notion that aspirin might have pharmacologic action against fatty liver and its progression to scarring tissue (liver fibrosis and hepatic cirrhosis) and prevent the most common type of primary liver cancer. Aspirin not only acts on the blood cells that protect against hemorrhage (i.e., the platelets) but also targets other tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver. Importantly, biologic sex may affect the pharmacologic action of aspirin. Collectively, the discoveries summarized in our article justify additional investigations into aspirin as a "novel" drug in the hepatologic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: After conducting a comprehensive literature search of two medical electronic databases, PubMed and Embase, as well as two citation databases, Web of Science Core Collections (WoS) and Scopus, we aimed to conduct an Altmetric and Scientometric analysis of the History of Medicine literature in medical research. Methods: The following software tools were used for analyzing the retrieved records from PubMed and Embase databases and conducting a collaboration analysis to identify the countries involved in scientific medical papers, as well as clustering keywords to reveal the trend of History of Medicine research for the future. These software tools (VOSviewer 1.6.18 and Spss 16) allowed the researchers to visualize bibliometric networks, perform statistical analysis, and identify patterns and trends in the data. Results: Our analysis revealed 53,771 records from PubMed and 54,405 records from EMBASE databases retrieved in the field of History of Medicine by 105,286 contributed authors in WoS. We identified 157 countries that collaborated on scientific medical papers. By clustering 59,995 keywords, we were able to reveal the trend of History of Medicine research for the future. Our findings showed a positive association between traditional bibliometrics and social media metrics such as the Altmetric Attention Score in the History of Medicine literature (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Sharing research findings of articles in social scientific networks will increase the visibility of scientific works in History of Medicine research, which is one of the most important factors influencing the citation of articles. Additionally, our overview of the literature in the medical field allowed us to identify and examine gaps in the History of Medicine research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the educational and Freemasonry activities of Doctor Joannis Baptistae Lalangue have been relatively modestly represented in the scientific literature until now. Based on recent research, we have come to the realizations that give us a new context for the life and work of Lalangue, especially from the aspect of his social activity. All of the above had very significant repercussions on his entire public health work and especially on his journalistic and publishing work. John the Baptist Lalangue was a successful physician. During his medical studies in Vienna, he was recognized by Baron van Swieten, the first name in medicine of the Habsburg Monarchy. Recent knowledge speaks of his very notable Enlightenment and Freemasonry work, which largely determined his life and work. Lalangue has created a truly impressive literary work, which is closely related to his active Enlightenment and public Masonry engagement. The mentioned progressive Enlightenment engagement is also responsible for the fact that thanks to Lalangue, we already had printed medical original professional literature in the Croatian language in the second half of the 18th century. This directly changed the conditions in society, primarily in the field of public health, for the better, not only in Croatia but also throughout the Habsburg Monarchy.

The establishment of Russian neurology in the late 19th century was significantly shaped by the neurology department at La Salpêtrière Hospital under Professor Jean-Martin Charcot's leadership. A group of Russian neurologists, guided by Professor Kozhevnikov and featuring his disciples such as Korsakov, Minor, Darkshevich, and Bekhterev, had the privilege of being mentored by Professor Charcot. Subsequently, they played pivotal roles in founding various neurology services in Russia, greatly influenced by the teachings and insights they acquired under Charcot's tutelage.

This paper provides a historical overview of Professor Fulgence Raymond, Charcot's eldest pupil, who was chosen as his successor. It explores Raymond's origins as a veterinary surgeon, his evolution as a neurologist under Charcot's mentorship, and his tenure as the professor's successor at the La Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, France, from 1894 to 1910.

Personal and professional rivalries involving prominent neurologists mark the history of nineteenth-century French neurology. One of the great examples is the feud between Pierre Marie and Jules Dejerine. The dispute between the two, nevertheless, did not prevent Pierre Marie's son, André Marie, and Gustave Roussy – one of Dejerine's favorite pupils, from collaborating on significant research that led to the doctoral dissertation by Andre Marie regarding sensory disturbances associated with painful hemiagnosia found in thalamic lesions.

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The history of medicine is interesting and instructive. In each of the many branches of medical science, the specificity of pathology determines diagnosis and treatment. These processes inevitably continue in time and space in accordance with the conditions existing in a given place and in a given period of time. Spine injury is one of the most striking examples of the longevity and duration of this process. Humanity relatively recently discovered what diabetes is and how it should be treated, but this branch of medicine also has its own history, although not a very long one. Spinal injuries have accompanied man and his predecessors almost always, disrupting the usual rhythm of life, and therefore they have been required to be treated since time immemorial. A true professional is always interested in the history of his specialty. Spine surgeons are no exception. What we managed to collect bit by bit, of course, is not everything, but it is impossible to grasp the immense, and it is necessary to know the past in order to better understand the present and the future.

Typhus is a disease common to both humans and animals, transmitted by lice, ticks, or rats. The tick variant of this disease is more prevalent in colder regions such as Azerbaijan, where unsanitary living conditions and a local abundance of ticks may exist. Historically, typhus appeared in Azerbaijan as both a local and an epidemic disease, causing numerous casualties. During the Qajar period, no measures were taken to combat it, and typhus was somewhat managed as an endemic and local disease, with casualties kept to a minimum. However, with the onset of World War I on July 28, 1914, the typhus epidemic escalated due to a lack of sanitation and cleaning materials in the province of Azerbaijan, eventually. It became widespread in March 1917 alongside the triple threats of famine, cholera, and the Spanish flu. It left many casualties at the end of World War I in 1918. In this article, we will first examine the global history of typhus and then delve into the history of endemic and local typhus in Azerbaijan during the Qajar period (1796-1925). Finally, we will explore the role of the typhus epidemic during World War I. We will analyze this in conjunction with other factors such as cholera, spatial influenza, severe famine, malnutrition, and food poverty, which played a significant role in the severity of the disease’s spread and the resulting fatalities among Iranians in Azerbaijan.

Abstract Background A challenge facing many Academic Health Centers (AHCs) attempting to revise health professions education to include the impact of racism as a social and structural determinant of health (SSDoH) is a lack of broad faculty expertise to reinforce and avoid undermining learning modules addressing this topic. To encourage an institutional culture that is in line with new anti-racism instruction, we developed a six-part educational series on the history of racism in America and its impact on contemporary health inequities for teaching structural competency to health professions academicians. Methods We developed a six-hour elective continuing education (CE) series for faculty and staff with the following objectives: (1) describe and discuss race as a social construct; (2) describe and discuss the decolonization of the health sciences and health care; (3) describe and discuss the history of systemic racism and structural violence from a socio-ecological perspective; and (4) describe and discuss reconciliation and repair in biomedicine. The series was spread over a six-month period and each monthly lecture was followed one week later by an open discussion debriefing session. Attendees were assessed on their understanding of each objective before and after each series segment. Results We found significant increases in knowledge and understanding of each objective as the series progressed. Attendees reported that the series helped them grapple with their discomfort in a constructive manner. Self-selected attendees were overwhelmingly women (81.8%), indicating a greater willingness to engage with this material than men. Conclusions The series provides a model for AHCs looking to promote anti-racism and structural competency among their faculty and staff.

Immunology has played a prominent role in the history of medicine and considerable research has been conducted to explore the history of this science. However, the use of blood serum to treat diseases in pre-medieval times lacks a well-documented history. Despite this knowledge gap, Emil Adolf von Behring is recognized for his groundbreaking discovery of serum therapy. Serum therapy involves the administration of animal or human blood serums as a means of combating infections, paving the way for more effective disease management in the medical field.This research, citing the book, The Canon of Medicine, written by Avicenna, states that there is evidence suggesting that serum therapy can be seen much earlier than its use in the Western world. In the discussion of poisonous animal bites, Avicenna first states the significance of fortifying the immune system to protect the body. In Avicenna’s work on rabies, he states that if a patient bitten by a rabid dog eats the blood of the rabid dog that bit him, or eats the rabid dog’s liver and heart, or puts it on his wound, especially if the liver and heart belong to the same dog that bit him, the patient will be healed. This early exploration of utilizing animal-derived substances to combat disease may be regarded as an antecedent to contemporary serum therapy, which was later developed by Emil Adolf von Behring.This research reveals that Islamic scholars, especially Avicenna, through their clinical and practical experiences, possessed knowledge of the immune system and serum therapy long before the discoveries of Edward Jenner and Emil Adolf von Behring. Consequently, they were able to successfully apply this knowledge in treating patients well before the formal recognition of these principles in Western medicine.

During the 1930s, a significant number of physicians, nurses, and scientists sought refuge in Turkiye as they fled the oppressive regimes in Nazi Germany and its neighboring countries. They were employed in educational and health institutions in Turkiye, especially at Istanbul University. Although the number decreased in subsequent decades, foreign physicians and specialists continued to migrate to Turkiye even after the 1950s. This qualitative study analyses the documents and materials available in the Turkish State Archives to shed light on the experiences of these foreign medical professionals. According to documents examined, from 1950 to 1973, the Faculty of Medicine of Istanbul University employed a total of 18 foreign physicians and specialists: four in the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, three in the Department of Histology and Embryology, three in the Surgery Clinic I, two in the Internal Medicine Clinic III, one in the Department of Physiology, one in the Department of Experiential Research, one in the Department of Biophysics, one in the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, one in the Department of Pharmacy, and one in the faculty staff. Then, it is reasonable to assume that the contributions of these foreign physicians and specialists played a significant role in the development of the departments they were associated with at the Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine.

We frequently see the terms medicine and humanism mixed up in different versions and meanings: "humanizing medicine", "humanities in medicine", "more human medicine" or "humanized medicine", among many others. However, although they have textual similarities, I believe that the proposal underlying most of these approaches is confusing, at best, or clearly wrong, as it pretends to teach the humanities for the practice of medicine. In this essay I want to show that there is an idea of humanism that is naturally intrinsic and indissoluble with the practice of medicine, whose praxis must be understood as a "pedagogy of healing". For this, I will show in a first part the definitions of the ontological categories, then I will try to define humanism from what it has been historically and what it is not, in a pragmatic sense, to finally demonstrate the confluence of medicine and humanism in a proposal that must recognize communication as the interpretation of "the human being-patient".

The foundation by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) of the Salpêtrière School in Paris had an influential role in the development of neurology during the late-nineteenth century. The international aura of Charcot attracted neurologists from all parts of the world. We here present the most representative European, American, and Russian young physicians who learned from Charcot during their tutoring or visit in Paris or Charcot’s travels outside France. These include neurologists from Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, Germany and Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Italy, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Finland, Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, and Romania. Particularly emblematic among the renowned foreign scientists who met and/or learned from Charcot were Charles-Edouard Brown-Séquard, who had interactions with Paris University and contributed to the early development of British and American neurological schools; John Hughlings Jackson, who was admired by Charcot and influenced French neurology similarly as Charcot did on British neurology; Silas Weir Mitchell, the pioneer in American neurology; Sigmund Freud, who was trained by Charcot to study patients with hysteria and then, back in Vienna, founded a new discipline called psychoanalysis; Aleksej Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov and almost all the founders of the Russian institutes of neurology who were instructed in Paris; and Georges Marinesco, who established the Romanian school of neurology and did major contributions thanks to his valuable relation with Charcot and French neurology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A challenge facing many Academic Health Centers (AHCs) attempting to revise health professions education to include the impact of racism as a social and structural determinant of health (SSDoH) is a lack of broad faculty expertise to reinforce and avoid undermining learning modules addressing this topic. To encourage an institutional culture that is in line with new anti-racism instruction, we developed a six-part educational series on the history of racism in America and its impact on contemporary health inequities for teaching structural competency to health professions academicians. Methods: We developed a six-hour elective continuing education (CE) series for faculty and staff with the following objectives: (1) describe and discuss race as a social construct; (2) describe and discuss the decolonization of the health sciences and health care; (3) describe and discuss the history of systemic racism and structural violence from a socio-ecological perspective; and (4) describe and discuss reconciliation and repair in biomedicine. The series was spread over a six-month period and each monthly lecture was followed one week later by an open discussion debriefing session. Attendees were assessed on their understanding of each objective before and after each series segment. Results: We found significant increases in knowledge and understanding of each objective as the series progressed. Attendees reported that the series helped them grapple with their discomfort in a constructive manner. Self-selected attendees were overwhelmingly women (81.8%), indicating a greater willingness to engage with this material than men. Conclusions: The series provides a model for AHCs looking to promote anti-racism and structural competency among their faculty and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Malignant melanoma situated in the parotid gland represents a rare clinical presentation, and the prognosis of these patients remains inadequately understood in comparison to other forms of malignant melanoma. This study aims to evaluate cases of parotid gland-located malignant melanoma under follow-up in our clinic. Material and Method: Records of five patients aged 18 and above, diagnosed with melanoma localized within or adjacent to the parotid gland, were retrospectively reviewed. Relevant clinical information such as patients' demographic data including age and gender, medical histories, presenting symptoms, treatment modalities, and outcomes were evaluated. The overall survival of the patients was examined. Results: None of the patients included in the study had primary parotid gland melanoma. Among all patients, 4 patients had primary lesions that were cutaneous melanomas originating from the head and neck region, while in one patient, the primary lesion was uveal melanoma of the eye. While 3 patients included in the study had died, 2 patients were still being followed up. Conclusion: Primary melanomas localized to the parotid gland are extremely rare, and when encountered, a thorough medical history and careful physical examination can often reveal that the primary lesion is cutaneous melanoma, predominantly located in the head and neck region. It should be kept in mind that although rare, there may be primary intranodal melanoma cases whose primary is unknown or cannot be found in the parotid gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On May 31, 2022, Colorado became the first state in the country to ban anonymous gamete (i.e., sperm and egg) donation through the enactment of the Donor-Conceived Persons and Families of Donor-Conceived Persons Protection Act. By 2043, donor-conceived Coloradans over the age of eighteen will gain access to the donor's identifying information, such as the donor's full name and permanent address, as well as their medical history. However, this newfound right to information also imposes heightened obligations on donor gamete agencies to obtain and track the data from their donors. Given the novelty of such legislation in the United States, crucial questions exist for the feasibility and efficacy of ensuring compliance within the gamete donation industry. This Note serves to explore four key provisions of the Act: access to donor information, donor limitations, age requirements for donors, and the educational materials provided to gamete donors and recipients. After analyzing these provisions, this Note compares the gamete donation legislation in Colorado with those found in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Denmark. This Note concludes by recommending the best path forward for upholding the rights of donor-conceived persons, gamete donors, and gamete recipients alike: a register that facilitates the tracking of identifying information for all parties involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a book titled "Pioneering Medicine in Wallachia: Biography and Medical-Historical Restorations" by Lidia Trăușan-Matu, which focuses on the life and work of Iuliu Barasch, a physician in 19th-century Wallachia. Barasch, who was of Jewish origin, faced challenges due to his religion but managed to have a successful career as a doctor. The book includes two texts written by Barasch himself, one describing his journey through various regions and the other discussing the medical situation in Wallachia. The book provides valuable insights into the history of medicine in the region and sheds light on the experiences of Jewish individuals during that time. [Extracted from the article]