Search

This article presents the opinions of a number of leading Russian researchers, the subject of discussion of whom were the provisions expressed by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.V. Babashkin and Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor S.I. Tolstov. The authors of the article «Collectivization as a page of history and its place in the national ideology of modern Russia» published in the previous issue of the journal focused their attention on studying the formation of the «Soviet» version of collectivization of the peasant village. Based on the concept that the national ideology of the modern Russian Federation should be based on adequate ideas about the main events of the Soviet period, they come to the conclusion that it was peasant studies that should have become one of the most significant tools for historical and sociological research into the history of the country. The vivid and polemical presentation of the material and the undoubted demand in such a series of publications aroused the active interest of a number of well-known historians, primarily those involved in agrarian issues. Despite a number of serious critical comments during the exchange of opinions, the majority of researchers participating in the discussion recognized the significance and urgency of raising such issues and the need to develop a specific position for the development of modern historical science

The first temple in the Chelyabinsk fortress in the context of the sacralization of space during the Russian colonization of the Urals and Siberia. The article, on the basis of the sources involved, deals in general terms with the main problems of temple building in the frontier zone in the process of Russian colonization of the Urals and Siberia from the late XVI to the 1730s. Sources are acts of record documentation: decrees, orders, reports. The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationship between state and church structures in temple building. The work is done within the framework of cultural history. The main institutions of the colonization process were the structures of the state and the church, the direct actors were peasants, merchants and servicemen of various categories, and the Posad population. The consolidation of Russia in new territories was carried out through the sacralization of space. The starting point in this process was the construction of the first Orthodox church. Initially, the question of building a temple was raised by both the secular authorities and parishioners, depending on the specific situation. Then the functions of establishing the ecclesiastical and administrative structure were delegated by the center to the field. If earlier the chain looked like this: Orthodox first settlers - the center in Moscow - the royal decree in place of the voivode - implementation, execution of the decision on the spot; then a new link appears at the diocesan level in the person of the bishop. This was caused, first of all, by the increasing scale of colonization, the complication of the secular and ecclesiastical-administrative structure. In the record correspondence, the idea of the impossibility of the existence of an Orthodox person without a temple can be traced. To find out the initiators of the nomination of the first temple in the Chelyabinsk fortress, an analysis of the names of the bishops of the Siberian Metropolis, in charge of which the fortress was located, was undertaken; monks of the Assumption Dalmatian Monastery in 1735, whose archimandrite was instructed to lay the church; the heads of the families of the fortress, recorded in the census of 1739 – 1740. From this it was concluded that the "symphony" of the initiative "from above" and the initiative "from below" was made.

This study explores the process of formation and subsequent development of settlements as a distinct type of rural locality within the settlement network of the Tobolsk District. Utilizing the “Lists of Localities” as a primary source, the research analyzes five temporal snapshots (for the years 1869, 1893, 1903, 1909, and 1926) to trace the dynamics of settlement populations and to determine their proportion within the overall number of localities in the district. The study calculates the number of newly established settlements of this status in comparison to each preceding period, establishing their average size (in terms of households and population). It concludes that the practice of relocating from “parent” settlements to form new ones was predominantly observed among the indigenous Russian population and settlers. Notably, approximately one-third of the settlements that emerged in the 1860s had disappeared from the map of Tobolsk County by the 1920s, while most of those that persisted achieved village status. Favorable factors contributing to the continued existence of these settlements included their location along postal or zemstvo routes, access to water sources, proximity to local trade and industrial centers, and the economic strength of households that relocated from their ancestral villages to settle on unoccupied lands.

The article introduces hitherto unknown archival material from еру Manuscript Department of the Russian National Library, which relates to the early responses of contemporaries to the death of Emperor Alexander III and the accession of his son to the throne. The researcher publishes a full letter from Archimandrite (later Archbishop) Nikon (Rozhdestvensky) to the famous teacher Rachinsky. Quotes from letters from other persons (O. A. Novikova, N. M. Gorbov, V. N. Lyaskovsky), as well as an unpublished poem dedicated to the arrival in Russia of the future Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with its theme of farewell to the dying sovereign, supplement it. The author of the article restores the history of the relationship between Archimandrite Nikon and Rachinsky, focusing on the episode of 1895 when the priest supported the teacher on the pages of the newspaper. The article characterizes Nikon’s letter as a valuable church-historical and literary source.

The article substantiates the necessity of the national ideology of the modern Russian Federation to be based on adequate representations of most important events of the Soviet period of the country’s history. Russian historiography will inevitably form a system of such representations in the near future. The authors confidently position collectivization of the peasant village as the central of the events in question, showing why the Soviet version of collectivization is approximately as far from the historical truth as the ideological interpretation of the 90s, which arrived to substitute the so-called «Marxism-Leninism». Local history investigations and family chronicles contain one of the principal proofs of this, confirming the consistence of Peasant Studies as a tool for historical and sociological research.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the problem of the educational potential of the subject training of the future teacher is due to the growing interest in the problem of educating the younger generation. Geopolitical transformations have updated the search for value-semantic regulations of educational work in educational organizations. The aim of the study is to substantiate the educational potential of the subject training of the future teacher in the conditions of modern educational policy. The research methodology is represented by an axiological and activity approach. The main methods used were: comparative analysis of pedagogical and methodological literature, normative legal acts and methodological documents regulating the educational process in educational organizations; generalization and synthesis of the results obtained; questioning and observation. Based on monitoring research data, a portrait of the modern younger generation is presented, as well as characteristics of the “Alpha” generation, that is, children born after 2010 (in accordance with the concept of Mark McCrind). The scientific novelty of the study includes the identified components of the educational potential of the subject training of the future teacher. The value of the study lies in substantiating the educational potential of the subject training of the future teacher in the conditions of modern educational policy. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the presentation of pedagogical developments in the implementation of the educational potential of the subject training of the future teacher using the example of the academic discipline “History of Russia”.

The article undertakes a study of Karamzin’s historical essays published in the “Vestnik Evropy” (1802–1803) and representing various modifications of the image of a historian (“smart historian,” “timid historian,” “impartial historian,” “frivolous historian,” ёёёёёёё“strict historian” and etc.). Referring to the essay “On the Moscow Rebellion in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich” allows the author of the article to assert that on the eve of writing his historical work, Karamzin creates an image of an alien flattery and relying only on reliable evidence of the Russian Patriot Historian, whose word sounds like an incorruptible voice of truth not only in factological sense, but also in the state-patriotic one. According to the researcher’s observations, the analyzed essay is dominated by the point of view of a “strict historian,” who evaluates the activities of the ruler from the standpoint of national interests (“state morality”), which does not coincide with the perception of events by a sensitive author and marks an important milestone in Karamzin’s ideological evolution.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of Russia’s northern and eastern regions by Paul Dukes (1934–2021), a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Aberdeen. Based on the British historian’s scholarly publications and his travelogue sharing his personal impressions of Russian hinterland, the article presents his understanding of the specifics of the Russian North, the Urals, and the Far East in the history of Russia. It has been shown that the British historian made a significant contribution to English-language historiography by creating an image of the regions that are peripheral but nonetheless very significant for Russia and the world. He worked in the genre of analytical narrative and his scholarship was based upon the works of Russian, Soviet, and Western historians, historical documents, and his own impressions. Historicism, objectivism, broad outlook, comparativism, and the ability to adjust his research optics to micro- and macromodes depending on the tasks and specifics of the study were typical traits of the style of Paul Dukes’ writing. The image of the Russian North was shaped by the personal impressions of the British traveler; as an outside observer, he captured the details and circumstances of the post-Soviet period, which, however, did not spoil the warmth of perception of traditional values and hospitability of the northerners. Path-breaking in the English-language historiography, his monograph on the history of the Urals from the early Russian colonization to the present day reveals to the foreign reader the significance of the largest metallurgical region for the development of Russia and the world. Manchuria in Russian and Soviet history is considered in the context of intense international rivalry.

The article is devoted to the problem of horse theft in the Urals in the 1730s. The main reason for this situation should be called the paucity of information about horse thieves, presented in the documents of the court and the investigation, which allow reconstructing the criminal world of early modern Russia. The author drew attention to the peculiarities of the region under study, which was a transit zone between the European and Asian parts of the Russian Empire and a major industrial center of the country. These features determined the special importance of horses not only in agriculture, but also in industrial production as a means of transporting goods and maintaining communication between the capital and the periphery. Analysis of the books of minutes of the Yekaterinburg Office of Judicial and Executive Affairs for the second half of the 1730s led to the conclusion that horse theft was widespread in the region. Most of those accused of stealing horses were residents who sought to escape from the difficult conditions of life in the Ural factories. At the same time, these sources allow us to conclude that there existed groups of horse thieves in the first third of the 18th c. in Russia, engaged in this business on a regular basis. Their thieving practices were similar to the activities of the organized groups of horse thieves in Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

Historical origins of the current Ukrainian crisis is a complex topic since it covers a thousand-year history and includes the main issues of the past and present of the people living on the East European Plain. The preparation of an anthology of archival documents in support of Vladimir Putin's well-known article «On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians» is being completed. Andrei Artizov, Head of the Federal Archival Agency, shares some of the results of the joint work of scientists and historians-archivists in this article.

The article thoroughly analyzes the historiosophical concept of Alexander Lvovich Yanov, a Soviet and American historian, political scientist, philosopher, and publicist, focusing on his research into russian statehood, opposition movements, and nationalism. The study aims to enhance the realistic understanding of the myths and stereotypes prevalent in the ordinary and “academic” consciousness of contemporary russians. The article highlights A. Yanov’s specific position among Western Sovietologists on the brink of the millennium and intellectuals within his homeland. The presented work is grounded in key principles, methods, and approaches, particularly emphasizing historicism, objectivity, and anthropological considerations. The study employs scientific analysis and synthesis, systematic, comparative, and logical methods, as well as historical-genetic, historical-chronological, and historical-situational approaches. Additionally, the research incorporates the personological approach and utilizes the biographical method. The main conclusions relate to the course and results of the analysis of Russian social consciousness using the Author’s research optics. There are shown the pretended (simulated) and realized-imagined in Yanov’s attempts to define and confirm in the minds of his compatriots (at least pro-European ones) the degree of Europeanness of the historical development of Russian statehood, and, respectively, the results of this development. Controversial and fair assessments of the Author regarding modernity, his predictions that do and did not come true are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activities of the Taurida Scientific Archival Commission for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Crimea during the First World War was discussed in the article. The study was carried out using the principles of the procedural approach and is based on the office materials of the commission, which were not previously involved by the researchers. The relevance of the work is due to the need to analyze the historical experience of organizing the protection of cultural heritage in the context of military conflicts. The author found that in the conditions of the First World War, Taurida Scientific Archival Commission carried out diverse work in the field of protecting cultural heritage. It is shown that the commission successfully replenished its own archival collection and museum collection, commission monitored the state of architectural and archaeological monuments, identified and preserved random archaeological finds. It is noted that the commission carried out work to preserve the historical memory of the events of the First World War, participated in an international campaign against the vandalism of the German army. The author concludes that during the war years, commission remained highly active in the field of cultural heritage protection, but the difficulties of wartime did not allow the full implementation of many significant projects to preserve the cultural heritage of the Crimea.

The article is devoted to the interpretation of the image and activities of Prince St. Vladimir by the famous Russian legal scholar and philosopher Yevgeny Vasilyevich Spektorsky (1875-1951). Spektorsky referred to the image of the prince several times in articles in Russian and Serbian during his emigration to Yugoslavia. Special attention is paid to the participation of the scientist in the Vladimir collection of 1930, released after the Russian emigration began celebrating the Day of Russian Glory. On the basis of archival documents from the Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, the details of the preparation of an article for the second Vladimir collection of 1939 are shown. The researcher considered St. Vladimir one of the main historical figures in the history of Russia, and the adoption of Christianity - the most important event in Russian history and singled out, in this regard, a special period in the history of Russia - "Holy Russia". Comparing Prince Vladimir with Peter the Great and Alexander II, he gave primacy to Vladimir. Spektorsky also considered the images of St. Vladimir and St. Cyril and Methodius, as well as St. Savva, to be equal in size. For the first time, the materials of correspondence between E.V. Spektorsky and A.V. Solovyov are introduced into scientific circulation and also actualizes attention to inaccessible articles of the scientist of the 1930s.

The article discussesthe project aboutthemedals of Francesco Algarotti. In his «Essay on Russian History in Medals», Algarotti proposed to perpetuate important events in the history of Russia in medals, thus noting the periods of the reign of Peter I, Anna Ioannovna, Elizabeth Petrovna, Catherine II. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that Algarotti’s essay contributed to the creation of an objective image of Russia in the eyes of the enlightened part of Europeans and strengthened the prestige of Russia as a power.

This article presents an overview of the school-conference of young scholars, held on 24 – 25 November, 2020 at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The aims of the forum for scholars are to establish communication between young researchers from Russia and other countries, and to maintain links between the generations of experienced historians and junior scholars, which is a key element in preserving the continuity of generations in historical science. In 2020, the schoolconference was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Problems of military history took central place during the forum: keynote speeches were held by leading researchers; a collection of documents on the history of the liberation of the Crimea was presented during a special session; and a round table “Man and war (to the 75th anniversary of the Victory)” took place. During sectional sessions, young researchers highlighted a wide range of issues devoted to the history of Russia from ancient times to the present day.

The article is devoted to the administrative policy of the Russian Empire, which had a huge impact on the development of the Kalmyk cattle breeding crisis in the first half of the XIX century. The tsarist administration, despite the fact that it had a rich historical experience of relations with the Kalmyk people, by the beginning of this century had minimal knowledge about its life, the essence and driving forces of nomadic cattle breeding, which were “terra incognito” for the authorities for various objective and subjective reasons. The apparent instability and riskiness of nomadic cattle breeding in the Kalmyk steppe from time to time prompted the Astrakhan governors, under whom the Kalmyks who remained on the Volga after 1771 were located, to the idea of bringing them to a sedentary lifestyle and introducing them to agriculture. The authorities did not seem to assume and did not think about the fact that a radical transition from a nomadic lifestyle to sedentarism and a sharp change in economic activity could lead to a painful breakdown of the national mentality of the Kalmyks, most of whom were not ready for the radical changes in their lives proposed by the tsarist administration. By the end of the XIX century, the administrative policy of the Russian Empire carried out in the region caused the departure of the Kalmyks from the traditions of nomadism, led to a deep social stratification in society and the formation of commodity production.

The problem of perception of Russian politics in Galicia during the First World War by participants in military operations is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern society in historical sources of personal origin. The novelty is determined by a wide corpus of diaries and memoirs of participants in hostilities, un-published archival ego-documents introduced into scientific circulation. Based on new sources, the actions of the Russian authorities and the army in Galicia in 1914—1916 are interpreted. Plots are revealed that are not recorded by officials in official documents. Unjustified decisions of the local administration, bureaucratic confusion and arbitrariness are analyzed. The degree of influence of official Russian propaganda on the position of combatants and Galicians is determined in the study. Different points of view among Russian society on the organization of governance in Galicia and the national and confessional policy pursued there are revealed. The diaries and memoirs of the combatants made it possible to look at the events that took place in Galicia from the perspective of an eyewitness, shedding light on the features of everyday life, both of the local civilian population, and of military units, and of the medical service who found themselves in the conquered territories.

For the first time, an analytical review of all, without exception, censorship stories of N.V. Gogol’s works is presented. An objective picture of Gogol's relationship with the censorship is being recreated. The findings of the study allow, with good reason, to judge about the interference of censors in the writer's works in a fundamentally different way, in comparison with the ideas offered by literary criticism of the previous period without solid evidence. Based on a thorough analysis, involving numerous archival sources, the common, stereotypical opinions about the extremely negative role of censorship in Gogol’s fate are being revised. The most significant negative result among all censorship interventions in Gogol's works was the activity of the censor of Westernizing views, opposed to the government, a professor at St. Petersburg University, A.V. Nikitenko. It is the numerous reductions of Nikitenko, a friend of V.G. Belinsky, in Gogol's religious and patriotic book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” that the writer called “censorship murder”. No less significant was the intervention of the liberal censor in the texts of “Dead Souls”, “Theatrical Travel after the Presentation of a New Comedy” and other works of the writer. It is concluded that, with the exception of this “intrigue” against Gogol by the censor Nikitenko, on the whole Gogol's texts encountered relatively insignificant difficulties in censorship.

The article is devoted to historical and theoretical problems of relations between an artist and the authorities. The work summarizes old methodological principles for studying Russian censorship in the 19th century and formulates the new ones. A comprehensive study of the censorship histories of N. V. Gogol's works introduces significant adjustments to the idea of the exclusively negative role of censorship in his literary fate, and proves the overall positive interaction with the censorship department. The author analyzes the limitations of the "class approach" inherited from the past era in the understanding and assessment of censorship, which in fact represents a system of regulatory norms and restrictions. The social significance of the institution of censorship as the most important component of culture is emphasized. Despite the well-known shortcomings of the censorship department in the 19th century, which was exclusively covered by the radical criticism, Russian censorship was at the forefront of the struggle against negative processes that developed in the subsequent 20th century. The character of Gogol's satire as a form of public service is studied. The correlation of spiritual and pastoral denunciation with state interests is considered among other censorship issues.

The events in the late XIX — early XX centuries in Western Siberia, where the population survived several epidemics of cholera, typhus and typhoid fever, measles and other infectious diseases, are considered. It is noted that the sad result of the outbreak of many infections was the high epidemic mortality of the population. The activity of municipal authorities on the prevention and control of the spread of widespread diseases, the prevention of high mortality among the sick is being studied. The anti-epidemic measures taken by local authorities are analyzed: an increase in expenditures for urban improvement; the publication of mandatory sanitary regulations; creation of medical and sanitary executive commissions; division of the city territory into sections and assignment of sanitary guardians to them; arrangement of bacteriological laboratories, infectious barracks and disinfection chambers; health education of the population. The conclusion is made about positive changes in the prevention and treatment of a number of infectious diseases, the organization of sanitary supervision over the state of water supply sources, places of sale of food, the maintenance of garbage and cesspools, the dumping of sewage on strictly designated areas. At the same time, attention is drawn to the persistence of high epidemic mortality (especially infant mortality) due to the low standard of living of most of the townspeople, malnutrition, poor development of hygiene skills, lack of awareness of the causes and methods of treating diseases.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of clergy and clergymen of the Voronezh diocese in the fight against the spread of the cholera epidemic of 1892-1893. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the contribution of the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church to countering the spread of infectious diseases has practically not been studied. It is noted that in the Russian Empire, Orthodox clerics were not only ministers of the altar, but also performed a number of socially significant functions. Based on a wide range of historical sources, the author analyzes the attitude of the population of the Voronezh province to cholera disease. The educational activity of clerics, the participation of clergy in organizing aid to parishioners are considered. It is emphasized that the clergy were closely associated with the peasant population of the empire, daily contact with them during the divine service. The study showed that the state tried to use the experience and knowledge of the clergy and clergymen, considering them as the social support of the autocratic system. The author concludes that the parish clergy and clergymen played an important role in the fight against infectious disease, not only participating in educational activities and spiritually supporting the population, but also providing those in need with initial medical assistance.

Representatives of modern spiritualism had their own ideas about “religion” as a specific phenomenon and were familiar with discussions of theologians, philosophers, and scientists about its nature. This article uses historical sources pertaining to the activity of a large association of Russian spiritualists of the early 20th century, i.e. Moscow Spiritualist Circle (later Russian Spiritualist Society). The primary materials (Doctrine of spirits and Immortality according to Asian Rosicrucians’ traditions) reveal spiritualists’ understanding of the genesis, essence, classifi cation, and future of religion. Spiritualists defi ned “religion” as the result of spirits’ activity, divided religions into more and less perfect, and argued that the best religion is Christianity. Spiritualists associated the evolution of religion with the destiny of nations and assumed that national religions, as well as polytheistic religions, represented its early forms. German idealistic philosophy infl uenced the views of the members of Moscow Spiritualist Circle on the nature of religion. Similar to those historians of religion who adhere theism, they regarded history of religion as a teleological process and thought that the comparative method would allow one to approach the understanding of the essence of religion. Spiritualists’ ontology may be defi ned as a spiritualistic monism; this being said, spiritualists regularly underlined their own adherence to theism. Members of Moscow Spiritualist Circle were familiar with contemporary psychological and anthropological theories of religion and considered mediumistic phenomena to be an empirical proof ofcertain theories. Spiritualists criticised Edward Taylor’s theory of religion and believed that it unreasonably reduced naturalism to materialism, denying the existence of the spiritual world and reducing religion to a false ideology. Spiritualists appealed to the works of William James and other scholars who devoted themselves to studying the diversity of mystical experiences. The ontology of the spiritualists can be characterised as religious naturalism which allowed one to defi ne religion as both a theological and anthropological phenomenon. Spiritualists’ views of the nature of “religion” help us expand our knowledge of the formation of the idea of religion in the late 19th — early 20th centuries.

The dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in the rural population of the Yenisei region is revealed from the standpoint of the theory of demographic modernization. The stages and features of demographic processes in the subregion, due to its geo-economic position, the influence of the colonization factor on fertility, mortality, nuptiality, population growth rates, changes in the demographic behavior of the peasantry, and its ethnic composition are revealed. Based on the analysis of the current administrative statistics published by the provincial statistical committee in the annual “Reviews” of the province and “Commemorative books”, as well as the materials of the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897, the author comes to the conclusion that agrarian migrations in the region at the beginning of the 20th century acquired an explosive character, in contrast to a similar process in Western Siberia, which was extended over time. This led to the fact that the formation of a new demographic model, characteristic of modern society, took place in a specific way, since the features of the traditional model dominated in the resettlement environment: high birth rates and mortality, a large population of the peasant family, a younger age composition, intensive marriage, rare family divisions.

Introduction. The authors analyze previously unknown documents of the Russian archive of Jan Sapieha dating back to 1608–1611. Methods and materials. In the course of the study such methods as archaeography, paleography, historical and linguistic source studies were applied. The published materials complement significantly the fund of documents of the period and fill the existing “gaps” in available accumulated information in the preserved and previously published materials of the reconstructed archive fund, clarifying the chronology of events in Poshekhonsky and Uglichsky counties in the period from autumn 1608 till spring 1609 and expanding the scientific understanding of clerical practice in the Time of Troubles. Analysis. Two published newly found petitions of the mayors son of the boyar poshekhonets to False Dmitry II and Podorozhny, the only one of its kind that has come down to us, show that the possibilities of studying the archive of Jan Sapieha are far from exhausted. Results. As a result of the multifaceted analysis of the newly found materials, the informative value of the reconstructed archive was expanded, firstly, in terms of researching events that took place in lands that were located at a considerable distance from Sapezhin camps near Trinity and did not always fall into the field of view of the secretaries of the mercenary army leader; secondly, in the aspect of studying the genealogy of princes; thirdly, for the study of clerical documentation, including historical facts of changes in the order of promotion in the civil service of representatives of shabby families of service people during the Time of Troubles and the stages of development of business writing in terms of linguistic and documentary parameters of sources.

Introduction. Great Perm (Perm Velikaya) in the late 16th – early 17th centuries included Cherdyn, Solikamsk and Kaigorod districts. It was an important strategic region. Taxes from this region entered the royal treasury almost regularly, while the central part of the state was devastated by military operations during the Time of Troubles. The region provided communication with Siberia, its annexation and development. Historiography is dominated by the opinion that the institution of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in the late 16th century. Methods and materials. The research is based on the documents of the archive of the Solikamsk district court, which currently constitute the collection of the fund No. 122 “Acts of Solikamsk” of the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the period from 1605 to 1613. The documentary complex was previously reconstructed using the principle of mutual correspondence of documents. The prosopography method was applied to study the biographies of clerks. Analysis. The article analyzes the argumentation of researchers on the problem when the institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm. The fundamental documents of the late 16th century have been revealed. It is proved that they do not contain information about the voivodeship form of government. The list of administrators and clerks of the late 16th century – early 17th century has been restored. The beginning and end of their service are indicated. Results. There was no voivodeship position in Great Perm until 1609. An administrator and a clerk were appointed to the clerk hut from Moscow. The change of administration took place on average every 2 years. The institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in 1610. The first voivode of Great Perm was Ivan Ivanovich Chemodanov. The administrators who replaced him also served as voivodes. The control system in Great Perm was strengthened by 1613.

The author of the article assumes that the interstate relations between Russia and Great Britain in the late 18th — early 19th centuries largely determined the area of private contacts between Russians and the British. English-Russian marriages have a special place in the history of English-Russian relations. Attention is paid to one of such unions — the marriage of the outstanding statesman M. M. Speransky with an Englishwoman Elizabeth Stephens. It is claimed that a significant role in Speransky’s fate was played by A. A. Samborsky, also married to an Englishwoman, in whose house Speransky’s fateful meeting with his future wife took place. It is reported that the Speransky Fund of the Russian national library preserved letters of Elizabeth Stephens to Speransky, previously not widely attracted by researchers, but not all of these letters actually belong to Elizabeth, some of them belong to her sister — Marianne. This study provides the first translation of these letters for the analysis of Speransky’s private life. The author concludes that the preserved correspondence meets the standards and methods of expression of feelings in the era of “sentimentalism.” The problem of how much Speransky was immersed in the cultural context of British reality due to this marriage is also considered. Despite the fact that the marriage was quite short, Speransky’s relations with the Stephens family were quite strong.

The relevance of improving the criteria for assessing competencies obtained in the course of learning history by schoolchildren, estimating the quality and relevance of knowledge, skills and abilities is emphasized. The purpose of the article is to identify pupils’ basic skills, as well as the possibility of making cognitive queries for mastering the disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle of university training and building a civic position. Methods of research: analysis of the results of the State Final Certification on history at schools of the Chuvash Republic, methodological seminars of teachers who teaches history, monitoring. The authors emphasized that in order to develop criteria for the acquisition of socio-legal, humanitarian disciplines by first-year students and those who are pursuing a specialist's degree at higher educational institutions of the Chuvash Republic firstly it is necessary to analyze the results of mastering social and humanitarian disciplines by students, secondly, to compare them with the typical results of those who pass the State Final Examination on history, thirdly, to conduct an empirical interview with students in order to identify their cognitive needs. Results of the research. The most acute problems associated with the study of the history course by schoolchildren, the theory and methods of teaching history were identified, the task for developing a methodology for students’ monitoring cognitive queries on the history at humanitarian universities. The suggestions in the areas of improving teaching history at school for the development of students' competencies for higher humanitarian and legal education are proposed.

A review of a recently published monograph by E.M. Kozhokin. Revolution and its overcoming. Essays on the history of the Russian mentality. Moscow, MGIMO-University, 2020, 270 s.

The article analyzes an important aspect of early modern Russian culture: the emergence and evolution of the autobiographical genre within the framework of traditional Old Russian manuscript heritage. The earliest personal notes, that can be defined proto-autobiographical, appeared in the Muscovite state in the seventeenth century within the ruling and intellectual elite, while the less ‘enlightened’ social groups turned to the autobiographical genre in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For the most part, early Russian autobiographical texts are either memo records or inscriptions on the margins of the manuscripts or printed books. The article investigates the emergence of the new autobiographical genre within the framework of traditional Russian mediaeval forms; it analyzes several models used by Russian authors of the early modern and modern period in their search for an appropriate form to note down their personal records: in textbooks and notebooks, bookkeeping ledgers, as additions to a handwritten miscellanea, as marginalia in a manuscript book or a printed one. The case studies examined reveal the ways in which, while retaining their original traditional character, the works in which the personal annotations were inscribed underwent an inner transformation precisely because of the autobiographical additions, thus acquiring a new function by being transformed into record books.

The article analyzes an important aspect of early modern Russian culture: the emergence and evolution of the autobiographical genre within the framework of traditional Old Russian manuscript heritage. The earliest personal notes, that can be defined proto-autobiographical, appeared in the Muscovite state in the seventeenth century within the ruling and intellectual elite, while the less 'enlightened' social groups turned to the autobiographical genre in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For the most part, early Russian autobiographical texts are either memo records or inscriptions on the margins of manuscripts or printed books. The article investigates the emergence of the new autobiographical genre within the framework of traditional Russian mediaeval forms; it analyzes several models used by Russian authors of the early modern and modern period in their search for an appropriate form to note down their personal records: in textbooks and notebooks, bookkeeping ledgers, as additions to a handwritten miscellanea, as marginalia in a manuscript book or a printed one. The case studies examined reveal the ways in which, while retaining their original traditional character, the works in which the personal annotations were inscribed underwent an inner transformation precisely because of the autobiographical additions, thus acquiring a new function by being transformed into record books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of the October 1917 revolution put an end to the chaos and uncertainties of the Provisional Government period and made the Bolsheviks the sole owner of power. But this was just the beginning. The Bolsheviks set out to build a new order-a socialist society. In other words, in the Soviet Union, a radical change was necessary in the social and cultural field as well as the political and economic system. It is not surprising that the Bolsheviks made use of all means to achieve such a difficult goal. As a matter of fact, while implementing their new policies, Soviet administrators had to strive for these policies to be absorbed by society. Soviet administrators used numerous propaganda methods for this. The Bolsheviks sought primarily to educate the people who have been deprived of education for centuries under the tsarist autocracy. However, it was a difficult and long term solution. But a more urgent solution was needed to survive for the revolution, which was threatened by internal and external. Soviet rulers thought that the most effective and short-term method was to make use of all kinds of propaganda methods. The Department of Agitation and Propaganda set up intended to control and promote agitation and propaganda work among the people in the Soviet Union. It was the duty of every Soviet institution and every Soviet citizen to assist in the propaganda work in the Soviet Union. Agit-trains that served during the Civil War, served exactly that. The main function of the trains was to lure the people to the side of the Soviet power and to propagate the Soviet ideology. This study focuses on the following issues: the reasons for the critical importance of propaganda in the Soviet Union, the aspects of Soviet propaganda that differ from propaganda techniques in other countries, and the "Agit-trains", one of the most unusual in propaganda work mainly in the Soviet Union, and how these trains played a role in adoption of socialist ideas by the Soviet people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many regulations and improvements made in the Tanzimat and Islahat edicts, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate persisted to display a hostile attitude towards the Ottoman Empire. This attitude of the Patriarchate continued during the 1st and 2nd Constitutional Periods and extended to the First World War. The Patriarchate saw the First World War as a great opportunity to realize its goals on the Ottoman Empire. To take advantage of this opportunity, they did not hesitate to demand the help of the Ottoman Empire and the hostile states. This attitude of the Patriarchate was used by European states as a tool to keep the Ottoman Empire under pressure. One of these states was undoubtedly Tsarist Russia. Russia was trying to intervene in the internal affairs of the Turkish State, claiming that the rights of the Orthodox subjects in the Ottoman State were usurped. The main reason why Russia approached the Istanbul Fener Greek/Orthodox Patriarchate's request for help was to keep the Greeks living under the roof of the Ottoman Empire away from the influence of Greece. Russia, which has targeted Istanbul and the Straits, wanted to use the Patriarchate as a counterweight against Greece, as it was aware of Greece's ambitions for Istanbul. Because Russia was aware of the sympathy of its allies for Greece and did not want Greece to be an alternative to Russia regarding Istanbul in the First World War. Within the framework of these activities, Girs, the Russian Ambassador to Istanbul, held a series of meetings with the Greek/Orthodox Patriarch of Istanbul. During these meetings, Patriarch Yermanos made some demands from Russia. Among their demands were the end of the boycott against the Greeks, the supervision of the improvements to be made by a commission formed by the Russians and the British. In this study, the relations between the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Istanbul and Tsarist Russia during the First World War will be discussed in light of the diplomatic correspondence of the Tsarist Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the interpretation of the activities and intellectual heritage of the famous orientalist, publicist and valet de chambre of the imperial court - prince E.E. Ukhtomskiy - within the framework of the colonial and anti-colonial approaches. The text makes an attempt to consider the phenomenon of "orientalism" in Russian public opinion at the end of the XIXth - beginning of the XXth centuries. On the basis of documentary materials from the Russian State Historical Archives and the State Archives of the Russian Federation, as well as the latest historiography of the issue, the author embeds "orientalism" into the intellectual context of the timeline and defines the borders of this socio-political opinion between "colonial" and "anti-colonial" discourses. In order to avoid a scattered understanding of the terms "colonialism" and "anti-colonialism" so often mentioned in the historiography of the humanities, the author gives them his own definitions, within which the analysis of biographical, scientific and literary narratives is carried out. The methodology of the work covers the approaches of intellectual history, biography, and the classical practice of source criticism. By analyzing the early youth manuscripts of Prince E.E. Ukhtomskiy and the study of the "sea voyage myth" of the family of the Ukhtomskiy princes, the author tries to identify the origins of the ideological attitudes of the future orientalist and publicist. A separate plot "Nicholas II and Prince E.E. Ukhtomskiy" is investigated in context of the correspondence, available in the personal found of the prince (RSHA. F. 1072). Among the main conclusions - the idea that it is impossible to accurately determine the prince's view tending to the rise of Asian culture as unambiguously "anti-colonial", since E.E. Ukhtomskiy as an intellectual could not move away from the main myth cementing the European civilizational landscape - the idea of the intellectual, political, economic superiority of the "white man" over the rest of the world. Transmitting an opposite discourse in his writings, Ukhtomskiy failed to convince the emperor and the public of the truth of his studies. The cooling in relationship between the main ideologist of "orientalism" and the monarch in 1900 and the Russo-Japanese War only consolidated the exotic status of "Asian fads" at court, which until the end of the days of the monarchy manifested itself in close interaction of the imperial family with the Tibetan doctor P.A. Badmaev. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the 1774 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, the occupation process of Georgia started by the Tsarist Russia; The Russians occupied all Georgia except for Adjara in the 50-year period until the Treaty of Adrianople signed in 1829. Before the annexation of Georgia, the Georgian Kingdoms chose to establish close relations with the Russians, whom they saw as their religious brothers, as a way to get rid of the control of the Ottoman Empire and Iran; They saw the Russians as a savior for themselves. However, the settlement of Russians in Georgia with the Treaty of Georgiyevsk signed in 1783 did not create the environment expected by the Georgian Kingdoms, on the contrary, it made them understand that the Russian occupation would have more severe consequences than the control of the Ottoman Empire and Iran. In the face of the harsh conditions of the Russian administration, the Georgians carried out uprisings against the Russian administration in 1804, 1812 and 1819, but they could not achieve success. Although there was an anger against the Russian administration in Georgia, ideas about gaining independence against the Ottoman Empire by rebelling with the support of the Russian administration in Georgia grew in the ancient Georgian lands of Akhaltshike and Adjara, which were under Ottoman control. In line with this ideal, three rebellions against the Ottoman rule occurred in Akhaltshike. The first of these was the rebellion initiated by Selim Khimshiasvili, who was the governor of the Akhaltshike Province, in 1814, and then in 1816, the rebellion of Ahmed Khimshiashvili, whose son was Ardanuch Sanjak Bey. Again in 1816, as a result of the tyranny of the soldiers and administrators in the region, another popular uprising took place in the city of Akhaltshike, and this uprising was managed by Mehmed Vachnadze, who served as the sanjak bey in the Khertvisi Sanjak of the Province of Akhaltshike, known as Ağzı-Açık Mehmed Ağa. In our study, the relations between the uprisings in Akhaltshike and the Russian administration in Georgia will be examined. In our study, O ttoman a rchive documents were used as the primary source, and Georgian and Turkish studies also constitute a source for our subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside realizing Russian political unification, Ivan the Great whose reign was one of the longest in Russian history, is the architect of state policies which followed by his successors. 15th century during which he ruled more than 40 years, was a period that Muscovy had serious political and cultural transformations. These transformations were followed by an institutionalization process during which archetype of professional bureaucracy staffs began to appear. Ivan the Great's conjunctural approach based foreign policy indicates the existence of various intelligence networks. In XII century the journeys of people who were the members of the clergy class, were maintained as a tradition in order to establish those intelligence networks. In XV century merchants started to write their views in a certain format and wording during their journeys. Despite being the fruit of personal effort, Merchant Afanasiy Nikitin's travel notes published under the name "Travel Beyond the Three Seas" show that Russian merchants had close interaction with bureaucrats and their travel notes contain wider information compared to clergy's. Vasiliy Mamirev, who took the greatest initiative for this manuscript to reach the present day, was the most influential diac of Ivan the Great. With his nephew Diac Danil Kiprianovich Mamirev, they were among the most prominent diacs with their bright political careers in the internal and foreign affairs of the state in the period that state institutions yet had not been clearly separated. Vasiliy Mamirev, whose identity has been the subject of various debates in Russian historiography has played a distinct role in the emergence of rare works in Russian writing culture. After his appointment as a diac of Grand Prince in 1471, rapidly rose in his political career until 1480 when he became the regent of the great principality for 8 months. For an ordinary diac, this unique success in his political career can only be explained by being a reliable person in the eyes of the political elite of the era. It would be appropriate to explain the source of this trust with his intellectual profundity and/or religious privilege. This study and translations done by us tackle the Russian mission travelling to the Mamluk Sultanate and taking and unusual route in Anatolia in the period of Ottoman-Mamluk struggle, and aim to contribute to the ongoing debates on the identity of Vasiliy Mamırev. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Premier Publishing s.r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dmitry S. Polyansky (1917-2001) is known as one of the CPSU and USSR leaders. He combined his membership in the Politburo of the Communist Party (1960-1976) with the posts of Russian PM, the Deputy and First Deputy Chairman of the all-union Government, the Soviet Minister of Agriculture (1958-1976). Later Polyansky served a SU ambassador in Japan and Norway (1976-1987). As a politic and state activist he was involved to number of odious events: the transfer of the Crimean Oblast (1954), the defeat of the Anti-Party Group (1957), the Ryazan affair (1960), the Novocherkassk massacre (1962), the Nikita S. Khrushchevs

Medieval Europe before the Reformation and Moscow Russia before the Troubles are viewed in an ideally-typical manner as carriers of basic social and mental unities: faith and church organization, sacred empire as the Rome’s usccessor, basic social relations. As a result of the Reformation and the religious wars each of the European unities was destroyed, but parts of the former Pax Christiana continued to closely interact and compete with each other, to fight for leadership, that led to intensive modernization of the leading Western European powers with known global consequences. Moscow State after the Time of Trouble restored its unity in all three aspects. The features of the state and society here were significantly transformed as a result of the Schism, the formation of the Russian empire, administrative reforms of the 18–19 centuries, but the basic properties of etatism, centralism, priority of service, and power instrumentalization of the moral and religious sphere remained. The Russian social-political cycles have the phases: successful mobilization, stagnation, crisis, attempts of liberalization, authoritarian scrollback. The cyclical dynamics is explained by the interrelation of the following factors: 1) the primacy of military-compulsory (“colonial”) administration as a means of retaining and managing vast territories; 2) the state priorities of military power, size of the territory, and the volume of export products; 3) the order of military service as a basic model for political and social institutions; the corresponding weakness of autonomous capital and business activity; 4) the mental, cultural and property gap (lack of vertical solidarity) between the elites and the bulk of the population. 5) the monopoly of state religion (or forced atheism). Thus, unity of political power, religious and ideological monopoly can lead a country to military triumphs and even geopolitical success for decades but in the longue duree this unity generates vulnerability.

The article is devoted to the study of the system of ideas about the liberal reforms of 1860-1870 in Russia, formed in the framework of teaching history in primary and secondary schools. Attention is paid to the official position of the Ministry of education on the basis of the study of catalogs of recommended literature and programs on the history of Russia of the second half of 19th - early 20th centuries. The views of the scientific and pedagogical community are analyzed in the textbooks of Russian history of the 1860-1917. The question of the degree of perception by the students of the image of reforms of Alexander II is solved by analyzing the examination answers of graduates of pedagogical courses at the Vyatka city college in 1903. It is shown that in the complex of representations central place was occupied by the abolition of serfdom, which received unambiguous enthusiastic and positive comments. Attention is drawn to the awareness of the close relationship between the peasant and other reforms, among which there are the introduction of Zemstvo and city self-government, new courts, universal conscription and the development of education. The author concludes that the image of the reforms of Alexander II was evaluated first of all morally from the standpoint of the embodiment of the Emperor’s desire for good, justice, improvement of the people. It is proved that this approach is easily found a response in students, which indicates its perception in the people’s environment.

Introduction. The authors analyze previously unknown forty documents from the Archive of Jan Sapieha of 1608–1611 discovered over the last five years. The authors apply the following Methods: Russian and Polish Archeography, Historical Source Studies, Paleography and Linguistic Source of Studies. The new materials significantly fill in the earlier revealed “gaps” in archival fund previously reconstructed on the basis of preserved and published data on the events of the Time of Troubles. The necessity of looking for new data is determined by the demand for further exploration of one of the most important periods in the history of Russia. Introduction of revealed new documents to the scientific discourse enables us to examine previously known events from new perspectives reflecting confrontation of different political forces, to correlate the newly-appeared facts, to clear up the process of converting Russian population to Cossacks by means of robbing the populace (zemshchina) on the territories under “Tushino Regime”, to detail the circumstances of the beginning of the first militia, systematize the information about the state of peasants and orders reigning in Cossack Regiments of Tushino forces as well as in governing bodies of local administration (office environment), to reveal the sources of popular unrests in occupied Moscow, to show social and class, family and household problems of Russian people on the lands occupied by outlanders. The research performed resulted in many-faceted characteristics of the documents that significantly extend the informative value of the reconstructed archive giving new opportunities for scientific research of events of the Time of Troubles. I.O. Tyumentsev read, systematized the documents, gave description of documents from the perspective of Archeography and Source Studies. N.A. Tupikova read and interpreted the content of the texts as well as translated from Polish and commented the documents. N.E. Tyumentseva read the documents translated from Latin and commented fragments written in Latin.

Introduction. The article investigates the issue of the exchange of captives between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Truce of Deulino conclusion on December 1 (11), 1618. This truce marked the end of the Time of Troubles in the Moscow State and established peaceful relations between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 14 years. The author analyzes the circumstances of the exchange of captives, and also highlights main problems arising in the course of implementing the agreements. Materials. The study uses unpublished documents of the Ambassadorial Prikaz: record lists, petitions, lists of contract records stored in the form of columns and books in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents in funds No. 79 “Relations with Poland” and No. 141 “Prikaz Affairs of Old Years”. Results. The Truce of Deulino provided the solution of two urgent issues: transfer of seven border cities and their uezds with subsequent delimitation of the border and exchange of captives. Over the course of time, the first agreements were reached only partly. Admittedly, castles smoothly passed to the Polish-Lithuanian possession, but because of mutual claims the border at the Trubchevsk-Novgorod-Seversk-Bryansk and the Vitebsk-Toropets lines became the part of the Treaty of Polyanovka (1634), which put an end to the Smolensk war. There were problems with the exchange of captives as well, which occurred more than three months later. However, the only culprit here was the Polish-Lithuanian side.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article the discussion questions are considered, connected to implementing and developing of serfdom in Russia. There is the contest of the concept itself and main concepts, which differently explain reasons of implementing serfdom in Russia in the second half of XVI - the first half of XVII centuries. A significant attention is paid to the characteristic of serfdom estimating stages in Russia and specialties of this process, concluding why in Russia serfdom was estimated when in most European states it was either canceled or significantly softened. Further there are reasons of serfdom development in Russia in XVIII century in direction of maximum strengthening and depriving serfs of their remaining personal rights. There is a special attention on the role of Manifest of 1762 and Honorary Diploma to the Russian nobility of 1785, which freed nobles from compulsory service, and thus deprived the continued existence of serfdom of logical and moral justification. Exactly from this moment there starts changing of the managing course in direction of firstly softening, and then gradual cancellation of serfdom (Pavel I, Alexander I, Nicolas I). At the same time, there are reasons of failures of mentioned above Russian monarchs' attempts to cancel serfdom in the first half of XIX century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with dialogue of cultures, the most topical issue in the modern interdisciplinary field. Due to the native "literary centricity" of the Russian culture, the authors have studied the role and significance of Russian-Swedish literary contacts in the cultural cooperation of the two countries, which directly influences the formation of the scientific world outlook of contemporary Russian students during the last centuries. While studying the issue the researchers used the analytical methods of historical and philological sciences. They give a brief description of a long history of literary contacts between Sweden and Russia within the period from the last decades of the eighteenth century to the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. They analyze the literary world events with due regard for the political context of rivalry and cooperation in the Baltic-Scandinavian region. According to the authors the most active time of the two countries’ cultural ties dates back to the period of 1830s - 1840s, including the so-called "Scandinavomania" (1880s - 1890s), and some decades in the Soviet State history. Within their study, the researchers have established that the Russian literature (especially its "Golden Age" time) invariably was one of the ways for Swedes to get knowledge about Russia and the Russian national character in its best and most characteristic manifestations. In its turn, Russians also discovered Sweden for themselves reading works of its outstanding writers (F. Bremer, A. Strindberg, S. Lagerlöf, etc.).The authors believe that the established Russian-Swedish literary contacts will guarantee peaceful and good-neighbor relations of these border states in the future by forming students’ tolerant and respectful attitude to the culture of neighboring countries and peoples.

The name of the Vologda historian, doctor of historical sciences, professor Viktor Borisovich Konasov is known not only in Russia, but also in Germany. Dealing with the history of military captivity, he reflected in his books, articles and speeches upon the fates of German prisoners of war in the USSR on a broad documentary basis originating from previously classified records. Certain political, legal and social factors were shown, as well as the conditions of Soviet captivity, which was much more humane than German captivity for millions of Soviet soldiers and officers. V.B.Konasov’s scientific, pedagogical and social activities, as noted in this article, have received a well-deserved recognition among the Russian historical community, and his students continue his work, endeavours and studies.

This article deals with the problems of the origin of Tsokhurovski ulus of the Kalmyk khanate, its history in the 18th century, as well as the problems of the formation of ethnic groups in a nomadic state.