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The experience of technological development of our country is an important source of ideas and approaches to the further development of agriculture based on domestic equipment and technologies. The study of its evolution necessitates the using of periodization. It is currently undeveloped for chemization of agriculture, more often being replaced by a set of key dates and biographies. So, it is nesessary to develop a holistic version of the structuring of chemization history. (Research purpose) To propose and substantiate the authors’ version of Russian agriculture chemization periodization. (Materials and methods) Monographs, legal acts, collected works and publications of outstanding scientists were studied using chronological, genetic and periodization methods of historical research (Results and discussion) The proposed periodization integrates previous historical ideas and hypotheses. The chemization of Russian agriculture has more than 250 years of history, which can be divided into 6 stages: preparatory (prehistory of chemization, which has three sub-stages), formative, extensive, stabilization, intensive and decentralized. The starting point is a publication of work «On lands fertilization» by A.T. Bolotov in 1770. Currently, the prerequisites for a new stage in the development of chemization are being formed, and it main attributes are digitalization, mechanization and biologization in the highest degree. (Conclusions) The proposed approach to structuring the history of Russian agriculture chemization is useful both for researchers and for training organization. The presence of clear guidelines increases the effectiveness of studying the historical aspects of agriculture, science and technology, which are so necessary for the professional and personal development of future agronomists and engineers.

Science and education are especially important in the post-industrial society. Past experience makes it possible to develop these spheres. In the second half of the XX century, the Krasnoyarsk Region was undergoing a double transition. On the one hand, it was experiencing industrial modernization; on the other hand, it was turning from a resource region into a developed semi-peripheral region. Both transitions required a local system of academic personnel training. This article reconstructs the development of the postgraduate training system in the Krasnoyarsk Region in 1949–1988, from the first to the last postgraduate cohort in the Soviet Russia. Until 1949, the Krasnoyarsk Region had no postgraduate education of its own. Methodologically, the research relied on the symbiosis of an adapted world-system approach and modernization theory, which made it possible to analyze the quantitative changes in the local postgraduate education over a forty-year period as part of the regional development. The early 1950s saw new universities and scientific institutions with their own programs for training senior research personnel. The economic profile of the Krasnoyarsk Region required a sharp increase in scientific personnel to implement the industrialization and ensure the transition to intensive development. Between 1949 and the late 1960s, the number of postgraduate students in the region grew by 9,000%, after which the enrollment and graduation rates reached plateau. The curricula were changing as well, and the number of specialties was increasing. The areas of training and their proportions depended on the economic development plans. The number of graduate students peaked when the new industrial base was completed. The region turned from a periphery into a semi-periphery of the Soviet economy. The postgraduate education in the Krasnoyarsk Region reflected its economic profile in the period under study. Exact and natural sciences had the largest share: more than a third of all postgraduate students were trained in technical specialties, followed by physics, mathematics, and agricultural sciences. Their numbers continued to grow until the end of the 1960s, after which they gave leadership to social sciences, thus reflecting the changes in the local economic and social development.

AbstractThe history of science and technology is the study of how people have comprehended the natural world or applied science and technology throughout history. This academic discipline also looks into the contexts and consequences of scientific methods on culture, economy, and politics. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the role of science and technology in reconstructing human social history, specifically the impact of technological change on society. As such, secondary literatures are thoroughly researched to recount the discourse of the history of science and technology. The study concludes that science and technology have made an impact on the phenomenon of human social history and society in general. As a result, the industrial revolution, information communication technology and transportation technology, agricultural technology transformation, warfare technology progression, and changes in social values and social institutions are among the most significant changes. Revolutionary and evolutionary advancements in science and technology shaped the reconstruction of society’s history from various periods in continues pattern.

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms. Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species, traced human migrations and genetic changes, and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness. This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics, including the molecular cloning era, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique era, the genomics era, and the bio-data analysis era. This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries, ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis, addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the scientific and practical activities of Vasyl Ivanovych Albitskyi and to identify and assess his contribution to the development of science and engineering education in the Ukrainian territories of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th century. The scientific novelty of the work is in the systematization of knowledge about the scientific and practical activities of V.I. Albitskyi in the fields of hydraulics and hydraulic engineering, design and construction of hydraulic structures in the infrastructure of water resources and water industry of the Ukrainian gubernias of the Russian Empire. The role of the scientist in the development of technical education and teaching methods is shown. Conclusions. V.I. Albitskyi can undoubtedly be considered an outstanding educator and leading expert in the field of hydraulics and hydraulic engineering in the Ukrainian territories at the turn of the 19th century. The professor was one of the founders of calculation methods: hydraulic turbines, hydraulic structures, and pipeline cleaning technologies. V.I. Albitskyi's experimental research in the field of hydrodynamics and his active studies of the movement of liquids and the impact of this movement on hydraulic structures were of great importance to the scientific community of the time, and his works on the subject became the basis for further research and development of hydraulics in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th century. Vasyl Ivanovych's organizational and practical work on the design and construction of hydraulic structures contributed to the development of water resources infrastructure and water industry in Left-Bank Ukraine, and therefore the scientist's contribution to the development of hydraulics and hydraulic engineering cannot be underestimated. The author emphasizes the importance of Vasyl Ivanovych's scientific and pedagogical heritage in the development of technical education since the scientist's approaches to teaching and innovative teaching methods contributed to the training of high-quality specialists in engineering. Thus, the professional activity of Vasyl Ivanovych Albitskyi and his main achievements in it are of great importance for modern engineering education and the development of hydraulic and hydro-engineering industries, since the scientific and practical achievements of the scientist contributed to the development and sustainability of hydraulic structures and the most efficient use of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the classic Needham question by reassessing its heuristic value, analytical pitfalls, and historiographical significance. It also examines the definition, logic (internal and external), and modernity of science before providing a macro-comparative view of its early modern development at both ends of Eurasia. This article advocates a more eclectic approach to the history of techno-science that combines different sets of seemingly dichotomous variables with the aim of explaining its diversified change in different spatial-temporal contexts. It concludes by calling attention to the enigma of China's techno-scientific resurgence over the past several decades, which constitutes a modern sequel to the Needham puzzle that foregrounds its growing contemporary, futuristic, and global relevance. Needham's powerful narrative on cross-cultural dialog, earnest desire to fuse Eastern and Western science as well as optimistic vision of human progress are the most important intellectual legacy of his pioneering work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the course of historical development, the intelligence or cryptologic departments of individual states, usually associated with military structures, have influenced the outcomes of (military) conflicts (especially during the 19th century, World War I and II, and the Cold War), as well as political events. For this reason, it is important to examine not only their political and historical impact, but also the technologies (codes and ciphers, production of cipher machines etc.) used in their operations. To find out the form and extent of the education of intelligence (cryptologic) personnel, which takes place at different types of higher (technical, military) schools in theoretical and practical fields, and their results applied in the activities of most of the state-controlled power apparatuses (foreign, interior, army-defense, National Security Bureau etc.), as well as in the communication (secure) channels of the state. Later, especially in the 1990s in Europe, these practices have been used outside the state apparatus in the commercial sphere. There was a demand for encryption devices and for programs for data protection (ensuring computer security, e.g. in banks, mobile operators, in the ICT industry, in the fight against international terrorism and organised crime, in ensuring the protection of individual rights, etc.), and for activities in applied cryptology. In the last five years, several cryptology conferences have been held each year to exchange knowledge in the field and to characterise and understand the constant struggle between the creators and the crackers of ciphers, as this connection has in the past led to many scientific discoveries applicable to the everyday life of individual societies. The paper focuses on the analysis of the creation and organisation of intelligence services within the Czechoslovak and Polish armies after 1918.

With the growing need for accurate timekeeping, the demand for clocks on public buildings increased in the 19th century. The only way to meet the demand, however, was to produce individual items by hand. Due to the conservative and protectionist influence of the clockmaker’s guilds and the absence of a specialised clockmaking education, technical innovations from abroad were slow to be adopted. Despite this, there are significant innovative watchmaking personalities, such as Josef Božek at the beginning and Václav Krečmer in the second half of the century. There were also several attempts at factory mass production of tower clocks, which, however, were not developed until the 1880s by the company of Ludvík Hainz.

This article traces the political, economic, and technical activities of Professor Emanuel Šlechta in the pre-war period and just after 1945. The aim is to answer the question: “What were Emanuel Šlechta’s activities during the First Republic and how did they help him in his later role as Czechoslovak Minister of Technology?” The text covers in chronological order the period between the two world wars, when Šlechta completed his technical studies in Prague and completed an internship in industrial factories in the USA, then gained crucial experience in the Bata concern, and gradually developed into an important national economist and expert in the field of labour organisation. This led to his appointment as a minister after World War II.

This paper describes the development, activities, and both the scientific and social contributions of the Masaryk Academy of Labour, Czechoslovakia’s first technically oriented scientific institute and a major centre of the science at that time. It marked the first time an institution devoted to science and engineering had ever been established in the territory of what would eventually become the Czech Republic. Coming on the heels of Czechoslovakia’s independence at the end of the First World War, it succeeded the pre-war Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences and was integrated with the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts and the newly established Czechoslovak National Council as the youngest of the Czech scientific institutions. In 1952, it was merged with other institutions to form the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, the predecessor of today’s Czech Academy of Sciences. The significance of the Masaryk Academy of Labour lay mainly in its targeted, practical application of science and engineering.

Copyright of Revue de Synthèse is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)