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Objective: Frame Running (RaceRunning) allows people with moderate-to-severe mobility impairments to participate in physical activity using a 3-wheeled frame with a saddle and handlebars. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete-perceived impact of Frame Running on aspects of physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes.Design: Survey.Participants: Frame Running athletes aged 5 years and over.Methods: A survey was distributed to athletes through their club or sports organization.Results: The survey was completed by 115 athletes (53 females). Median age was 17 years (range 5-62 years) and 64 (57%) used a wheelchair or walker for distances over 50 m. Many felt that Frame Running stretched their muscles (n=93, 87%) and increased their self-confidence (n=63, 93%). Four (4%) reported extreme fatigue or sore muscles after training (n=17, 15%). Of the 110 athletes who had been participating in Frame Running for over 3 months, 46 (47%) reported being less out of breath during mobility tasks and 66 (66%) felt they had improved their functional mobility. However, 7 (7%) reported increased muscle tightness and 4 (4%) reported a Frame Running-related injury lasting more than 4 weeks.Conclusion: Frame Running is a safe physical activity with athlete-perceived benefits on physical fitness, functional mobility and psychosocial outcomes.

In this study, the properties of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were examined in cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developed (TD) individuals at rest and after aerobic exercise, focusing on the size, concentration, and microRNA cargo of EVs. Nine adult individuals with CP performed a single exercise bout consisting of 45 min of Frame Running, and TD participants completed either 45 min of cycling (n = 10; TD EX) or were enrolled as controls with no exercise (n = 10; TD CON). Blood was drawn before and 30 min after exercise and analyzed for EV concentration, size, and microRNA content. The size of EVs was similar in CP vs. TD, and exercise had no effect. Individuals with CP had an overall lower concentration (∼25%, p < 0.05) of EVs. At baseline, let-7a, let-7b and let-7e were downregulated in individuals with CP compared to TD (p < 0.05), while miR-100 expression was higher, and miR-877 and miR-4433 lower in CP compared to TD after exercise (p < 0.05). Interestingly, miR-486 was upregulated ∼2-fold in the EVs of CP vs. TD both at baseline and after exercise. We then performed an in silico analysis of miR-486 targets and identified the satellite cell stemness factor Pax7 as a target of miR-486. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured with a miR-486 mimetic and RNA-sequencing was performed. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that several genes involved in sarcomerogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) were downregulated. Our data suggest that circulating miR-486 transported by EVs is elevated in individuals with CP and that miR-486 alters the transcriptome of myoblasts affecting both ECM- and sarcomerogenesis-related genes, providing a link to the skeletal muscle alterations observed in individuals with CP In this study, the properties of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were examined in cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developed (TD) individuals at rest and after aerobic exercise, focusing on the size, concentration, and microRNA cargo of EVs. Nine adult individuals with CP performed a single exercise bout consisting of 45 min of Frame Running, and TD participants completed either 45 min of cycling (n = 10; TD EX) or were enrolled as controls with no exercise (n = 10; TD CON). Blood was drawn before and 30 min after exercise and analyzed for EV concentration, size, and microRNA content. The size of EVs was similar in CP vs. TD, and exercise had no effect. Individuals with CP had an overall lower concentration (∼25%, p < 0.05) of EVs. At baseline, let-7a, let-7b and let-7e were downregulated in individuals with CP compared to TD (p < 0.05), while miR-100 expression was higher, and miR-877 and miR-4433 lower in CP compared to TD after exercise (p < 0.05). Interestingly, miR-486 was upregulated ∼2-fold in the EVs of CP vs. TD both at baseline and after exercise. We then performed an in silico analysis of miR-486 targets and identified the satellite cell stemness factor Pax7 as a target of miR-486. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured with a miR-486 mimetic and RNA-sequencing was performed. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that several genes involved in sarcomerogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) were downregulated. Our data suggest that circulating miR-486 transported by EVs is elevated in individuals with CP and that miR-486 alters the transcriptome of myoblasts affecting both ECM- and sarcomerogenesis-related genes, providing a link to the skeletal muscle alterations observed in individuals with CP.

Denna studie behandlar det pedagogiska arbetet med barn i behov av stöd i förskolan. Syftet för denna studie är att beskriva förskollärares pedagogiska förhållningssätt kring fenomenet arbetet med barn i behov av stöd. Frågeställningen studie utgår ifrån är: “Hur uppfattar förskollärare sitt arbete med barn i behov av stöd?”. Studien har en fenomenologisk teoretisk utgångspunkt och med en fenomenografisk ansats. För att besvara frågeställningen har förskollärare från södra Sverige intervjuats, via digitala hjälpmedel. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna uppfattar att det finns många förutsättningar som påverkar deras pedagogiska arbete med barn i behov av stöd. Förskollärarna uppfattar att faktorer som samverkan mellan arbetslag, chef och vårdnadshavare, deras kompetens samt möjlighet till resurser är viktiga för att föra det pedagogiska arbetet framåt. Denna studie har som slutsats att det finns många förutsättningar som krävs att de fungerar tillsammans för att förskollärare ska kunna arbeta med barn i behov av stöd på det sätt som varje individ behöver.

Additional file 2: Table S1. Distribution of spasticity in the lower limb muscles assessed with the modified Ashworth scale and graded as 0, 1, +1, 2, 3, or 4, where 0 indicates no increase in muscle tone and 4 indicates marked increase in muscle tone, before and after a training period with RaceRunning (p-level 0.05).

Introduktion: En kvinna har normalt sett varje månad hormonvariationer på grund av menstruationscykeln. I dagsläget tas det ingen hänsyn till detta vid träning och de rekommendationer som finns är densamma oavsett om du är man eller kvinna. Menstruationscykeln är uppdelad i två faser, follikelfas (FF) och lutealfas (LF), mellan faserna sker ägglossning. De hormoner som dominerar under menstruationscykeln är östrogen och progesteron och de har en påverkan på träningseffekten. Östrogen anses ha en anabol effekt och progesteron en katabol effekt. Syfte: Att avgöra om det finns skillnader vad gäller prestationen i styrka, uthållighet, flexibilitet, spänst och balans mellan FF och LF i en kvinnas menstruationscykel. Metod: En longitudinell observationsstudie med åtta kvinnliga deltagare (23.3±2.1 år). De fysiska egenskaper som undersöktes var: styrka (via estimerat 1RM i benspark), aerob kapacitet (beeptest), balans (Rombergstest), spänst i hoppförmåga (CMJ och SJ) och flexibilitet i baksidalår och bålflexion (”sit and reach”). Dessa tester mättes akut för att se om det är någon signifikant skillnad mellan menstruationscykelns olika faser (FF och LF). Signifikansnivån sattes till P≤0.05. Resultat: Det fanns en signifikant skillnad där testpersonerna presterade bättre i FF än i LF för Rombergstest (43.5±8 vs 31.8±8.0 s P

Bakgrund: I palliativ vård kan aspekter av sexualitet aktualiseras. Riktlinjer för palliativ vård säger att sexualitet bör beaktas i arbetet. Tidigare forskning visar att inkludering av sexualitet i vården är bristfällig och det finns en kunskapslucka om hur det ser ut inom palliativ vård. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av och uppfattningar om arbete med sexualitet inom palliativ vård. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Det empiriska materialet inhämtades genom tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med elva sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom palliativ vård i södra Sverige. Intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet diskuterades analytiskt genom teoretiska begreppet sexuella skript. Resultat: Resultatet visar att arbete med sexualitet inom palliativ vård omgärdas av en ambivalens om relevans och betydelse vilket visar sexualitetens oklara plats. Behov av stödjande insatser för patient och närstående identifierades och beskriver en sexualitet i förändring. Arbete kopplat till sexualitet görs till viss del men bristen av det är mer framträdande. Metoder, ansvar och hinder för att inkludera sexualitet framkommer och drivs av en vilja att göra rätt. Slutsats: Ökad kunskap och synliggörande av sexualitet behövs för att motverka att det är föreställningar om sexualitet i livets slutskede och inte kunskap som blir vägledande till om och hur sexualitet inkluderas i arbetet inom palliativ vård.Nyckelord: fokusgruppsintervjuer, helhetssyn, palliativ vård, sexualitet, sexuella script, sjuksköterskor. Background: In palliative care, aspects of sexuality can be raised. Guidelines for palliative care say that sexuality should be heeded in the work. Previous research shows that inclusion of sexuality in healthcare is deficient and there is a knowledge gap on how it appears in palliative care. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate nurses’ experiences and perceptions of work with sexuality in palliative care. Method: The study has a qualitative design with an inductive approach. The empirical material was obtained through three focus group interviews with eleven nurses working in palliative care in southern Sweden. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The result was discussed analytically through the theoretical concept sexual script. Result: The result shows that work with sexuality in palliative care is surrounded by an ambivalence of relevance and meaning that shows the unclear place of sexuality. The need for supportive efforts for patients and related persons was identified and describes a sexuality in change. Work associated to sexuality is done to some extent, but the lack of it is more prominent. Methods, responsibilities and barriers to include sexuality appear and are driven by a desire to do the right thing. Conclusion: Increased knowledge and visibility of sexuality is needed to counteract that there are notions of sexuality in the final stages of life and not knowledge that will guide if and how sexuality is included in work of palliative care. Keywords: focus group interviews, holistic-view, nurses, palliative care, sexuality, sexual script.

Title: The Mediator’s Qualities - How are the negotiating parties effected by the mediator's persistence and patience? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree Author: Johanna Strandberg and Emma Hjalmarsson Supervisor: Jens Eklinder Frick and Jonas Molin Date: May 2015 Aim: Our aim is to create a greater understanding of the negotiating parties' experience of the mediator's persistence and patience. Method: We have chosen a deductive approach that we have based our empirical data on already existing research. Theoretical material has been gathered through literature, theses and scientific articles. With the background to our aim, we have chosen to use a qualitative approach where we have interviewed ten people who have been in contact with a real estate agent the last 24 months. The empirical data was then analysed and discussed in our analysis and conclusion. Result & Conclusions: We have found that the mediator's persistence and patience affect negotiating partners in various ways. Patient is seen as a positive quality while persistence can be perceived as negative. Our survey shows that when persistence and patience are combined, the result is successful. Our survey also showed that the main characteristics of the mediator were not at all persistence and patience, which earlier research has shown, but instead it was nice, impartial and knowledgeable. Suggestions for further research: What we think would be interesting for further research is to investigate the mediator's perspective because we only looked at the negotiating parties' perspective. We would encourage further research on qualities in general and also on the specific persistence and patience because we fount that it was a limited amount of research based on these qualities. Contribution of the thesis: The contribution of this study is that it has created a larger understanding for the characteristics that negotiation parties perceive as important for a real estate agent. This can be beneficial for real estate agents to know what properties the parties prefer and how they should act in their efforts to make the parties satisfied. Key words: Negotiation, mediation, characteristics, persistence, patience.

Sweden possess the forth place as the most gender equal country in the world (World Economic Forum, 2013). But when it comes to women in higher-level positions, Sweden ends up below the European mean (European Commission, Justice, 2011). How can this be? And more importantly, how can Sweden work to attain gender equality in higher-level positions in the future? Why this gap exists in Sweden and how to reduce it is in need of further investigation and research. The thesis aims to investigate why men keep dominating higher- level positions within organisations in Sweden. A focus has been put on municipalities and their extensive work for gender equality. The thesis will address the extensive work Swedish municipalities have done within gender equality and why they are relatively equal when it comes to gender equality in higher- level positions. Further on it will provide a general understanding of their successful work and how it can be useful in other organisations. Additionally, it will be investigated how this extensive gender equality work, with a primary focus on gender equality policies and plans, and other regulations can help women reach and keep the higher-level positions in an organisation. A qualitative research approach has been used for this research. The primary data was collected through in-depth semi- structured interviews with five Swedish municipalities. The data was later analysed through qualitative data analysis. In conclusion, the most successful factors to include when working towards a gender equal workplace and encouraging more females to aim for higher-level positions are extensive work with gender equality policies and plans, including changes in the recruitment process together with providing options of how to allocate your working hours. This to open up for equal opportunities, excluding gender based prejudices, for those individuals who have the right competence and are interested in possessing a higher-level position in an organisation.

Bakgrund: Sexualitet och sexuell hälsa berör flera områden hos en människa, både fysiska, emotionella, mentala och sociala. Sjuksköterskans ansvarområde omvårdnad sträcker sig även det över dessa delar då patientens basala och specifika omvårdnadsbehov ska tillgodoses. Samtal om sexualitet ingår i sjuksköterskans arbete, men trots detta visar forskning att väldigt få sjuksköterskor tar upp ämnet sexualitet med sina patienter. Studier visar även att det är ett ämne som patienter gärna hade pratat mer om. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa orsaker till varför sjuksköterskor inte samtalar med patienter om sexualitet. Metod: En litteraturstudie med viss systematik baserad på kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar genomfördes. Databaser som användes för artikelsökning var PubMed, Cinahl samt PsycINFO. En granskning av artiklarna utfördes vilket resulterade i tio artiklar med god kvalitet. Dessa lästes noga igenom och likheter och skillnader i resultaten som sva¬rade på arbetets syfte identifierades. Resultat som enligt författarna var av samma typ bildade teman. Resultat: Många faktorer som hindrar sjuksköterskor att prata om sexualitet identifierades, och de rörde sig över många olika områden. Det visade sig att många tyckte att ämnet var komplext och obekvämt att tala om. Bristen på både kunskap och utbildning i ämnet utgjorde tydliga hinder. Även miljön på arbetsplatsen spelade in på olika sätt, ett högt arbetstryck och tidsbrist var några faktorer som nämndes. Det framkom dessutom oklarheter vems ansvar samtal om sexualitet var, trots att tidigare studier visat att de flesta sjuksköterskor menade att ansvaret var deras. Background: A person’s sexuality and the sexual health extend over several levels, both physically, emotionally, mentally and socially. Nurse's responsibility area, nursing care, also extends over these parts when the patient's basic and specific needs are met. Conversations about sexuality are included in the nurse's duty, despite this very few nurses are talking about sexuality with their patients according to research. Patients would like to talk more about this topic with nurses which are shown in many studies. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate reasons why nurses do not talk with patients about sexuality. Methods: A literature study with some structure was conducted, based on qualitative and quantitative articles. The databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were used for the search of articles. A review of the articles was conducted which resulted in ten articles with good quality. These were read carefully and the similarities and differences in the results which responded to the purpose of the work were identified. Results that the authors meant were of the same type were formed to themes.Results: Several factors that prevent nurses from talking about sexuality with patients were seen, which extended across different areas. It became clear that the topic was seen as very complex and uncomfortable to talk about. The lack of both knowledge and training regarding the topic was clear obstacles. The environment at the working place also included obstacles for this type of conversations, a high working load and time constraints were some of which were mentioned. Uncertainties of whose responsibility it was to have the conversations about sexuality occurred, despite previous studies which had showed that most nurses believed it was their responsibility.

Emma Hjalmarsson, teacher student Maria Talevska, teacher student Title: So different yet so alike â A comparative study focusing on the pedagogical leadership in two different cultures. Växjö University, Fall Semester 2005, Department of the Humanities GIX 192, Degree project/Religious Studies in Secondary Education This paper compares the pedagogical leadership in Thailand and Sweden. By performing interviews, handing out questionnaires and observing class rooms we wanted to compare the relationship between pupils and teachers from one school in Sweden and one school in Thailand. From the pupils we wanted information about their view on teachers; what characterizes the best teacher, what the worst teacher is like and how they would like a teacher to be. From the teachers on the other hand we wanted to know what kind of relationship they would like to have with their pupils and how they work to accomplish that purpose. We also wanted to find out if they put more emphasis on upbringing or knowledge and if there are any religious influences in the education. Finally, we also wanted to see if there was something from the pedagogical view in the Thai school that we could use in education in Sweden.