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3. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, F. H., Albanil-Encarnacion, A., Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, R., Amador, J. A., Ambenje, P., Antoine, M. D., Antonov, J., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Atheru, Z., Baccini, A., Baez, J., Baringer, M. O., Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bieniek, P., Birkett, C., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Boudet-Rouco, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Brackenridge, G. R., Brohan, P., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, L., Brown, R., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S. J., Cappellen, J., Carmack, E., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D. P., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J., Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, C. A. S., Colwell, S., Comiso, J., Cretaux, J. F., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S. A., Jeu, R. A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, C., Dutton, E., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Fanton D Andon, O. H., Feely, R. A., Fekete, B. M., Fenimore, C., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, E., Fioletov, V., Folland, C., Foster, M. J., Frajka-Williams, E., Franz, B. A., Frey, K., Frith, S. H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gitau, W., Gleason, K. L., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Goni, G., Gonzalez-Garcia, I., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, N., Good, S. A., Goryl, P., Gottschalck, J., Gouveia, C. M., Griffiths, G. M., Grigoryan, V., Grooss, J. U., Guard, C., Guglielmin, M., Halpert, M. S., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkila, A., Heim, R. R., Hennon, P. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P., Hobbs, W. R., Holgate, S., Hook, S. J., Hovsepyan, A., Hu, Z. Z., Hugony, S., Hurst, D. F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, E., Jeffries, M., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kang, K. K., Kanzow, T. O., Kao, H. Y., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J. J., Kervankiran, S., Khatiwala, S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, T. B., King, D., Knaff, J. A., Korshunova, N. N., Koskela, T., Kratz, D. P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Lagerloef, G., Lakkala, K., Lammers, R. B., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lapinel-Pedroso, B., Lazzara, M. A., Leduc, S., Lefale, P., Leon, G., Leon-Lee, A., Leuliette, E., Levitus, S., L Heureux, M., Lin, II, Liu, H. X., Liu, Y. J., Lobato-Sanchez, R., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Loeng, H., Long, C. S., Lorrey, A. M., Lumpkin, R., Myhre, C. L., Jing-Jia Luo, Lyman, J. M., Maccallum, S., Macdonald, A. M., Maddux, B. C., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Maritorena, S., Marotzke, J., Marra, J. J., Martinez-Sanchez, O., Maslanik, J., Massom, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Mcbride, C., Mcclain, C. R., Mcgrath, D., Mcgree, S., Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Menendez, M., Merchant, C., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, L., Mitchum, G. T., Montzka, S. A., Moore, S., Mora, N. P., Morcrette, J. J., Mote, T., Muhle, J., Mullan, A. B., Muller, R., Myhre, C., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Ngari, A., Nishino, S., Njau, L. N., Noetzli, J., Oberman, N. G., Obregon, A., Ogallo, L., Oludhe, C., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, G. H., Parker, D. E., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramirez, R., Pelto, M. S., Penalba, O., Perez-Suarez, R., Perovich, D., Pezza, A. B., Pickart, R., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Pitts, M. C., Pour, H. K., Prior, J., Privette, J. L., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Revadekar, J., Rex, M., Rivera, I. L., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Roderick, M. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rudels, B., Sabine, C. L., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Schauer, U., Schemm, J., Schmid, C., Schreck, C., Semiletov, I., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Shakhova, N., Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimada, K., Shin, J., Siegel, D. A., Simmons, A., Skansi, M., Sokolov, V., Spence, J., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steele, M., Steffen, K., Steinbrecht, W., Stephenson, T., Stolarski, R. S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, T., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thepaut, J. N., Thompson, P., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, S., Toole, J., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Trigo, R. M., Trotman, A., Tucker, C. J., Ulupinar, Y., Wal, R. S. W., Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Votaw, G., Wagner, W. W., Wahr, J., Walker, D. A., Wang, C. Z., Wang, J. H., Wang, L., Wang, M. H., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Weaver, S., Weber, M., Weingartner, T., Weller, R. A., Wentz, F., Wilber, A. C., Williams, W., Willis, J. K., Wilson, R. C., Wolken, G., Wong, T. M., Woodgate, R., Yamada, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Yoder, J. A., Yu, L. S., Yueh, S., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, P. Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X. J., Zimmermann, S., Zubair, L., Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Space Technology Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling [Irvine] (UCCHM), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY), Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Peking University [Beijing], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), IGAD, Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the JRC, Partenaires INRAE, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Agricultural Information Institute (AII), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Materials and structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Direction Interrégionale de Météo-France pour l'océan Indien (DIROI), Météo-France, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Department of Oceanography, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), Department of Physics [Socorro], New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian Research Council (ARC), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), University of California (UC), NMR Laboratory, Université de Mons, Université de Mons (UMons), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nichols College Dudley, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), European Commission, Space Science and Engineering Center [Madison] (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Lausanne University Hospital, Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), University of Sheffield, Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences [India], Woods Hole Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Génétique et Ecologie des Virus, Génétique des Virus et Pathogénèse des Maladies Virales, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Environm Ctr Wales, Biospherical Instruments Inc., Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Javier Barrios Amorín 1488, CP 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CYRIC, Tohoku University [Sendai], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, University of Costa Rica, Météo France [Sainte-Clotilde], Météo France, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of California, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory [Mons], University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Lausanne University Hospital [Switzerland], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Berkeley University of California (UC BERKELEY), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

International audience; Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperature and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular, a moderate-to-strong La Nina at the beginning of the year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010-11) on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns in South America were also influenced by La Nina. Heavy rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country's worst floods and landslides in Brazil's history. The 2011 combined average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but was also among the 15 warmest years on record and above the 1981-2010 average. The global sea surface temperature cooled by 0.1 degrees C from 2010 to 2011, associated with cooling influences of La Nina. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth's dominant role of the oceans in the Earth's energy budget. In the upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere during March were the lowest for that period since satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is proceeding very slowly. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 2.10 ppm in 2011, and exceeded 390 ppm for the first time since instrumental records began. Other greenhouse gases also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 30% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Most ozone depleting substances continued to fall. The global net ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2010 transition period from El Nino to La Nina, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, was estimated to be 1.30 Pg C yr(-1), almost 12% below the 29-year long-term average. Relative to the long-term trend, global sea level dropped noticeably in mid-2010 and reached a local minimum in 2011. The drop has been linked to the La Nina conditions that prevailed throughout much of 2010-11. Global sea level increased sharply during the second half of 2011. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2011 was well-below average, with a total of 74 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010, the North Atlantic was the only basin that experienced above-normal activity. For the first year since the widespread introduction of the Dvorak intensity-estimation method in the 1980s, only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity level-all in the Northwest Pacific basin. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate compared with lower latitudes. Below-normal summer snowfall, a decreasing trend in surface albedo, and above-average surface and upper air temperatures resulted in a continued pattern of extreme surface melting, and net snow and ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet. Warmer-than-normal temperatures over the Eurasian Arctic in spring resulted in a new record-low June snow cover extent and spring snow cover duration in this region. In the Canadian Arctic, the mass loss from glaciers and ice caps was the greatest since GRACE measurements began in 2002, continuing a negative trend that began in 1987. New record high temperatures occurred at 20 m below the land surface at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, where measurements began in the late 1970s. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2011 was the second-lowest on record, while the extent of old ice (four and five years) reached a new record minimum that was just 19% of normal. On the opposite pole, austral winter and spring temperatures were more than 3 degrees C above normal over much of the Antarctic continent. However, winter temperatures were below normal in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which continued the downward trend there during the last 15 years. In summer, an all-time record high temperature of -12.3 degrees C was set at the South Pole station on 25 December, exceeding the previous record by more than a full degree. Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies increased steadily through much of the year, from briefly setting a record low in April, to well above average in December. The latter trend reflects the dispersive effects of low pressure on sea ice and the generally cool conditions around the Antarctic perimeter.

Published
2012
Full Text
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4. New Frontiers in Integrated Diagnostics and Prognostics. Proceedings of the 55th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology. Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 2 - 5, 2001

Author

SOCIETY FOR MACHINERY FAILURE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY WINCHESTER VA, Pusey, Henry C., Pusey, Sallie C., Hobbs, W. R., SOCIETY FOR MACHINERY FAILURE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY WINCHESTER VA, Pusey, Henry C., Pusey, Sallie C., and Hobbs, W. R.

Abstract

The 55th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT) was held April 2-5, 2001 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. MFPT sponsors include the Office of Naval Research, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Naval Surface Warfare Center. The cooperation of several professional organizations with mutual Interests is acknowledged. Mr. Carl S. Byington from the Applied Research Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University was Technical Program Chairman and Chair of the Opening Session., Pres: 55th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, 2-5 Apr 2001, Virginia Beach, VA. For individual articles, see ADP013477 thru ADP013516

Published
2001

6. The Pacific zonal asymmetry and its influence on Southern Hemisphere sea ice variability.

Author

Hobbs, W. R. and Raphael, M. N.

Subjects
OCEAN-atmosphere interaction, SEA ice drift, ZONAL winds, CLIMATE change
Abstract

At monthly and annual timescales, the zonally asymmetric circulation over the Southern Ocean is dominated by two quasi-stationary anticyclones: a western anticyclone approximately located south of New Zealand, and an eastern anticyclone located over the Drake Passage region. In this research their influence on late 20th century Antarctic sea ice is explored. During early winter, sea ice in the Weddell, Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas is influenced by the location of the east anticyclone. During late winter, the strength and location of the west anticyclone influences sea ice primarily in the Ross and Amundsen seas. The anticyclones have some effect on wind-driven sea ice motion, but the primary mechanism explaining their link to sea ice appears to be meridional atmospheric thermal advection. A western shift in the west anticyclone may be partly responsible for observed increases in ice cover in the Ross Sea over the late 20th century, but there is little evidence in existing data to support a link between the east anticyclone and observed sea ice trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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11. i. Meridional oceanic heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean.

Author

Baringer, M. O., Johns, W. E., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., and Hobbs, W. R.

Subjects
OCEAN temperature, HEAT flow (Oceanography), HEAT transfer, MERIDIONAL overturning circulation
Abstract

The article examines the meridional heat transport (MHT) in the Atlantic Ocean in 2013. Topics discussed include the relationship between meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and MHT, the variability and strength of the MHT, and the use of a combination of expendable bathythermograph to estimate the MHT in the North and South Atlantic.

Published
2014

12. State of the climate in 2017

Author

Abernethy, R., Ackerman, S. A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, A., Aldeco, L. S., Alfaro, E. J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R. P., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Anderson, J., Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, A., Armitage, C., Arndt, D. S., Avalos, G., Azorin-Molina, C., Báez, J., Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H. E., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behe, C., Bell, G. D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, P., Bjerke, J., Blake, E. S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Bouchon, M., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, E. C., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carter, B. R., Castro, A., Chambers, D. P., lijing cheng, Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, E. -S, Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A. S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Costanza, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Cronin, T., Crouch, J., Cruzado, L., Daniel, R., Davis, S. M., Davletshin, S. G., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., La Cour, J. L., Laat, J., Gasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Deline, P., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dewitte, B., Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H. J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Domingues, R., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, R. J. H., Durre, I., Dutton, G. S., Eakin, C. M., El Kharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, J. C., Famiglietti, J. S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, M. J., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Geiger, E. F., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, A. M., Goni, G., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. P., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, I., Hartfield, G., Heidinger, A. K., Heim, R. R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, R., Hernández, S. M., Heron, S. F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, H. G., Ho, S. -P, Hobbs, W. R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, B., Hubert, D., Hueuzé, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jacobs, S. J., Jeffries, M. O., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Johnson, K. S., Jones, P. D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, E. M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. -J, Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M. A., Lee, S. -E, Lee, T. C., Leuliette, E., L Heureux, M., Li, T., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. -I, Mears, C. A., Liu, G., Li, B., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Long, C. S., López, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. -J, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G. L., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marín, D., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, A. G., Martínez-Güingla, R., Martínez-Sánchez, O., Marsh, B. L., Lyman, J. M., Massom, R. A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Meier, W., Meijers, A. J. S., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, B., Miralles, D. G., Mitchum, G. T., Mitro, S., Moat, B., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S. A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A. E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, L., Newman, P. A., Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., Noll, B. E., O Neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M. A., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Peltier, A., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, S. G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J. V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, R., Rimmer, A., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Roth, D. M., Rusak, J. A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J. -B, Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Sharp, M., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimaraeva, S. V., Siegel, D. A., Silow, E., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Skirving, W. J., Smeed, D. A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, A., Smith, S. L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T. H., Spence, J. M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D. M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Strong, A. E., Sun-Mack, S., Sutton, A. J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K. S., Tamar, G., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M. -L, Timofeyev, M. A., Tirak, K. V., Tobin, S., Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Triñanes, J. A., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, M. R., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., Ronald, J. A., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velden, C. S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vickers, H., Vincent, L. A., Vömel, H., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, B., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S. -H, Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weller, R. A., Westberry, T. K., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Widlansky, M. J., Wiese, D. N., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Willis, J. K., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yoon, H., York, A., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zhang, H. -M, Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhu, Z., Ziel, R., Ziemke, J. R., Ziese, M. G., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S. E., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Slagle, M., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., and Mcvicar, T. R.

Subjects
Meteor (satellite), Atmospheric Science, Climate Research, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, Klimatforskning, El Niño Southern Oscillation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Environmental science, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.

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13. State of the climate in 2013

Author

Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T.A., Clem, K.R., Barreira, S., Colwell, S., Keller, L.M., Lazzara, M.A., Setzer, A., Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Wang, L., Liu, H., Wang, S., Shu, S., Massom, R.A., Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Lieser, J., Newman, P.A., Kramarova, N., Nash, E.R., Pitts, M.C., Johnson, B.f, Santee, M.L., Braathen, G.O., Campbell, G.G., Pope, A., Haran, T., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J.A., Thiaw, W.M., Weaver, S.J., Vincent, L.A., Phillips, D., Whitewood, R., Crouch, J., Heim, Jr., Fenimore, C., Augustine, J., Pascual, R., Albanil, A., Vazquez, J.L., Lobato, R., Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Hidalgo, H.G., Duran-Quesada, A.M., Calderon, B., Rivera, I.L., Vega, C., Stephenson, T.S., Taylor, M.A., Trotman, A.R., Porter, A.O., Gonzalez, I.T., Spence, J.M., McLean, N., Campbell, J.D., Brown, G., Butler, M., Blenman, R.C., Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Marcellin-Honore, V., Marti­nez, R., Arevalo, J., Carrasco, G., Euscategui, C., Bazo, J., Nieto, J.J., Zambrano, E., Marengo, J.A., Alves, L.M., Espinoza, J.C., Ronchail, J., Bidegain, M., Stella, J.L., Penalba, O.C., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Ebrahim, A., James, I.A., Dekaa, F.S., Sima, F., Coulibaly, K.A., Gitau, W., Chang'a, L., Oludhe, C.S., Ogallo, L.A., Atheru, Z., Ambenje, P., Kijazi, A., Ng'ongolo, H., Luhunga, P., Levira, P., Kruger, A., McBride, C., Rakotomavo, Z., Jumaux, G., Trachte, K., Bissolli, P., Obregon, A., Nitsche, H., Parker, D., Kennedy, J.J., Kendon, M., Trigo, R., Barriopedro, D., Ramos, A., Sensoy, S., Hovhannisyan, D., Bulygina, O.N., Khoshkam, M., Korshunova, N.N., Oyunjargal, L., Park, E.-H., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Razuvaev, V.N., Revadekar, J.V., Srivastava, A.K., Yamada, R., Zhang, P., Tanaka, S., Yoshimatsu, K., Ohno, H., Ganter, C., Macara, G.R., McGree, S., Tobin, S., Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. 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E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. 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Abstract

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific

16. Evaluation and management of shoulder instability in the elite overhead thrower.

Author

Altchek DW and Hobbs WR

Subjects
Biomechanical Phenomena, Body Weight, Electromyography, Humans, Joint Instability etiology, Joint Instability physiopathology, Joint Instability rehabilitation, Medical History Taking, Physical Examination, Postoperative Care methods, Range of Motion, Articular, Risk Factors, Rotation, Treatment Outcome, Baseball injuries, Joint Instability diagnosis, Joint Instability surgery, Shoulder Injuries
Abstract

The elite throwing athlete places significant forces on the soft-tissue stabilizers of the shoulder with every pitch. Anterior translation forces can be as high as 40% of body weight and distraction forces as high as 80% body weight during the act of throwing. Injury to the static and dynamic stabilizers can lead to significant pain and loss of function in these athletes. To successfully treat the injured thrower, it is important to accurately diagnose the pathologic process. This article reviews the biomechanics of throwing and pathologic processes seen in the elite thrower. We cover the essentials of the history and physical in this population and conclude with a discussion of the various treatment regimens.

Published
2001
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17. Clarithromycin-induced mania.

Author

Abouesh A and Hobbs WR

Subjects
Clarithromycin therapeutic use, Depressive Disorder drug therapy, Depressive Disorder psychology, Female, Haloperidol therapeutic use, Humans, Lithium therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Prednisone adverse effects, Prednisone therapeutic use, Bipolar Disorder chemically induced, Clarithromycin adverse effects, Sinusitis drug therapy
Published
1998
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19. Sleep apnea syndromes.

Author

Morgan EJ and Hobbs WR

Subjects
Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Syndrome, Apnea diagnosis, Brain Diseases diagnosis, Sleep Wake Disorders diagnosis
Published
1979

20. Different rates of improvement of different symptoms in combined pharmacological and behavioral treatment of agoraphobia.

Author

Cox DJ, Ballenger JC, Laraia M, Hobbs WR, Peterson GA, and Hucek A

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia psychology, Combined Modality Therapy, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Agoraphobia therapy, Behavior Therapy, Imipramine administration & dosage, Phobic Disorders therapy
Abstract

This study was designed to see whether the high vs low serum level of imipramine influenced the outcome of in vivo exposure therapy on patients with agoraphobia. Thirty-six subjects completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 one week before treatment and weekly throughout treatment. Both groups demonstrated equal improvement. It was noted that the rate of improvement differed for different symptom subscales: (1) Hostility, Paranoia and Psychotic symptom ratings improved over the first three weeks of treatment, (2) Interpersonal Sensitivity, Anxiety and Depression ratings improved throughout the first seven weeks of treatment and (3) Phobic Anxiety, Somatization and Obsessive Compulsure symptom ratings continued to improve throughout the entire 12 week course of treatment. Responsive vs nonresponsive subjects could be significantly differentiated after one week of treatment on the basis of their responses to the Psychoticism subscale.

Published
1988
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