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1. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for

Published
2021

2. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

Enno Uhl, Maria Hoehn, Javier de-Dios-García, Dejan Stojanović, Tzvetan Zlatanov, David I. Forrester, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Aida Ibrahimspahić, S. Versace, Stanisław Drozdowski, Admir Avdagić, Andrzej Jaworski, Kamil Bielak, Maciej Pach, Miroslav Svoboda, Fabio Lombardi, Andrej Bončina, Matija Klopčič, Michal Bosela, Viktor Kurylyak, Michal Bellan, Roberto Tognetti, Torben Hilmers, Miren del Río, Hans Pretzsch, Thomas A. Nagel, Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado, Rudolf Petráš, Franz Binder, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Branko Stajić, Lucian Dinca, Francesco Giammarchi, Felipe Bravo, Mathieu Lévesque, Bratislav Matović, Laura Dobor, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Del Rio, Miren, Dobor, Laura, Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, Javier, Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Klopčič, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, Miroslav Svoboda, Hans Pretzsch, Matija Klopcic, Bratislav Matovic, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Miren del Río, Mathieu Levesque, Lucian Dinca, Michal Bellan, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Dejan Stojanovic, Roberto Tognetti, Crisóobal Ordóñez, Álvaro Rubio Cuadrado, Maciej Pach, Michal Bosela, Torben Hilmers, David Ian Forrester, Admir Avdagic, Felipe Bravo, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, Javier [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], and Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Plant Science, Growth trends, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, udc:630*18, pospeševanje rasti, Age-dependent tree growth, ddc:630, Silvicultura, Beech, Silviculture, rast dreves, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, podnebne spremembe, biology, fungi, Elevation, Intra-specific competition, Forestry, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, soodvisnost dreves, medsebojna olajšava, ddc, Plant ecology, Inter-specific facilitation, Geography, Medio Ambiente, Habitat, Growth acceleration, intra-specifc competition, inter-specifc facilitation, konkurenca, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for multi-aged silviculture concepts. On top of their function for structure and habitat improvement, the remaining old trees may grow more in mass and value than assumed so far., Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.The authors would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions—CA15226) financially supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s HORIZON 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 778322. Thanks are also due to the European Union for funding the project ‘Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)’ (# 2816ERA02S under the framework of Sumforest ERA-Net). Further, we would like to thank the Bayerische Staatsforsten (BaySF) for providing the observational plots and to the Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry for permanent support of the Project W 07 ‘Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research’ (#7831-26625-2017). We also thank the Forest Research Institute, ERTI Sárvár, Hungary, for assistance and for providing observational plots. Furthermore, our work was partially supported by the SRDA via Project No. APVV-16-0325 and APVV-15-0265, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, the Project “EVA4.0” No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 funded by OP RDE and the Project J4-1765 funded by the Slovenian Research Agency and also by the Bulgarian National Science Fund (BNSF) and the Project No. DCOST 01/3/19.10.2018., 19 Pág.

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