Search

Autorzy omawiają możliwości zastosowania prawa bliskości jako jednej z kategorii psychologii postaci do opisu komunikacji społecznej. W części pierwszej są rozważane wzajemne uwarunkowania procesów sensorycznych i kognitywnych, między innymi zjawiska przenikalności kognitywnej oraz torowania semantycznego. W kolejnych częściach autorzy pokazują, jak prawo bliskości realizuje się w dyskursach różnego typu. W komunikacji wizualnej (zwłaszcza w filmie i fotografii) prawo bliskości leży u podstaw montażu kolażowego. Autorzy opisują zasady, według których w takich dyskursach dokonuje się inferencji semantycznej. Prawo bliskości istotnie wpływa także na przetwarzanie informacji w mowie. W tekstach poetyckich na tej zasadzie bazuje zwartość szeregu wersowego, czyli to, co Roman Jakobson określił jako przeniesienie ekwiwalencji znaków z osi selekcji na oś kombinacji. W tekstach artystycznych, publicystycznych czy retorycznych sąsiedztwo wyrazów w tekście przyczynia się do powstania implikacji semantycznych, tzn. sensów aluzyjnych.

The combination of linguistics and cultural analysis leads back to Wilhelm von Humboldt’s concept of linguistic worldview. In it, a direct connection between thinking and speaking (in a particular ethnic or national language) is presupposed, thus implying the influence of languages on cultures. In contrast to this postulate of the unity of languages and cultures, discourse-sensitive linguistics shows the diversity of varieties within ethno- or national-language-demarcated cultures. Linguistics in cultural studies thus escapes the danger of hypostasis of languages and cultures and methodologically becomes an integrative linguistics in which systemic, pragma- and sociolinguistic methods can be incorporated. Discourse-sensitive cultural linguistics analyzes cultures according to thematic and, above all, institutional discourses (of politics, religion, law, economics, science, etc.) and examines language use down to the level of individual utterances and their linguistic microstructures within the framework of these discursive macro levels. Another type is perlocutionary discourses which almost exclusively aim at the effect of communicative actions: advertising, propaganda, scandalous discourses etc. Discourse types are shown by Russian examples, especially the Russian national hymn, the provocative performances of the group Pussy Riot as an example of scandalous discourses, and state patriotic education as an example of propaganda discourses.

The article presents a review of the monograph of the famous linguist B.Yu. Norman “The pragmatic potential of Russian vocabulary and grammar”. The monograph contains a systematic description of the means of the Russian language, which speakers use to express their emotional and intellectual attitude to the subject of speech, to the interlocutor and to the communication situation, gives an idea of the current state and prospects of development of linguistic pragmatics.

The paper deals with the semantic theory of interpretation of A. F. Losev in his early period up to 1930 as well as in his linguistic investigations in the 70’s and 80’s of the last century. In using a word or some grammatical category, a speaker already interprets some state of affairs. In a sense, all invariant meaning seems to be metaphorical, i.e. meanings are interpretations of the world. This theory is illustrated with some famous examples by Losev himself: Garden, cabinet, the sentence “The sea was laughing”. Reflecting about his garden and his cabinet Losev shows the difference and convergence of parts and the whole: trees, flowers or the cabinet’s doors on the one hand, and the garden or the cabinet as a whole on the other. These relations are related to the meaning of words. In his early works, especially in the Philosophy of the Name and the Dialectics of Myth, Losev sees in meaning a semantic cluster which develops within speech (in sentences, narrations or myths). The works of the late period investigate invariant meanings of words and grammatical categories in the sense of some interpretive force.

Summary The paper deals with the ‘semantics of representation’ and the ‘pragmatics of consensus’ in the work of Johann Amos Comenius. The term ‘semantics of representation’ refers to the concept that things (all that can be referred to) are represented by thoughts in the mind, and thoughts are represented by words. ‘Pragmatics of consensus’ means that normative rules of communicative behaviour can be formulated which in practice lead to effective negotiation. The semantics of representation was a common sense view on language in Comenius’ time and can be seen as a presupposition in his arguing about learning, teaching, understanding and communicating in all his works, not only in the schoolbook Orbis sensualium pictus, but also in Via lucis or De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica (Consultatio catholica) and others. The pragmatics of consensus was developed mostly in latter works, especially in Consultatio catholica. At the beginning of the paper three of Comenius’ pictures (from the early novel Labyrint světa, the schoolbook Orbis pictus and the theoretical work Triertium catholicum) are compared. The famous drawing of the labyrinth of the world shows a confusing town landscape in a closed circle and symbolizes the chaotic life of man after his fall and the Babylonian language confusion. The didactic emblem for Orbis pictus shows the world in harmony with God’s will. The abstract scheme in Triertium catholicum visualizes the connections between things (res), thoughts (mens), language (lingua) and action (manus). They form a stable and universal order in which thoughts, language and action are interconnected in a triadic relation. Especially the drawing of the labyrinth and the scheme in the theoretical work Triertium catholicum build a contrast between chaos and order. But it is shown that the order of the latter one is also the underlying structure of the confused communication in the labyrinth. Therefore, in Comenius’ view the aim and the duty of the philosopher and teacher is to heal the unhealthy reality of communication, which should be done on the base of normative rules of harmonic and effective communication. These rules are developed by Comenius in his famous Consultatio catholica. The paper closes with a short discussion of the actuality and efficiency of Comenius’ suggestions.

This article compares the philosophical systems of Alexei F. Losev and Alfred N. Whitehead, demonstrating the proximity in both thinkers’ styles and drawing parallels between such concepts as White...

The coronavirus crisis has changed not only the practice of language teaching in higher education, but also the languages themselves; the crisis is strongly reflected in language. This can be seen in neologisms, new word formations and in the linguistic landscape in general. All these phenomena should be creatively included in foreign language didactics. Using examples from German the paper deals with several tasks and exercises concerning the language of the corona crises, i.e. word formation, word play, forms of politeness and the communication of values.