107 results on '"Holger Wallbaum"'
Search Results
2. Environmental impacts of circularity in the built environment: How do system boundaries affect decision support?
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Sarah Cecilie Andersen, Alexander Hollberg, Xan Browne, Holger Wallbaum, Harpa Birgisdóttir, Olga Popovic Larsen, and Morten Birkved
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Life cycle assessment ,Attributional LCA ,Consequential LCA ,System boundaries ,Environmental decision support ,Built environment ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Building construction ,TH1-9745 - Abstract
Life-Cycle Assessments (LCA) have become a common tool of decision support in the built environment regarding environmental impacts. The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of different LCA approaches and system boundaries on decision support regarding circular design strategies. Three different ways of applying attributional LCA (ALCA) and one consequential LCA (CLCA) are assessed using a case study of a wooden beam with either virgin or reclaimed timber. While the conclusions are not readily scalable, the case study's results indicate that using reclaimed material is environmentally beneficial when applying ALCA. However, when applying CLCA the reclaimed material performs worse than the virgin material. This highlights the potential pitfalls of scaling up solutions based on LCA results without considering the broader consequences. While the current ALCA approach is useful for declarations, it may not provide comprehensive decision support for driving a transition in the built environment.
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- 2024
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3. A Framework for User Centric LCA Tool Development for Early Planning Stages of Buildings
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Alexander Hollberg, Maria Tjäder, Gerda Ingelhag, and Holger Wallbaum
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life cycle assessment ,stakeholders ,buildings ,parametric design ,tools ,interviews ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,City planning ,HT165.5-169.9 - Abstract
As the high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by the construction and real estate sector receive more attention, more and more countries include an environmental assessment of buildings based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in their building regulations. Sweden introduced mandatory climate declarations in January 2022, for example. To support stakeholders in conducting the climate declarations and using the results to reduce GHG emissions, user-friendly tools for early planning stages are needed. The aim of this study is to develop and test a framework for user centric development of such tools. The framework builds on three steps; 1) interviewing stakeholders to define tool requirements, 2) developing a prototype tool according to the requirements, and 3) evaluating it based on user feedback. We developed and tested the framework in the Swedish context to provide a blueprint applicable to other countries and contexts. The primary target users are architects with computational design experience but also engineers and real estate developers working in early phases. The results show that the users’ expectations can be met when the requirements are integrated from the very beginning. In the current version, the developed building LCA tool only targets the embodied GHG emissions from the production and construction phase of the building, but it could be extended to include further life cycle phases in the future.
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- 2022
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4. Methodologies for Synthetic Spatial Building Stock Modelling: Data-Availability-Adapted Approaches for the Spatial Analysis of Building Stock Energy Demand
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Claudio Nägeli, Liane Thuvander, Holger Wallbaum, Rebecca Cachia, Sebastian Stortecky, and Ali Hainoun
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building stock modelling ,spatial building stock modelling ,bottom-up model ,synthetic building stock ,Technology - Abstract
Buildings are responsible for around 30 to 40% of the energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in European countries. Building stock energy models (BSEMs) are an established method to assess the energy demand and environmental impact of building stocks. Spatial analysis of building stock energy demand has so far been limited to cases where detailed, building specific data is available. This paper introduces two approaches of using synthetic building stock energy modelling (SBSEM) to model spatially distributed synthetic building stocks based on aggregate data. The two approaches build on different types of data that are implemented and validated for two separate case studies in Ireland and Austria. The results demonstrate the feasibility of both approaches to accurately reproduce the spatial distribution of the building stocks of the two cases. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that by using a SBSEM approach, a spatial analysis for building stock energy demand can be carried out for cases where no building level data is available and how these results may be used in energy planning.
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- 2022
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5. How Adding a Battery to a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Can Increase its Economic Performance: A Comparison of Different Scenarios
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Mohamad Kharseh and Holger Wallbaum
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photovoltaic ,optimization ,payback time ,battery ,sensitivity analysis ,Technology - Abstract
The current work investigates how adding a battery of optimal capacity to a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system can improve its economic feasibility. Also, the effect of different parameters on the feasibility of the PV system was evaluated. The optimal battery capacity (OBC) was determined for different saving targets of the annual electricity consumption of the chosen building. For this aim, real electricity consumption data of a residential building in Landskrona, Sweden, was used as energy consumption profile. A Solar World SW325XL, which is a monocrystalline solar panel, was selected as PV panel. The calculations were performed under the metrological and economic conditions of southern Sweden. Different working parameters (WPs) were considered (prices of the battery, feed-in tariffs, and saving targets). The performed calculations show that the optimal battery capacity (OBC), in which the payback time (PBT) of the system is maximized, strongly depends on the WP. The proper selection of the battery can considerably increase the economic feasibility of the PV system in southern Sweden. However, in some cases, using battery can have a negative impact on the PBT of the system. The results show that the electricity price, the module price, the inverter price, and the inverter lifetime have the highest effect on the PBT.
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- 2018
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6. Stakeholder Specific Multi-Scale Spatial Representation of Urban Building-Stocks
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Magnus Österbring, Liane Thuvander, Érika Mata, and Holger Wallbaum
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building-stock ,energy efficiency measures ,GIS ,stakeholder communication ,visualization ,energy development scenarios ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Urban building-stocks use a significant amount of resources and energy. At the same time, they have a large potential for energy efficiency measures (EEM). To support decision-making and planning, spatial building-stock models are used to examine the current state and future development of urban building-stocks. While these models normally focus on specific cities, generic and broad stakeholder groups such as planners and policy makers are often targeted. Consequently, the visualization and communication of results are not tailored to these stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of mapping and representing energy use of urban building-stocks at different levels of aggregation and spatial distributions, to communicate with specific stakeholders involved in the urban development process. This paper uses a differentiated building-stock description based on building-specific data and measured energy use from energy performance certificates for multi-family buildings (MFB) in the city of Gothenburg. The building-stock description treats every building as unique, allowing results to be provided at any level of aggregation to suit the needs of the specific stakeholders involved. Calculated energy use of the existing stock is within 10% of the measured energy use. The potential for EEM in the existing stock is negated by the increased energy use due to new construction until 2035, using a development scenario based on current renovation rates and planned developments. Visualizations of the current energy use of the stock as well as the impact of renovation and new construction are provided, targeting specific local stakeholders.
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- 2018
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7. Evaluation of strategic building maintenance and refurbishment budgeting method Schroeder
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Markus Christen, Jules Schroeder, and Holger Wallbaum
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Strategic property management ,Building portfolio ,Maintenance and refurbishment budgeting ,Method Schroeder ,Devaluation curve ,Management. Industrial management ,HD28-70 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
The method Schroeder is accepted amongst real estate professionals in Switzerland as a near standard for condition monitoring, budgeting of maintenance and refurbishment, and strategic decision support in point of building portfolios. It is based on the devaluation curves of 12 or more building elements. Main results are the actual and the prognosticated future building condition in percentage of its reinstatement value, the residual useful service life of building elements, and the calculation of future maintenance and refurbishment costs. 25 years after its first publication, this paper analyses the assumptions made, compares the method to other methods in this field, and validates the method in several steps, based on scientific or empirical evidence. Furthermore, a desktop simulation of a well-documented portfolio was performed and compared, the answers from a questionnaire amongst users are provided, and the partially controversial conclusions are discussed.
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- 2012
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8. Relationship between the design characteristics of activity-based flexible offices and users’ perceptions of privacy and social interactions
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Melina Forooraghi, Elke Miedema, Nina Ryd, Holger Wallbaum, and Maral Babapour Chafi
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Building and Construction ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Published
- 2023
9. Machine learning‐based stocks and flows modeling of road infrastructure
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Babak Ebrahimi, Leonardo Rosado, and Holger Wallbaum
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General Social Sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
This paper introduces a new method to account for the stocks and flows of road infrastructure at the national level based on material flow accounting (MFA). The proposed method closes some of the current shortcomings in road infrastructures that were identified through MFA: (1) the insufficient implementation of prospective analysis, (2) heavy use of archetypes as a way to represent road infrastructure, (3) inadequate attention to the inclusion of dissipative flows, and (4) limited coverage of the uncertainties. The proposed dynamic bottom-up MFA method was tested on the Norwegian road network to estimate and predict the material stocks and flows between 1980 and 2050. Here, a supervised machine learning model was introduced to estimate the road infrastructure instead of archetypical mapping of different roads. The dissipation of materials from the road infrastructure based on tire–pavement interaction was incorporated. Moreover, this study utilizes iterative classified and regression trees, lifetime distributions, randomized material intensities, and sensitivity analyses to quantify the uncertainties.
- Published
- 2022
10. Ways to get work done: a review and systematisation of simplification practices in the LCA literature
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Sjouke Beemsterboer, Holger Wallbaum, and Henrikke Baumann
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Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,Management science ,Credibility ,Selection (linguistics) ,Sample (statistics) ,Context (language use) ,business ,Automation ,Field (computer science) ,General Environmental Science ,Terminology - Abstract
Purpose Within the field of life cycle assessment (LCA), simplifications are a response to the practical restrictions in the context of a study. In the 1990s, simplifications were part of a debate on streamlining within LCA. Since then, many studies have been published on simplifying LCA but with little attention to systematise the approaches available. Also, despite being pervasive during the making of LCA studies, simplifications remain often invisible in the final results. This paper therefore reviews the literature on simplification in LCA in order to systematise the approaches found today. Methods A review of the LCA simplification literature was conducted. The systematic search and selection process led to a sample of 166 publications. During the review phase, the conceptual contributions to the simplification discourse were evaluated. A dataset of 163 entries was created, listing the conceptual contributions to the simplification debate. An empirically grounded analysis led to the generative development of a systematisation of simplifications according to their underlying simplifying logic. Results and discussion Five simplifying logics were identified: exclusion, inventory data substitution, qualitative expert judgment, standardisation and automation. Together, these simplifying logics inform 13 simplification strategies. The identified logics represent approaches to handle the complexities of product systems and expectations of the users of LCA results with the resources available to the analyst. Each simplification strategy is discussed with regard to its main applications and challenges. Conclusions This paper provides a first systematisation of the different simplification logics frequently applied in LCA since the original streamlining discussion. The presented terminology can help making communication about simplification more explicit and transparent, thus important for the credibility of LCA. Despite the pervasiveness of simplification in LCA, there is a relative lack of research on simplification per se, making further research describing simplification as a practice and analysing simplifications methodologically desirable.
- Published
- 2020
11. Regionalized environmental impacts of construction machinery
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Holger Wallbaum, Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Babak Ebrahimi, and Pål Drevland Jakobsen
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Driving factors ,business.industry ,Impact assessment ,Emission standard ,Fossil fuel ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental economics ,01 natural sciences ,021105 building & construction ,Fuel efficiency ,Environmental science ,Operational efficiency ,Environmental impact assessment ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aims to establish a regionalized environmental impact assessment of construction machinery equipped with diesel engines certified by the European emission standard Stage V, and operated in cold climatic zones in Europe. METHOD: The study quantifies potential environmental impacts associated with construction machinery over the entire lifecycle, from extraction of materials to the end-of-life. For the operation phase, a meso-level emission accounting method is applied to quantify tailpipe emissions for certain subcategories of construction machinery. This is achieved by determining the operational efficiency of each machine in terms of effective hours. The quantified emission data are then adjusted based on engine deterioration models to estimate the rate of increase in emissions throughout the lifetime of each machine. Finally, the CML impact assessment method is applied to inventory data to quantify potential environmental impacts. RESULTS: The study shows that tailpipe emissions, which largely depend on an engine’s fuel consumption, had the largest contribution to environmental impacts in most impact categories. At the same time, there was a positive correlation between the operation weight and the impacts of the machinery. Also, machinery with similar operation weight had relatively similar impact patterns due to similar driving factors and dependencies. In addition, network, sensitivity, and uncertainty analyses were performed to quantify the source of impacts and validate the robustness of the study. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the responsiveness of the studied systems is very sensitive to changes in the amount of fuel consumption. In addition, the uncertainty results showed that the domain of uncertainty increased as the operation weight subcategory of machinery increased. CONCLUSION: This study extends previous work on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of construction machinery, and the methodology developed provides a basis for future extension and improvement in this field. The use of effective hours as the unit of operational efficiency helps to resolve uncertainties linked to lifetime and annual operation hours. Also, the obtained results can be of use for decision support and for assessing the impacts of transition from fossil fuels to alternative fuel types. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
- Published
- 2020
12. Transforming cities and health: policy, action, and meaning
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Holger Wallbaum, Colin Fudge, and Marcus Grant
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Urban Studies ,Sustainable development ,Action (philosophy) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental ethics ,Meaning (existential) ,Sociology ,Health policy - Abstract
This article sets the scene for the special issue of Cities & Health Journal on ‘Transforming cities and health: policy, innovation and practice.’ It focuses on systematic transformations to meet s...
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- 2020
13. Scoping review of health in office design approaches
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Nina Ryd, Holger Wallbaum, Melina Forooraghi, and Elke Miedema
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Knowledge management ,Relation (database) ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,050109 social psychology ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Building design ,General Business, Management and Accounting ,Originality ,Content analysis ,021105 building & construction ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Employee health ,business ,Psychology ,Finance ,media_common - Abstract
PurposeThis paper aims to explore the literature on office design approaches (ODAs) in relation to employee health. The overall goal is to facilitate the practical use and theoretical development of design approaches to healthy offices.Design/methodology/approachA scoping review of 7,432 papers collected from 4 electronic databases and 5 scientific journals resulted in the selection of 18 papers for content analysis.FindingsVarious ODAs relating to building design features and health were identified. The findings highlight challenges for this emergent field, including a paucity of literature on ODAs, a lack of definitions of health and healthy offices, ambiguous design strategies and a lack of a holistic ODA.Originality/valueODAs are potentially valuable resources but an under-considered topic for healthy office development. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first scoping review to map and compare different design approaches in the context of office design and its main contribution is in encouraging researchers and practitioners to bring a salutogenic and holistic perspective to their design approaches.
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- 2020
14. Life cycle assessment of winter road maintenance
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Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Holger Wallbaum, Babak Ebrahimi, Reyn Joseph O'Born, Hrefna Run Vignisdottir, Helge Brattebø, and Rolf André Bohne
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Level of service ,Global warming ,Environmental resource management ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Work (electrical) ,Climate change scenario ,Fuel efficiency ,Clearing ,Environmental science ,Environmental impact assessment ,business ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Winter road maintenance in the Nordic climate is demanding due to challenging weather conditions, high precipitation, and icy conditions. As a leading country in the transition to low-emission transport, Norway must work to reduce their emissions while providing a safe level of service through winter maintenance operations. This article investigates the environmental impacts of winter road maintenance (WRM) in Norway both today and under a climate change scenario predicted for 2050. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impact of the functional unit “average winter road maintenance in Norway on national and county roads per km.lane.” The ReCiPe (hierarchy) method was used to identify and categorize emissions related to WRM to show how different factors affect the system and to reveal hidden emissions hotspots. Real-time data from WRM vehicles were used to determine how fuel consumption is affected by gradient and weather. Producers and operators provided other relevant information on WRM vehicles. Official reports supplied information on deicer quantities used and the total distance driven by WRM vehicles in Norway. The quantity of deicer used is the main source of emissions contributing toward all impact categories. The effect of deicer is likely to be even higher in certain impact categories. The environmental impact of the deicer after application is not included. The representation of WRM in existing emissions data is limited despite the considerable amount of deicer applied and the long distances that WRM vehicles travel. The results document how energy use throughout the system is another important source of emissions. Various parameters, such as road gradient, vehicle properties, driver behavior, and weather, affect the fuel consumption of WRM vehicles, with weather being the most important of these. Significant potential for emissions reductions from WRM was found, and WRM operations should be included in cold-climate road LCA studies. The environmental impacts of deicer application are especially high compared to the mechanical clearing of roads and contribute strongly to impact categories such as terrestrial, freshwater, and human toxicity and to the formation of particulate matter.
- Published
- 2019
15. Theory of Attractive Quality
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Holger Wallbaum, Quan Jin, Richard de Dear, and Jungsoo Kim
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Risk analysis (engineering) ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Quality (business) ,media_common - Published
- 2021
16. Spatial analysis of urban material stock with clustering algorithms: A Northern European case study
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Holger Wallbaum, Paul Gontia, Babak Ebrahimi, Victor Vinas, Leonardo Rosado, and Liane Thuvander
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Geospatial analysis ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,General Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,Agricultural economics ,Megacity ,Geography ,Sustainability ,Per capita ,021108 energy ,Tonne ,computer ,Spatial analysis ,Built environment ,Stock (geology) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
A large share of construction material stock (MS) accumulates in urban built environments. To attain a more sustainable use of resources, knowledge about the spatial distribution of urban MS is needed. In this article, an innovative spatial analysis approach to urbanMS is proposed. Within this scope, MSindicators are defined at neighborhood level and clusteredwith k-mean algorithms. The MS is estimated bottom-up with (a) material-intensity coefficients and (b) spatial data for three built environment components: buildings, road transportation, and pipes, using sevenmaterial categories. The city of Gothenburg, Sweden is used as a case study. Moreover, being the first case study in Northern Europe, the results are explored through various aspects (material composition, age distribution, material density), and, finally, contrasted on a per capita basis with other studies worldwide. The stock is estimated at circa 84 million metric tons. Buildings account for 73% of the stock, road transport 26%, and pipes 1%. Mineral-binding materials take the largest share of the stock, followed by aggregates, brick, asphalt, steel, and wood. Per capita, the MS is estimated at 153 metric tons; 62 metric tons are residential, which, in an international context, is a medium estimate. Denser neighborhoodswith a mix of nonresidential and residential buildings have a lower proportion of MS in roads and pipes than low-density single-family residential neighborhoods. Furthermore, single-family residential neighborhoods cluster in mixed-age classes and show the largest content of wood. Multifamily buildings cluster in three distinct age classes, and each represent a specific material composition of brick, mineral binding, and steel. Future work should focus on megacities and contrasting multiple urban areas and, methodologically, should concentrate on algorithms,MS indicators, and spatial divisions of urban stock.
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- 2019
17. A review of environmental impacts of winter road maintenance
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Rolf André Bohne, Babak Ebrahimi, Helge Brattebø, Holger Wallbaum, Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Hrefna Run Vignisdottir, and Reyn Joseph O'Born
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Cold climate ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Highway maintenance ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,01 natural sciences ,Road transport ,Fuel efficiency ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Environmental impact assessment ,Winter maintenance ,Environmental planning ,Life-cycle assessment ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The need for winter road maintenance (WRM) is changing in cold regions due to climate change. How the different modes of WRM will contribute to future overall emissions from infrastructure is therefore of great interest to road owners with a view to a more sustainable, low-carbon future. In the quest for near-zero-emissions transport, all aspects of the transport sector need to be accounted for in the search for possible mitigation of emissions. This study used 35 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2018 to map available information on the environmental impacts and effect of WRM and reveal any research gaps. The articles were categorized according to their research theme and focus. They were found to focus mainly on the local effects of WRM with emphasis on effects on water. Of the reviewed works, 27 contain information related to the environmental effects of deicers on a local level while five focused on global impact, which was mainly caused by fuel consumption. Only two articles took a holistic look at the system to identify emission sources and the effectiveness of possible changes in operations methods or material selection. In conclusion, WRM would benefit from further research to understand how it affects the natural environment in regions with a cold climate. Furthermore, a life-cycle approach could reveal ways to mitigate emissions through effectively comparing possible changes in the system without shifting the problem to other aspects of road transport.
- Published
- 2019
18. The importance of life-cycle based planning in maintenance and energy renovation of multifamily buildings
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Holger Wallbaum, Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, and Abolfazl Sousanabadi Farahani
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Strategic planning ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Transportation ,Real estate ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Return on investment ,021108 energy ,Business ,Fixed cost ,Activity-based costing ,Building management ,Budget constraint ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Improving the energy performance in the real estate sector has become increasingly important and drawn a lot of attention during the past few decades. Despite all the technological developments, the energy efficiency measures are yet expensive and when implemented only to improve the energy performance, are rarely economically justified. To lower the costs of energy performance improvements, an alternative is to combine energy efficiency measures with already required renovation measures. The problem with renovation on the other hand, is that its planning is not strategic; it is mainly opportunistic, short-term and with the focus on the capitalization of newly-discovered opportunities, meaning that renovation measures are coupled when one or more of the rather costly building components have reached failure. The take on an opportunistic approach, however convenient, results in loss of value which is most often neglected in the economic evaluation of renovation projects. The lack of strategic planning and the subsequent loss of value become more important in less-attractive markets, where there are both budget constraints and socio-economic issues. Energy performance and/or living standard are often sacrificed through improper distribution of resources as the choice of renovation measures are often influenced by the return of investment. Therefore, a proper evaluation of renovation alternatives not only can satisfy the technical and financial requirements but also help maintain proper living standard and improve the energy performance in multifamily buildings. In a prior study, authors have proposed a systematic approach to cost-optimal maintenance and renovation planning by combining the deterioration function of building components with respective service-life cycle costing. This paper presents an extension of that methodology to include the energy efficiency option pricing as an optimization criterion. The extended methodology is meant to provide support for housing owners in building management in forms of technical and economic evaluation of possible energy-renovation scenarios under time/budget constraints. To demonstrate the application of the methodology, maintenance/renovation plans are devised for three building components with sharing fixed costs (windows, faoade and roof) in both new and existing multifamily buildings.
- Published
- 2019
19. Optimized maintenance and renovation scheduling in multifamily buildings – a systematic approach based on condition state and life cycle cost of building components
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Holger Wallbaum, Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, and Abolfazl Sousanabadi Farahani
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Computer science ,05 social sciences ,Equivalent annual cost ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Optimal maintenance ,Scheduling (production processes) ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Management Information Systems ,Proactive maintenance ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Conflicting objectives ,021105 building & construction ,0502 economics and business ,Deci ,Maintenance actions ,Cost analysis ,050203 business & management - Abstract
Proactive maintenance strategies in principle are devised to control degradation and sustain optimal performance of building components. While realizing the technical necessities, they also serve as an instrument towards multiple and often conflicting objectives during financial con- straints. An optimal proactive maintenance strategy therefore should comprise a multiannual maintenance action plan optimized on different criteria corresponding to owners’ objectives under existing constraints. This study offers a systematic approach based on a condition-deteri- oration model to address the complexity involved in decision making regarding optimized main- tenance and renovation planning. Life-cycle cost analysis in form of Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) is used for the economic assessment of maintenance/renovation scenarios. In this paper, the model is used to compare the economy of different maintenance/renovation plans in a chosen scenario in order to determine the optimal maintenance interval for a single and a com- bination of building components. Two fac ade elements, windows and fac ade rendering, are used to illustrate the application of the proposed method. This method is intended to help deci- sion makers at both design and post-construction phases in the choice of both building compo- nents and maintenance/renovation strategies.
- Published
- 2018
20. Life Cycle Management of Infrastructures
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Babak Ebrahimi and Holger Wallbaum
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Process management ,Geography ,Product life-cycle management - Published
- 2021
21. Cost-Optimal Maintenance and Renovation Planning in Multifamily Buildings with Annual Budget Constraints
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Holger Wallbaum, Abolfazl Sousanabadi Farahani, and Jan-Olof Dalenbäck
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Strategic planning ,Strategy and Management ,Control (management) ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Optimal maintenance ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental economics ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial relations ,Business ,Budget constraint ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
In strategic planning, maintenance and renovation plans serve as an instrument for multiple objectives (e.g., to control degradation, sustain optimal building performance, reduce the costs ...
- Published
- 2020
22. Sustainable Built Environment and Urban Growth Management
- Author
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Conny Overland, Holger Wallbaum, Magnus Österbring, Tim Johansson, and Mikael Mangold
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Driving factors ,Green belt ,Heating system ,Sustainability ,Urban design ,Business ,Environmental economics ,Life-cycle assessment ,Built environment ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
The European building stock was renewed at a rapid pace during the period 1950–1975. In many European countries, the building stock from this time needs to be renovated, and there are opportunities to introduce energy efficiency measures in the renovation process. information availability and increasingly available analysis tools make it possible to assess the impact of policy and regulation. This article describes methods developed for analyzing investments in renovation and energy performance based on building ownership and inhabitant socio-economic information developed for Swedish authorities, to be used for the Swedish national renovations strategy in 2019. This was done by analyzing measured energy usage and renovation investments made during the last 30 years, coupled with building specific official information of buildings and resident area characteristics, for multi-family dwellings in Gothenburg (N = 6319). The statistical analyses show that more costly renovations lead to decreasing energy usage for heating, but buildings that have been renovated during the last decades have a higher energy usage when accounting for current heating system, ownership, and resident socio-economic background. It is appropriate to include an affordability aspect in larger renovation projects since economically disadvantaged groups are over-represented in buildings with poorer energy performance.
- Published
- 2020
23. Comparing Different PV Module Types and Brands Under Working Conditions in the United Kingdom
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Mohamad Kharseh and Holger Wallbaum
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Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering ,potential ,020209 energy ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ,Energy Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,simulation ,7. Clean energy ,different PV brands ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Energy Systems ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,PV system - Abstract
The present work demonstrates the performance evaluation and economic analysis of different PV module types and brands at the working conditions of Padiham (53.5 N, 2.3 W) in the UK. The total area of PV plant was assumed to be 100 square meters. The simulations were carried out for modules installed on the roof and on the south-facing façade of a residential building. The comparison study is carried out to define the most suitable module type and brands for the considered place in the current study. The energy and economic performance of the grid-connected PV system are analyzed under the meteorological conditions of Padiham. The modules were characterized by evaluating their annual electrical energy generation and different figures of merit of the grid-connected PV systems such as the investment, annual profit, net present value, levelized cost of electricity, and the payback time. The simulations show that in this specific setup, monocrystalline modules have the best energy performance, while thin-film modules have the best economic performance.
- Published
- 2020
24. Numerical and real-life assessment of the moisture safety of CLT structure with PIR insulation composite under the Swedish climate
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Yutaka Goto, Johan Olofsson, Ulf Norr, and Holger Wallbaum
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lcsh:GE1-350 ,Moisture ,Composite number ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Civil engineering ,Carbon storage ,Living lab ,Life assessment ,021105 building & construction ,Cross laminated timber ,Environmental science ,In real life ,Moisture transfer ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The building industry is a major contributor of CO2 emission. Wood construction is a good option for carbon storage among various construction alternatives. Considering the growing market of multi-story wooden building in Sweden, CLT (cross laminated timber) structure with an alternative insulation composite with PIR insulation and MgO board was proposed. In order to prove the applicability of this construction for moisture safety, the hygrothermal performance of the wall was measured in real life at HSB Living Lab (Gothenburg, Sweden) throughout 2019. Furthermore, a numerical model to analyse its performance by transient heat and moisture transfer analysis was created to predict the performance of the wall system. After the successful validation of the numerical model, a parameter study was carried out to investigate the moisture risk of the wall system in the case of extensive wetting of the CLT panel and in various areas in Sweden (Gothenburg, Stockholm, Lund, Karlstad and Luleå). The study showed a low mould growth risk either in the test at the living lab or in the feasibility study. The development of the technology should further focus on the cost-effectiveness and design of all the construction details for the future market application.
- Published
- 2020
25. Energy Efficiency Measures and Data Needs. The Case of the European Building Portfolio Owners
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Clara Camarasa, E. Roussou, and A. Sousanabadi Farahani
- Subjects
Zero-energy building ,020209 energy ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Grey literature ,Energy consumption ,Environmental economics ,7. Clean energy ,Construction Management ,Heating system ,13. Climate action ,021105 building & construction ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Portfolio ,Environmental Analysis and Construction Information Technology ,Business ,Gross floor area ,Energy Systems ,Efficient energy use ,Desk - Abstract
In line with EU Directives, European building portfolio owners are required to bring their stock to nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) standards by 2050. To fulfil this goal in a timely and cost-effective manner, they will need to have a comprehensive understanding of their buildings’ condition, as well as consistent information on viable energy and low-carbon technology measures. Currently, in Europe, there is a lack of knowledge of what energy efficiency measures are being implemented in residential buildings. It is also unknown what are the decision-making processes behind the selection of these measures. On this basis, the aim of this study is to shed light on (1) what energy efficiency measures are currently carried out across European building portfolio owners (BPOs), (2) how are these measures selected (i.e. decision-making processes and information sources), and (3) what data would be needed to foster the uptake of low carbon energy efficiency technologies. The applied methodology combines desk research on scientific and grey literature, with findings in the field of building maintenance & operation. The later based on semi-structured interviews with 23 selected private and public BPOs across 7 European countries: Sweden, UK, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Results show that the most often implemented actions are the maintenance of the roof and the upgrade of the heating system. Measures are decided based on a combined planned and “reactive” (i.e. problem/solution) approach. The data that is typically used by BPOs is basic building information, such as gross floor area or year built. Although currently unavailable, the most often solicited evidence by the BPOS in favour of energy efficiency and low carbon technology measures is related to energy consumption and other user data.
- Published
- 2020
26. Investigation of regional conditions and sustainability indicators for sustainable product development of building materials
- Author
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York Ostermeyer, Holger Wallbaum, and Jun Kono
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Strategy and Management ,Information structure ,02 engineering and technology ,Sustainable product development ,Environmental economics ,Phase (combat) ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Production planning ,New product development ,Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Product (category theory) ,business ,Early phase ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
With the increasing importance of the sustainable product development of the building materials for the sustainable building and its industries, this study structured the existing sustainability assessment methods based on a common information structure, which was classified by its categories, aspects, and indicators. Sustainability indicator lists were structured into 25 categories, 88 aspects which 25% of those were product or product and regional related ones. Most of the sorted indicators related to products were difficult to be applied at the early phase of product development due to the lack of required level of information. Meanwhile, the indicators could be a supportive tool for the later phase of product development, for the production planning step as an example. Since the regional conditions showed the link between the sustainability performance during the building's operational phase, the conditions may serve as a proxy information to guide during the earlier product development phase.
- Published
- 2018
27. Building Inventory and Refurbishment Scenario Database Development for Switzerland
- Author
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York Ostermeyer, Holger Wallbaum, Claudio Nägeli, and Niko Heeren
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Database ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,General Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,Building typology ,Database structure ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economic model ,Environmental impact assessment ,Industrial ecology ,computer ,Stock (geology) ,Built environment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
© 2017, Yale University. Material usage and the related embodied environmental impact have grown in significance in the built environment. Therefore, cities and governments need to develop strategies to reduce both the consumption of resources during usage phase as well as the embodied impact of the current building stock. This article proposes a new component-based building inventory database as a basis to develop such strategies using building stock modeling. The developed database clusters the building stock according to building typology (single-family houses, multifamily houses, and office buildings), age, and the main construction systems of the different building components. Based on the component makeup, it lists the necessary material input and waste output for different refurbishment options for each building component. The advantages of the proposed database structure are shown based on two applications for the developed database for Switzerland. The component-based database allows optimization of refurbishment strategies not only from an energetic perspective, but also with respect to materials, both on the input (sourcing of materials) and the output (waste streams) level. The database structure makes it possible to continuously extend the data set by adding new refurbishment options or add data such as component-specific lifetimes, costs, or labor intensities of the refurbishment options. In combination with an aligned economic model, this would give an even more holistic view, impact, and feasibility of different refurbishment scenarios both in environmental and economic terms.
- Published
- 2017
28. Environmental performance of social housing in emerging economies: life cycle assessment of conventional and alternative construction methods in the Philippines
- Author
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York Ostermeyer, Holger Wallbaum, Jun Kono, and Corinna Salzer
- Subjects
Engineering ,Economic growth ,Energy demand ,business.industry ,Public housing ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental economics ,01 natural sciences ,Climate change mitigation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Building life cycle ,Environmental impact assessment ,business ,Emerging markets ,Life-cycle assessment ,Stock (geology) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Purpose The environmental impact of the social building stock is relevant, particularly in emerging economies. Life cycle thinking is not yet established, however. Locally available, alternative building concepts could potentially reduce the environmental impact of the construction segment. This paper examines the environmental performance of Bas-built low-cost housing for an example of the Philippines, and the potential to reduce its environmental impact through use of three alternative building technologies: cement–bamboo frames, soil–cement blocks, and coconut board-based housing. Methods Life cycle assessment models are implemented and evaluated with software SimaPro, using the single-impact indicators global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED) and the multi-impact indicator Impact2002+. According to EN 15978, the life cycle phase product and construction process (A), use stage (B), end-of-life (C) and supplementary information beyond the building life cycle (D) have been assessed. Theoretically calculated inflows from standard construction procedures used in phase A have been verified with 3 years of empirical data from implemented construction projects. For phases B, C and D, attention was given to service life, use-phase, allocation of waste products, biogenic carbon and land-use assumptions. Scenarios reflect the actual situation in the emerging economy. Processes, such as heat recovery from thermal utilization, which are not existing nor near to implementation, were excluded. Results and discussion For an assessment of the phases A–B–C–D with GWP, a 35% reduction of environmental impact for soil–cement blocks, 74%for cement–bamboo frame, and 83% for coconut board-based houses is obtained relative to a concrete reference house. In absolute terms, this relates to a reduction of 4.4, 9.3, and 10.3 t CO2 equivalents over a service life of 25 years. CED showed higher impacts for the biogenic construction methods coconut board and cement–bamboo frames of +8.0 and +4.7%, while the soil–cement technology was evaluated −7.1% compared to GWP. Sixteen of 17 midpoint categories of Impact2002+ confirmed an overall reduction potential of the alternative building methods, with the midpoint category land occupation being the exception rating the conventional practice over the alternatives. Conclusions It is concluded that the alternative construction technologies have substantial potential to reduce the environmental burden caused by the social housing sector. The service life of the alternative technologies plays a vital role for it. LCA for emerging economies needs to incorporate realistic scenarios applicable at their current state or belonging to the most probable alternatives to ensure valuable results. Recommendations for further research are provided.
- Published
- 2017
29. The trends of hourly carbon emission factors in Germany and investigation on relevant consumption patterns for its application
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Jun Kono, and York Ostermeyer
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,Daytime ,Names of the days of the week ,020209 energy ,Annual average ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental Science(all) ,Electricity grid ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,Operations management ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Purpose The share of variable renewable energy sources (vRES) in the German electricity grid has increased over the past few decades. Due to the nature of the generation pattern of vRES, the increase of vRES causes the emission factor (EF) to fluctuate on an hourly basis. This fluctuation raises concerns about the accuracy of quantifying emissions with the current metric of the annual average EF as the respective EF may change depending on the time at which it is consumed. Methods The study calculated the hourly EF of Germany from 2011 to 2015 and investigated the effect of an increase of vRES on the EF. The calculated hourly EF was clustered based on three aspects of time: the period of time, the time of a day, and the day of the week. Results and discussion The study showed a higher proportion of vRES on weekend daytimes while the weekday nighttimes resulted in a lower share than the annual average. The study highlighted potential underestimation and overestimation of emissions by using annual average EF which ranged from +22% (2015 weekday nighttime of October) to −34% (2015 weekend daytime of May). Conclusions The study suggested that the application of hourly EF may be necessary to quantify the respective emission from the consumers that use electricity during the weekend daytime and weekend nighttime. For consumer use at other times, the emissions could be quantified appropriately by using the conventional annual average EF.
- Published
- 2017
30. Hygrothermal performance of a vapor-open envelope for subtropical climate, field test and model validation
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Yutaka Goto, Holger Wallbaum, Karim Ghazi Wakili, York Ostermeyer, and Angela Sasic Kalagasidis
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Engineering ,Commercial software ,Environmental Engineering ,Moisture ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Humid subtropical climate ,Humidity ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Civil engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,business ,Roof ,Building envelope ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Envelope (motion) - Abstract
The construction industry is known to be a key contributor to manmade climate change. Amongst other nations, Japan has a building energy efficiency goal which does not yet emphasize the importance of the moisture safety design of well-insulated building envelopes considering its diverse climatic conditions. The authors developed a vapor-open wooden building envelope for the subtropical conditions of Japan and optimized a design method, which considers environmental, economic and hygrothermal aspects. As a case study, a detached residential building has been constructed in Ohmihachiman (central Japan). The building has been monitored using a large number of temperature and humidity sensors inside the walls and the roof. Results have been obtained from measurements over a period of one year. Furthermore, transient hygrothermal simulations using the measured exterior and interior climates have been carried out. It was shown that 1) the construction of the wall was successful with the desired level of air-tightness and 2) the simulation model by a commercial software is applicable for predicting the hygrothermal performance of the wall with the envelope system in the actual use condition.
- Published
- 2016
31. Estimating the Ground Temperature Around Energy Piles Using Artificial Neural Networks
- Author
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Mohamed El Koujok, Holger Wallbaum, and Mohamad Kharseh
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Borehole ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Mathematical equations ,Software ,law ,Heat exchanger ,Ground temperature ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Operating time ,Environmental science ,business ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Marine engineering ,Heat pump - Abstract
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are using vertical ground heat exchangers, known as Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHEs), as a heat source or sink. The performance of the GSHP system strongly relies on the ground temperature surrounding the BHEs. This temperature depends on many parameters and varies during the operating time. Therefore, the determination of the ground temperature is crucial to define the design and the proper size of the BHEs so that the performance of the GSHP system can be kept at the desired level. The current study aims to formulate a complex structure of artificial neural network (ANN) model in a mathematical equation that expresses the change in the ground temperature around BHEs due to heat injection in the long run. To fulfill this aim, a numerical model of BHEs was created using the ANSYS (Analysis System) software to generate data. The generated data was then used to train the ANN model, which was built for this study. The simulation results show that the ANN model estimates the ground temperature (Tg) in the target GSHP system with higher accuracy.
- Published
- 2019
32. Road Planning and Route Alignment Selection Criteria in the Norwegian Context
- Author
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Reyn O Born, Kelly Pittera, Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Babak Ebrahimi, Hrefna Run Vignisdottir, Helge Brattebø, Rolf André Bohne, and Holger Wallbaum
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Government ,VDP::Teknologi: 500 ,Process management ,Process (engineering) ,Computer science ,language ,Design process ,Context (language use) ,Norwegian ,Social responsibility ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,language.human_language ,Field (computer science) - Abstract
This paper reveals the main factors that guide road alignment design process in Norway. The goal is to discover what constitutes the main priorities for road planners, how these priorities are ranked when it comes to alignment selection, and how they are related to guiding factors identified in official planning documents and government transport plans throughout the life cycle of a road. This is done through a comprehensive literature and data search, involving published academic research in the road alignment design field, and by exploring Norwegian road planning documents and guidelines. Examples from a recently implemented road project are also included as a way to illustrate alignment priorities in theory versus how alignment decisions are made in practice. Particular attention is paid to how key factors influence environmental and social dimensions and how much importance these dimensions are given in the overall decision-making process. The focus on the Norwegian case is relevant in that it will identify which knowledge gaps need to be filled based on actual practices in the Norwegian road sector. The results of this study found that the dominating factors in road planning and alignment selection are the user cost and the environmental and socio-economic as they are directly related to the main national transport strategy of developing a carbon-neutral and resilient transport system. These results can be used to reinforce and amplify existing road planning strategies and to understand where challenges for environmental and social responsible road planning and alignment selection are found. Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
- Published
- 2019
33. Identify Optimal Renovation Packages for Residential Buildings: A State-of-the-Art Computational Model
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Claudio Nägeli, and Mohamad Kharseh
- Subjects
Architectural engineering ,Computer science ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Net energy ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Renewable energy ,Conceptual framework ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Environmental impact assessment ,European union ,business ,Implementation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Renovating the existing building stock has a significant potential to achieve the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union. However, a common European renovation project focuses primarily on improving the thermal performance of the building shell by adding insulation to the opaque surfaces and improve the thermal performance of the windows. The potentially positive contribution of renewable energies (RE) in balance with energy efficiency measures is often underestimated. Consequently, a more holistic approach can contribute to a reduction in total net energy demand up to 40-45% for the entire buildings sector. Thus, in order to achieve the goal of GHG emission reduction in an economic most responsible way, the share of RE in a renovation project needs to be increased. However, building renovation projects are becoming - apparently - more complicated if more factors are considered in the planning of a renovation project. Thus, a computational tool for evaluating hundreds of different renovation options, including the implementations of renewable energy resources, to obtain an optimal or nearly optimal set of renovation options is essential. Therefore, a novel planning tool has been developed within the framework of DREEAM project, a project funded by the European Union within the Horizon 2020 research framework. The DREEAM-Tool has been designed in the way that it helps designers and other stakeholders to plan a renovation project of a single building or even on a multi-building scale. The tool was built in the way to optimize the renovation project taking into consideration the most critical factors in planning and decision-making processes, such as the economic or environmental performance. In other words, the tool combines an energy calculation model for a building or multiple building with an economic and environmental assessment to identify and optimize the most beneficial refurbishment solutions. The current study presents the concept of the DREEAM-Tool and shows examples of how the optimal renovation packages of a considered building will be determined and how this will support designers or buildings owners in decision-making processes.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. How Adding a Battery to Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Can Increases Its Economic Performance: Compare Different Scenarios
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum and Mohamad Kharseh
- Subjects
Computer science ,Payback time ,Photovoltaic system ,Grid-connected photovoltaic power system ,Battery (vacuum tube) ,7. Clean energy ,energy_fuel_technology ,Automotive engineering - Abstract
The current work investigates how adding a battery of optimal capacity to a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system can improve its economic feasibility. Also, the effect of different parameters on the feasibility of the PV system was evaluated. The OBC was determined for different saving targets of the annual electricity consumption of the chosen building. For this aim, real electricity consumption data of a residential building in Landskrona, Sweden, was used as energy consumption profile. Solar World SW325XL, which is a monocrystalline solar panel, was selected as PV panels. The calculations were performed under the metrological and economic conditions of southern Sweden. Different working parameters (WP)were considered (prices of the battery, feed-in tariffs, and saving targets). The performed calculations show that the optimal battery capacity (OBC), in which the payback time (PBT) of the system is maximized, strongly depends on the WP. The proper selection of the battery can considerably increase the economic feasibility of the PV system in southern Sweden. However, in some cases, using battery can have a negative impact on the PBT of the system. The results show that the electricity price, the module price, the inverter price, and the inverter lifetime have the highest effect on the PBT.
- Published
- 2018
35. Bridging the gap between assessment and action: recommendations for the effective use of LCA in the building process
- Author
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Sjouke Beemsterboer, Holger Wallbaum, and Henrikke Baumann
- Subjects
business.industry ,New product development ,Building life cycle ,Production (economics) ,Sustainable consumption ,Environmental impact assessment ,Business ,Environmental economics ,Natural resource ,Life-cycle assessment ,Built environment - Abstract
Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) witnesses increasing popularity in the built environment. LCA stimulates among others an efficient use of natural resources and a reduction of carbon emissions through quantification of material and energy inputs and emissions in the building life cycle. Thereby, LCA aspires to contribute to SDG12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Despite high ambitions, the actual influence of LCA in construction projects is often modest. The mere application of LCA methodology in a building project is insufficient to produce a more environmentally friendly building. To better understand the practical conditions under which an LCA may induce change in a building project, we propose to analyse the use of LCA from a processual perspective. This paper presents a case study of a building product development project in which a processual perspective is applied on LCA. Using a longitudinal ethnographic methodology, key actors are followed through environmentally relevant episodes as the building project matures. A progressive LCA quantifies the potential environmental impact of the project as it progresses through different stages of the building process. Based on the learnings from this study, recommendations are presented to support the effective use of LCA in sustainable building practices, and contribute to SDG12 on sustainable consumption and production patterns.
- Published
- 2020
36. Improving indoor environmental quality (IEQ) for occupant health and well-being: A case study of Swedish office building
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum and Quan Jin
- Subjects
Sustainable development ,Architectural engineering ,Fresh air ,Work (electrical) ,Well-being ,Daylight ,Certification ,Business ,Environmental quality ,BREEAM - Abstract
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a major domain of building conditions relating to occupant comfort, health and well-being. Especially in the office environment, IEQ can influence work productivity positively. Within the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), goal 3 good health and well-being, and goal 8 decent work and economic growth are the two areas where IEQ can significantly contribute. To better design sustainable office buildings in line with the agenda 2030, the study aims to examine occupant satisfaction, health and work in a newly renovated office building which is labelled by the BREEAM certification scheme Silver. Occupant preferences of IEQ comparing to the current conditions were also explored to provide advice for future design. The results show that occupant satisfaction with IEQ has not well achieved and in the office environment occupants prefer warmer temperature, more fresh air, less noise, and more daylight. We also find that perceived IEQ is extensively related to occupant health and work productivity. It concludes that in such a newly renovated office building as a high-performance building, there are still many problems from the indoor environments. Therefore, improvements are needed to gain occupant satisfaction and positively influence occupant health, well-being and work productivity.
- Published
- 2020
37. Socio-economic impact of renovation and energy retrofitting of the Gothenburg building stock
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Liane Thuvander, Magnus Österbring, Mikael Mangold, and Paula Femenias
- Subjects
Economic growth ,Natural resource economics ,020209 energy ,Building specific data ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Socio economic impact ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economics ,Retrofitting ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Stock (geology) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Pace ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Measured energy usage ,Tenure ,Mechanical Engineering ,Equity (finance) ,Equity ,Building and Construction ,GIS ,Average income ,Multi-family dwellings ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
The European building stock was renewed at a rapid pace during the period 1950–1975. In many European countries the building stock from this time needs to be renovated. There is an opportunity to introduce energy efficiency measures in the renovation process, but in this process social aspects should also be taken into account. The purpose of this article is to provide an estimate of the economic and societal challenge of renovating and energy retrofitting the aging building stock. Building specific data on energy usage and previous renovation investments made in the multi-family dwellings in Gothenburg (N=5 098) is aligned with data on tenure type and average income. Based on conducted energy retrofitting projects, costs are estimated for renovating and energy retrofitting multi-family dwellings that will reach the service life of 50 years before 2026. It is found that the pace of renovation needs to increase and that there is risk of increasing societal inequity due to rent increases in renovated buildings.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Author
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York Ostermeyer, Holger Wallbaum, Bijan Adl-Zarrabi, and Mohammad Hoseini
- Subjects
Transport engineering ,Engineering ,business.industry ,Sustainability ,Alternative energy ,Production (economics) ,Environmental economics ,business ,Grid ,Energy source ,Energy harvesting ,Supply and demand ,Renewable energy - Abstract
The possibility of integrating energy harvesting devices into the bridge/tunnel structures along Coastal Highway Route E39 has been investigated in a feasibility study by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). The main advantage of integrating energy conversion devices in a structural element is the reduction of costs compared to stand-alone devices. The construction could be used as a foundation, a mooring point and provide a dry environment for electrical devices. Easy access to the production site could also reduce the cost for installation, operation and maintenance. Two important challenges related to harvesting renewable energy by infrastructure elements, without concerning about the energy source, are to store it or feed the energy to the grid. In the second case, tailoring generation to demand is of critical importance. Tasks such as supply and demand management, for instance, peak hour management, what kind of storage should be used - electrical or thermal - need be solved. Furthermore, integrating energy production devices in a structure might cause negative environmental impacts and affect the life expectancy and maintenance costs of such structures. The potential environmental impacts associated with renewable technologies are the consequences for bird life or marine fauna at the fjord crossing locations, as well as noise and visual impact. Thus, a sustainability assessment should be performed in order to quantify the ecological, economical and societal impacts of the suggested alternatives.
- Published
- 2016
39. On the usefulness of a cost-performance indicator curve at the strategic level for consideration of energy efficiency measures for building portfolios
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Markus Christen, and Bryan T. Adey
- Subjects
Actuarial science ,Cost–benefit analysis ,Relation (database) ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Environmental economics ,Energy accounting ,Renewable energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Economics ,Portfolio ,Production (economics) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Energy (signal processing) ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
There is an increasing desire by managers to reduce the amount of energy consumed by the buildings in their portfolio. Energy efficiency measures on existing buildings, however, are often economically feasible only if executed at the same time as the execution of necessary maintenance and refurbishment measures. At the strategic level it would be useful to be able to better plan the costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures so that decisions could be made to execute them when the opportunity arises. In this paper, a Cost-Performance-Indicator (CPI) curve is proposed to indicate additional costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures at a strategic level, and evidence is given that corroborates the hypothesis that energy efficiency measures follow the law of increasing relative costs. The usefulness of the CPI curve is demonstrated through two case studies. An example is provided and the potential is discussed for using this curve for the planning and budgeting of refurbishment and energy efficiency measures, and as a tool to explain the relation between costs and benefits of measures enhancing building energy efficiency, including the production of renewable energy, to investors.
- Published
- 2016
40. A differentiated description of building-stocks for a georeferenced urban bottom-up building-stock model
- Author
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Liane Thuvander, Magnus Österbring, Holger Wallbaum, Mikael Mangold, Érika Mata, and Filip Johnsson
- Subjects
Energy ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Top-down and bottom-up design ,Building and Construction ,GIS ,Residential ,Civil engineering ,Modelling ,Work (electrical) ,Margin (machine learning) ,Building stock ,021105 building & construction ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Portfolio ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Level of detail ,Energy (signal processing) ,Simulation ,Efficient energy use ,Envelope (motion) ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Several building-stock modelling techniques have been employed to investigate the impact of energy efficiency measures (EEM), where the description of the building-stock generally consists of an age-type classification to specify building characteristics for groups of buildings. Such descriptions lack the appropriate level of detail to differentiate the potential for EEM within age groups. This paper proposes a methodology for building-stock description using building-specific data and measured energy use to augment an age-type building-stock classification. By integrating building characteristics from energy performance certificates, measured energy use and envelope areas from a 2.5D GIS model, the building-stock description reflects the heterogeneity of the building-stock. The proposed method is validated using a local building portfolio (N=433) in the city of Gothenburg, where modelled results for space heating and domestic hot water are compared to data from measurements, both on an individual building level and for the entire portfolio. Calculated energy use based on the building-stock description of the portfolio differ less than 3% from measured values, with 42% of the individual buildings being within a 20% margin of measured energy use indicating further work is needed to reduce or quantify the uncertainty on a building level.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Factors for Eco-Efficiency Improvement of Thermal Insulation Materials
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, York Ostermeyer, Jun Kono, Yutaka Goto, and Rolf Frischknecht
- Subjects
Foam glass ,Engineering ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Energy consumption ,Eco-efficiency ,Raw material ,Mechanics of Materials ,Thermal insulation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Production (economics) ,General Materials Science ,Environmental impact assessment ,Process engineering ,business ,Life-cycle assessment - Abstract
Thermal insulation material is an important component to reduce the environmental impact of buildings through the reduction of energy consumption in the operation phase. However, the material itself has embodied environmental impacts for the value it provides. Eco-efficiency is a method that quantifies relation between the environmental performance and the created value of a product system. This study investigated contributing factors of the eco-efficiency of thermal insulation materials to support decision making of material manufacturers. For the improvement of eco-efficiency, the assessment was made in two scopes: investigating the contributing factors of impact caused at production processes; and thermal performance through thermo-physical properties. For quantifying environmental impacts, cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) of each materials were made. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) indicators used were ReCiPe H/A and global warming potential (GWP100a). For the assessment of production process, the inventories of the materials were assigned to six categories: heat, chemicals, electricity, transportation, raw materials and wastes. Among the assessed materials, contribution of electricity and heat within the production process was large for foam glass which had the highest potential to improve the eco-efficiency which was by factor 1.72. The analysis on relation between thermo-physical properties and eco-efficiency based on product data of the materials highlighted the importance of density as an indicator upon development and use. Althoughdensity often gains less attention,the finding suggested the effectiveness of improving the efficiency by having lower density without compensating the performance of the materials.
- Published
- 2016
42. A new systemic approach to improve the sustainability performance of office buildings in the early design stage
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Alexander Passer, and Helmuth Kreiner
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stakeholder ,Building and Construction ,Certification ,Interdependence ,Identification (information) ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Order (exchange) ,Sustainability ,Systems engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Network analysis ,media_common ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Different users and investors´ project preferences, often lead to trade-offs during the early design phase of a project. Currently, decisions of design options and their technical measures are mainly reduced to an instantaneously assessed criterion (i.e. energy efficiency) within the sustainability assessment of buildings. Due to criteria interdependency, the current linear applied approach used in building certification neglects criteria trade-offs and is therefore only partly suitable for holistic building improvement processes. In order to fulfil stakeholder interests on the one hand and a high sustainability performance on the other, it is crucial to identify appropriate design measures. Based on the Austrian building certification system OGNI/DGNB, we applied a systemic approach for building sustainability-improvement, using a case study of a public office building in Graz, Austria. The main part of the study describes the important steps required for the systemic optimization of building sustainability. The method applied in this study allows the quantification of the relative influence and the identification of the individual optimization potential of design options on each single assessment criterion. The proposed systemic approach clearly demonstrated the improvement potential of the currently most developed building certification system considering the interdependency between the individual criteria.
- Published
- 2015
43. DREEAM, Demonstration of an integrated Renovation approach for Energy Efficiency At the Multi building scale, Horizon2020
- Author
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York Ostermeyer, Claudio Nägeli, Holger Wallbaum, and Izabella Kurkowska
- Subjects
Engineering ,Scale (ratio) ,business.industry ,business ,Civil engineering ,Efficient energy use - Published
- 2017
44. Spatiotemporal characteristics of residential material stocks and flows in urban, commuter, and rural settlements
- Author
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Liane Thuvander, Holger Wallbaum, and Paul Gontia
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Strategy and Management ,Stock and flow ,05 social sciences ,Environmental resource management ,02 engineering and technology ,Metropolitan area ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Geography ,Demolition waste ,Human settlement ,050501 criminology ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Outflow ,Rural area ,business ,Rural settlement ,Stock (geology) ,0505 law ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Residential buildings take a large share of the globally accumulated construction material stock. Knowledge regarding material stocks and flows and the spatial and temporal dynamics of residential structures is needed to enhance material circularity and, consequently, reduce the inflow of raw materials and the outflow of demolition waste. In this study, material stocks and flows in residential buildings are estimated with the aim of identifying spatiotemporal characteristics among different settlements. Sweden's 290 municipalities classified into eight settlement types are used as a case study. The modeling is realized bottom-up, with statistical inventory data and material intensity coefficients. The results demonstrate that, in the last 25 years, 63% of the residential material stock in Sweden has accumulated in the three largest metropolitan areas (Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmo). In contrast, rural areas and the commuter municipalities to small cities show a decrease in material stocks. For the same period, particularities in material flows were also depicted. For instance, medium-size towns presented the highest inflow and outflow, commuter municipalities to large cities showed no outflow, and rural areas with a visiting industry had a high stock renewal. The material composition differs among settlements due to fluctuations in residential building type and age distribution of the stock. Brick and steel have higher stock in larger settlements, whereas wood and aggregate show higher stock in smaller, commuter and rural settlements. Spatially, it was observed that residential stock mainly accumulates in large cities located near the sea, and inland in medium-size towns along large transportation infrastructures such as high-speed roads that connect the large cities. These spatial observations indicate the formation of an intensively built human corridor, which can be used for enhancing material circularity within the national boundaries. The results point to spatial and temporal particularities in material stocks and flows among settlement types and, therefore, further related research is recommended. This study also contributes with an extensive discussion on drivers of stock accumulation, policy implications, uncertainties, and results validation.
- Published
- 2020
45. Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II
- Author
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Nigel A. Oseland, Francesco Babich, Toby Cheung, Holger Wallbaum, Gail Brager, Andreas Wagner, Madhavi Indraganti, Yufeng Zhang, Chandra Sekhar, Sanyogita Manu, Linda Toledo, Liu Yang, Maohui Luo, Hui Zhang, M Andamon, Peixian Li, Veronika Földváry Ličina, Christhina Candido, Chungyoon Chun, Dennis L. Loveday, Roberto Lamberts, Yongchao Zhai, Chiheb Bouden, Joon-Ho Choi, Paul C. Cropper, Jungsoo Kim, Shahin Heidari, Malcolm J. Cook, Kyle Konis, Kazuyo Tsuzuki, Fergus Nicol, Jørn Toftum, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Jared Langevin, Hana Bukovianska, Bin Cao, Hyojin Kim, Renata De Vecchi, David Cheong, Zhaojun Wang, Ramona Romero, Max Deuble, Manoj Kumar Singh, Edward Arens, Quan Jin, Cornelia Moosmann, Ryozo Ooka, Xiang Zhou, Lorenzo Pagliano, Shin Ichi Tanabe, Kwok Wai Tham, Rajan Rawal, Richard de Dear, Lynda Webb, Dušan Petráš, Marcel Schweiker, Yingxin Zhu, Stefano Schiavon, Despoina Teli, Salvatore Carlucci, Mike Adebamowo, Alison G. Kwok, Soazig Kaam, Thomas Parkinson, and Federico Tartarini
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Computer science ,Data repository ,Field study ,Thermal comfort ,Visualization tool ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Building and Construction ,020209 energy ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Information repository ,computer.software_genre ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Field (computer science) ,Engineering ,021105 building & construction ,HVAC ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,ASHRAE 90.1 ,Built environment ,Environmental quality ,Planning and Development ,Database ,Geography ,business.industry ,business ,Raw data ,computer - Abstract
Recognizing the value of open-source research databases in advancing the art and science of HVAC, in 2014 the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II project was launched under the leadership of University of California at Berkeley's Center for the Built Environment and The University of Sydney's Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Laboratory. The exercise began with a systematic collection and harmonization of raw data from the last two decades of thermal comfort field studies around the world. The ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II (Comfort Database), now an online, open-source database, includes approximately 81,846 complete sets of objective indoor climatic observations with accompanying ?right-here-right-now? subjective evaluations by the building occupants who were exposed to them. The database is intended to support diverse inquiries about thermal comfort in field settings. A simple web-based interface to the database enables filtering on multiple criteria, including building typology, occupancy type, subjects' demographic variables, subjective thermal comfort states, indoor thermal environmental criteria, calculated comfort indices, environmental control criteria and outdoor meteorological information. Furthermore, a web-based interactive thermal comfort visualization tool has been developed that allows end-users to quickly and interactively explore the data. The study was supported by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers grant ( URP 1656 ), 2016-2017 ASHRAE Graduate Grant-In-Aid for Veronika Fldvry Liina, British Council and UK Government under the Global Innovation Initiative project scheme, Korea National Science Foundation and the Center for the Built Environment, University of California Berkeley . Additional support was provided by the Republic of Singapore's National Research Foundation through a grant to the Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) for the Singapore-Berkeley Building Efficiency and Sustainability in the Tropics (SinBerBEST) Program. Scopus
- Published
- 2018
46. Prioritizing deep renovation for housing portfolios
- Author
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Liane Thuvander, Holger Wallbaum, Magnus Österbring, Claudio Nägeli, and Clara Camarasa
- Subjects
Energy demand ,Cost effectiveness ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Equivalent annual cost ,Energy performance ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Environmental economics ,021105 building & construction ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Portfolio ,Business ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Average cost ,Savings account ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Cost-effectiveness of deep renovation has been assessed thoroughly on a building level. Such studies pro- vide limited guidance when prioritizing renovation measures for a building portfolio. On a stock level, building-stock modelling is commonly used to assess impact of renovation on a national and city level, targeting stakeholders operating at a planning or policy level. However, due to methodological choices and data availability, assessment of property owner portfolios is lacking. The aim of this paper is to cal- culate and spatially differentiate cost-effectiveness of deep renovation using equivalent annual cost and increase in assessed building value for a portfolio owner as a first step in prioritizing deep renovation within a building portfolio. A bottom-up engineering-based model is applied utilizing building-specific information for a municipal housing company portfolio in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, consisting of 1803 multi-family buildings. Energy demand for space heating and hot-water is calibrated using mea- sured energy use from energy performance certificates. Deep renovation is assessed by applying a pack- age of measures across all buildings. Results show average energy use reduction across the portfolio of 51% to an average cost of 597 EUR/m 2 living area. While average energy cost savings account for 21% of equivalent annual cost, there are seven buildings where more than half the annual equivalent cost of renovation is covered by energy cost savings. Similarly, the distribution of change in assessed build- ing value is large for individual buildings, ranging from 0–23%. Aggregating results to larger areas tend to average out results while differences between individual buildings within areas persists. As such, the cost-effectiveness of deep renovation should be assessed on a building-by-building basis rather than for an area or neighbourhood. The results are intended as a first step in prioritizing deep renovation within a building portfolio and further detailed assessment is needed.
- Published
- 2019
47. Explorative life-cycle assessment of renovating existing urban housing-stocks
- Author
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Magnus Österbring, Liane Thuvander, Holger Wallbaum, and Érika Mata
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Energy demand ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Limiting ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental economics ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental science ,Environmental impact assessment ,021108 energy ,Life-cycle assessment ,Stock (geology) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Urban building-stocks are responsible for a significant share of resource and energy use. To quantify the potential for reducing energy and environmental impact, building-stock modelling (BSM) is commonly used. Recently, the focus of BSM has expanded to include environmental impacts and life-cycle assessment (LCA). However, impact categories are often limited to climate change and representative buildings are often used. In addition, the future state of the stock is often calculated as a step-change to highlight the technical potential of an ideal future state. The aim of this paper is to assess the environmental impact of the future development of an urban housing-stock under business-as-usual scenarios using a building-specific GIS based model applied to the multi-family building stock of the City of Gothenburg. This paper uses an explorative LCA to account for environmental impacts based on dynamic uptake of common renovation measures and resulting energy savings until 2050. Two main scenarios are used where the renovation logic is based on either end-of-life of components or cost-effectiveness and further divided using limiting factors regarding investment capacity and annual share of the stock to be renovated. Results show possible energy savings of up to 23% and a corresponding 31% reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. Greenhouse-gas emissions avoided due to reduced energy demand are offset by up to 65% by accounting for material use due to construction related renovation measures. For scenarios that favour construction related interventions, PV panels are responsible for the major part of the environmental impact across the 15 mid-point indicators used.
- Published
- 2019
48. Trade-Off between the Social and Environmental Performance of Green Concrete: The Case of 6 Countries
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Jun Kono, and York Ostermeyer
- Subjects
life cycle thinking ,020209 energy ,Supply chain ,Geography, Planning and Development ,TJ807-830 ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Trade-off ,alternative cement ,TD194-195 ,01 natural sciences ,Renewable energy sources ,building materials ,life cycle assessment ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,GE1-350 ,Life-cycle assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Product design ,construction industry ,Environmental effects of industries and plants ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Impact assessment ,Environmental economics ,LCT ,Environmental sciences ,Corporate sustainability ,Sustainability ,Corporate social responsibility ,SLCA ,social life cycle assessment ,Business - Abstract
Improving the sustainability performance of construction industry is driven by two forces: regulatory push (policy initiatives), and market pull where improving a corporate sustainability performance can be financially beneficial for enterprises. Through the investigation of the sustainability hotspots and impacts, concerning social and environmental, of the steel slag mixed concrete (green concrete) the study assessed the factors relevant for its performance and examined how to improve them. Hotspot analysis and impact assessments were conducted by social and environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). The assessed green concrete represented not just the variety of geographic representation but also the product designs (three different slag contents) and the potential difference occurring from the corporate efforts, where four classes were introduced. The investigation of the social and environmental hotspots of the green concrete revealed a difference in the relation between the sustainability performance and steel slags. While the increased slag content resulted in worse social performance, the increase improved the environmental performance in all six investigated case countries. This trade-off between the social and environmental performance implied the limits of the sustainable product design and suggested the effectiveness of the supply chain management for improving the two sustainability performances for the green concrete.
- Published
- 2018
49. Stakeholder Specific Multi-Scale Spatial Representation of Urban Building-Stocks
- Author
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Érika Mata, Magnus Österbring, Holger Wallbaum, and Liane Thuvander
- Subjects
Computer science ,020209 energy ,energy development scenarios ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Energy current ,Stakeholder ,energy efficiency measures ,lcsh:G1-922 ,02 engineering and technology ,Environmental economics ,building-stock ,GIS ,Urban building ,stakeholder communication ,Visualization ,visualization ,Urban planning ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Spatial representation ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Stock (geology) ,lcsh:Geography (General) ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Urban building-stocks use a significant amount of resources and energy. At the same time, they have a large potential for energy efficiency measures (EEM). To support decision-making and planning, spatial building-stock models are used to examine the current state and future development of urban building-stocks. While these models normally focus on specific cities, generic and broad stakeholder groups such as planners and policy makers are often targeted. Consequently, the visualization and communication of results are not tailored to these stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of mapping and representing energy use of urban building-stocks at different levels of aggregation and spatial distributions, to communicate with specific stakeholders involved in the urban development process. This paper uses a differentiated building-stock description based on building-specific data and measured energy use from energy performance certificates for multi-family buildings (MFB) in the city of Gothenburg. The building-stock description treats every building as unique, allowing results to be provided at any level of aggregation to suit the needs of the specific stakeholders involved. Calculated energy use of the existing stock is within 10% of the measured energy use. The potential for EEM in the existing stock is negated by the increased energy use due to new construction until 2035, using a development scenario based on current renovation rates and planned developments. Visualizations of the current energy use of the stock as well as the impact of renovation and new construction are provided, targeting specific local stakeholders.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Nonwoven geotextile scour protection at offshore wind parks, application and life cycle assessment
- Author
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Holger Wallbaum, Jun Kono, Jong Hao Su, and Helge Hoyme
- Subjects
Offshore wind power ,Natural water ,Flow (psychology) ,Environmental science ,Geotextile ,Geotechnical engineering ,Life-cycle assessment ,Turbine ,Seabed - Abstract
The sand surrounding a construction (e.g. monopile) for mounting an offshore wind turbine, could be scoured due to the affection of natural water flow at the ocean floor. To tackle the phenomena, scour protection methods have been established. Mostly rocks are used, but also one alternative, described in this paper, has been used already successfully: The installation of Geotextile Sand Containers.
- Published
- 2018
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