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This report, based on the Dark Sectors workshop at SLAC in April 2016, summarizes the scientific importance of searches for dark sector dark matter and forces at masses beneath the weak-scale, the status of this broad international field, the important milestones motivating future exploration, and promising experimental opportunities to reach these milestones over the next 5-10 years., Comment: 66 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables. Workshop website and agenda: http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/darksectors2016/ https://indico.cern.ch/event/507783/ Editors: J. Alexander, M. Battaglieri, B. Echenard, R. Essig, M. Graham, E. Izaguirre, J. Jaros, G. Krnjaic, J. Mardon, D. Morrissey, T. Nelson, M. Perelstein, M. Pyle, A. Ritz, P. Schuster, B. Shuve, N. Toro, R. Van De Water

Background: Octupole-deformed nuclei, such as that of $^{225}$Ra, are expected to amplify observable atomic electric dipole moments (EDMs) that arise from time-reversal and parity-violating interactions in the nuclear medium. In 2015, we reported the first "proof-of-principle" measurement of the $^{225}$Ra atomic EDM. Purpose: This work reports on the first of several experimental upgrades to improve the statistical sensitivity of our $^{225}$Ra EDM measurements by orders of magnitude and evaluates systematic effects that contribute to current and future levels of experimental sensitivity. Method: Laser-cooled and trapped $^{225}$Ra atoms are held between two high voltage electrodes in an ultra high vacuum chamber at the center of a magnetically shielded environment. We observe Larmor precession in a uniform magnetic field using nuclear-spin-dependent laser light scattering and look for a phase shift proportional to the applied electric field, which indicates the existence of an EDM. The main improvement to our measurement technique is an order of magnitude increase in spin precession time, which is enabled by an improved vacuum system and a reduction in trap-induced heating. Results: We have measured the $^{225}$Ra atomic EDM to be less than $1.4\times10^{-23}$ $e$ cm (95% confidence upper limit), which is a factor of 36 improvement over our previous result. Conclusions: Our evaluation of systematic effects shows that this measurement is completely limited by statistical uncertainty. Combining this measurement technique with planned experimental upgrades we project a statistical sensitivity at the $1\times10^{-28}$ $e$ cm level and a total systematic uncertainty at the $4\times10^{-29}$ $e$ cm level.

The valence region is exceedingly important in hadron physics since this region not only defines a hadron but also is an excellent discriminator of nucleon structure models. Present uncertainties in light quark distribution functions at high x could also impact high energy physics. Here we will describe a new generation of experiments at Jefferson Lab that is aimed at the high x region of the nucleon. It is noted that the proposed Electron Ion Collider could explore the high x regime., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, 2013

Dyson-Schwinger equation treatments of the strong interaction show that the presence and importance of nonpointlike diquark correlations within the nucleon are a natural consequence of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. Using this foundation, we deduce a collection of simple formulae, expressed in terms of diquark appearance and mixing probabilities, from which one may compute ratios of longitudinal-spin-dependent u- and d-quark parton distribution functions on the domain x =1. A comparison with predictions from other approaches plus a consideration of extant and planned experiments shows that the measurement of nucleon longitudinal spin asymmetries on x =1 can add considerably to our capacity for discriminating between contemporary pictures of nucleon structure., Comment: 6 pages, 1 table, 3 figures. To appear in Phys. Lett. B

We provide an experimental and theoretical perspective on the behavior of unpolarized distribution functions for the nucleon and pion on the valence-quark domain; namely, Bjorken-x \gtrsim 0.4. This domain is key to much of hadron physics; e.g., a hadron is defined by its flavor content and that is a valence-quark property. Furthermore, its accurate parametrization is crucial to the provision of reliable input for large collider experiments. We focus on experimental extractions of distribution functions via electron and muon inelastic scattering, and from Drell-Yan interactions; and on theoretical treatments that emphasize an explanation of the distribution functions, providing an overview of major contemporary approaches and issues. Valence-quark physics is a compelling subject, which probes at the heart of our understanding of the Standard Model. There are numerous outstanding and unresolved challenges, which experiment and theory must confront. In connection with experiment, we explain that an upgraded Jefferson Lab facility is well-suited to provide new data on the nucleon, while a future electron ion collider could provide essential new data for the mesons. There is also great potential in using Drell-Yan interactions, at FNAL, J-PARC and GSI, to push into the large-x domain for both mesons and nucleons. We argue furthermore that explanation, in contrast to modeling and parametrization, requires a widespread acceptance of the need to adapt theory: to the lessons learnt already from the methods of nonperturbative quantum field theory; and a fuller exploitation of those methods., Comment: Review article: 133 double-spaced pages, 44 figures, 6 tables

The feasibility of measuring the pion and kaon structure functions has been investigated. A high luminosity electron-proton collider would make these measurements feasible. Also, it appears feasible to measure these structure functions in a nuclear medium. Simulations using the RAPGAP Monte Carlo of a possible pion structure function measurement are presented., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the Second Workshop on Physics with an Electron Polarized Light-Ion Collider, 14-16 Sept 2000, Cambridge, Ma 6 pages, 5 figures, latex