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Članak iznosi iskustva nastavnice u poučavanju kemije u izvanrednim životnim i obrazovnim okolnostima te subjektivnu usporedbu dva dominantna oblika podučavanja u tim okolnostima: konzultativnu nastavu za vrijeme Domovinskog rata u Zadru te online nastavu za vrijeme pandemije COVID-a 19. Usporedbom nekih pokazatelja nastave u različitim izvanrednim okolnostima uočljivo je, paradoksalno, da je uspješnost na kraju školske godine zajednička učenicima za vrijeme rata i u pandemijskim godinama. Kako je za vrijeme rata bilo znatno manje formalno organizirane nastave, može se pretpostaviti da je uspješnosti učenika pridonijela uživo održana konzultativna nastava, s fokusiranim poučavanjem samo temeljnih koncepata nekog predmeta, te da je ona bila kvalitetnija i više je pomogla učenicima u njihovom usvajanju znanja nego online nastava na daljinu tijekom pandemijskih godina., The article presents the experiences of a teacher in teaching chemistry in extraordinary life and educational circumstances and a subjective comparison of two dominant forms of instruction in those circumstances: consultative teaching during the Homeland War in Zadar and online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. By comparing some teaching indicators in different extraordinary circumstances, it is noticeable, paradoxically, that the performance at the end of the school year is similar to pupils during the war and in the pandemic years. Since during the war, there were significantly fewer formally organized classes, live consultative teaching, with focused teaching of only the basic concepts of a subject, contributed to the pupils' success, and it was of better quality and helped pupils more in their acquisition of knowledge than online classes remotely during the pandemic years.

The paper investigates war veterans as organisers of contentious politics in ‎post-war Croatia, by looking into two significant protests. Already amid the‎1990s War in Croatia, the first veteran associations were tied to the army or ‎governing Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). After the HDZ government ‎ignored their demands in 1996, the main association gathering disabled veterans‎ announced a protest, shocking the regime. After defusing the situation ‎by meeting most of veteran demands, the protest against the Government ‎was transformed into a support rally for officials who helped the protesters’‎ cause. In 2014, veteran associations initiated a protest over, at first, officials’‎ speculations about PTSD cases among the local Serb population, framed ‎among the veterans as “aggressors”. As Prime Minister Zoran Milanović refused ‎to dismiss the Minister of Veterans and his associates, the veteran protest ‎outlasted the Government, including violent episodes in the government‎ building’s vicinity and ending in April 2016. The article proceeds to analyse ‎the disruptiveness of the protest, the repertoire and violence used, as well as‎ frames of meaning with which protesters justified their collective actions and‎ wished to appeal to wider constituencies. The article attempts to analyse the‎ motives behind the protest and links of protesters with different political actors‎– mostly HDZ – trying to show if veterans acted as independent political ‎actors or only as an extended arm of politicians. By using veteran associations’‎ documents, archival documents, media reports and literature, the paper‎ wishes to place the two case studies into the body of literature that describes‎ the decades-long patron-client relationship between veterans, HDZ and the‎ state.‎

Ovaj rad istražuje kako trauma kao kulturni fenomen oblikuje kulturu sjećanja, a kroz iskustva branitelja u poslijeratnom društvu. Teorijski okvir rada inspiriran je radovima prominentnih autora iz područja studija sjećanja, te radovima iz područja kulturne traume. Istraživanje se temelji na analizi naracija četvorice sugovornika, uključujuči i mog oca. Problematiku traume približilo se analizom načina na koji sugovornici orijentiraju svoju naraciju naspram prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. Obitelj i udruge u radu se postavljaju kao ključne društvene “jedinice” koje imaju mogućnost ublažiti braniteljsku traumu putem uključivanja u procese socijalizacije. This study explores how trauma, as a cultural phenomenon, shapes the culture of memory through the experiences of veterans in post-war society. The theoretical framework of the study is inspired by the works of prominent authors in the field of memory studies and the works on cultural trauma. The research is based on the analysis of narratives from four participants, including my father. The issue of trauma is approached by analyzing how the participants orient their narratives towards the past, present, and future. Family and associations are presented as key social "units" that have the potential to alleviate veteran trauma through inclusion in socialization processes.

U ovom radu autorica analizira nekoliko odabranih književnih djela koja se potencijalno mogu povezati s nastavom povijesti u srednjim školama, točnije u gimnazijama. Cilj je rada ponuditi nove načine na koje se književnost može uvesti u srednjoškolsku nastavu povijesti. Kao polazište rada, odabrane su dvije velike teme suvremene povijesti – Drugi svjetski rat, odnosno holokaust i razdoblje devedesetih godina na području Jugoslavije s naglaskom na Domovinskom ratu. U početnom dijelu ovog diplomskog rada opisan je nastavni predmet Povijest, suvremena nastava te svrha nastave Povijesti u suvremenom obrazovanju. Zatim je prikazan multiperspektivan pristup koji u sebi obuhvaća poučavanje o interpretacijama, što je temelj za uključivanje književnosti na nastavu Povijesti. Nakon toga, u radu su predstavljeni mogući načini povezivanja književnih i povijesnih sadržaja na nastavi Povijesti, a to su integriranje Povijesti i Hrvatskoga jezika te korištenje književnosti kao povijesnog izvora. Središnji dio rada obuhvaća prikaz književnosti svjedočenja te mijenjanje narativa o holokaustu i o Drugom svjetskom ratu na jugoslavenskim prostorima. Zatim su prikazani primjeri povezivanja književnih tekstova i povijesnih sadržaja u srednjoškolskoj nastavi povijesti, koji obuhvaćaju sljedeće teme: Holokaust kroz perspektivu logoraša, Prešućena heroina Drugog svjetskog rata, Drugi svjetski rat kroz perspektivu djeteta, Siniša Glavašević kao simbol hrvatskog ratnog novinarstva i obrane Vukovara, Perspektiva čovjeka koji se zalaže za mir te Rat iz ženske perspektive (Slavenka Drakulić, Dubravka Ugrešić). U završnom dijelu rada prikazana su zaključna razmatranja o suočavanju s prošlošću 20. stoljeća u srednjoškolskoj nastavi povijesti putem književnosti, In this paper, the author analyzes several selected literary works that can potentially be linked with the teaching of history in secondary schools, more precisely in gymnasiums. The aim of this paper is to offer new ways in which literature can be introduced into high school history teaching. As the starting point of the work, two major topics of contemporary history were chosen - the Second World War, more precisely the Holocaust and the period of the nineties in the territory of ex Yugoslavia with an emphasis on the Croatian Homeland War. The initial part of this thesis describes subject History, contemporary teaching and the purpose of teaching history in modern times education. Then, a multi-perspective approach is presented, which includes the teaching of interpretations, which is the basis for including literature in History classes. After that, the paper presents possible ways of connecting literary and historical content in History classes, which is the integration of History and the Croatian language classes and the use of literature as historical source. The central part of the paper includes a presentation of the literature of testimony and changes of narrative about the Holocaust and the Second World War in the Yugoslav territories. Then, this paper presents examples of connecting literary texts and historical content in high school history lessons, which include the following topics: Holocaust through the perspective of the concentration camp inmates, Unsung heroine of the Second World War, Second World War through the perspective of a child, Siniša Glavašević as a symbol of Croatian war journalism and the defense of Vukovar, Perspective of a man who stands for peace and War from a woman's perspective (Slavenka Drakulić, Dubravka Ugrešić). In the final part of the paper the author presents concluding considerations on dealing with the past of the 20th century in high school History classes through literature.

Diplomski rad interpretira i analizira autobiografski roman Vilima Karlovića Preživio sam Vukovar i Ovčaru. Vilim Karlović bio je pripadnik Prve gardijske brigade „Tigrovi“ i jedan je od malobrojnih koji su preživjeli mučenja na Veleprometu, strijeljanja na Ovčari te mučenja u logoru u Sremskoj Mitrovici. Interpretacija je temeljena na tumačenju biblizama i likova iz romana. Istaknut je problem odnosa književnosti i zbilje. Analiziran je interpretativno-analitički metodički pristup romanu te je predložena njegova primjena u nastavi. Graduate thesis interprets and analyzes Vilim Karlović's autobiografical novel „I survived Vukovar and Ovčara“. Vilim Karlović was a member of the First Guards Brigade „The Tigers“ and is one of the few who survived the torture at Velepromet, the shooting at Ovčara and the torment in the concentration camp in Sremska Mitrovica. The interpretation is based on the explanation of biblicalisms and characters from the novel. The problem of relation between literature and reality is pointed out. The interpretative-analytical methodical approach to the novel was analyzed and its application in teaching is suggested.

Tema je ovog rada djelovanje Vojne policije Hrvatske vojske tijekom Domovinskog rata te pokušati ju usporediti s i svrstati među druge vojnopolicijske organizacije. Vojnopolicijske organizacije predstavljene su kroz dvije tipske vojnopolicijske organizacije koje su poslužile kao izvorni model za različite ustroje vojnopolicijskih organizacija širom svijeta. Predstavljena i Vojna policije Oružanih snaga Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije kao neposredna preteča i uzor ustroju hrvatske Vojne policije. Ostala poglavlja posvećena su samome ustroju Vojne policije Hrvatske vojske kao cjeline i pojedinih njezinih komponenti te njenom djelovanju u najzahtjevnijim bitkama Domovinskog rata u kojima je sudjelovala. Ideja je bila pokazati i kako se koncepcija ustroja mijenjala tijekom Domovinskog rata. Rad se temelji, u nemogućnosti pristupa izvornoj arhivskoj građi, na literaturi i sjećanjima sudionika događaja. Izvorna građa koja je korištena su ratna izdanja Hrvatskog vojnika, službenog glasila Ministarstva obrane Republike Hrvatske. The topic of this paper is the activities of the Military Police of the Croatian Army during the Homeland War and to try to compare it with and classify it among other military police organizations. Military police organizations are presented through two typical military police organizations that served as the original model for different structures of military police organizations around the world. The Military Police of the Armed Forces of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was also presented as the immediate forerunner and model of the organization of the Croatian Military Police. Other chapters are devoted to the structure of the Military Police of the Croatian Army as a whole and its individual components, as well as its actions in the most demanding battles of the Homeland War in which it participated. Another idea has been to show how the conception of the organization changed during the Homeland War. The work is based on the impossibility of accessing the original archival material, on the literature and memories of the participants of the event. The original materials that were used are the wartime editions of the Croatian Soldier, the official newsletter of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Croatia.

Ovaj rad bavi se vojno-geografskom analizom operacije Bljesak provedene od 1. do 4. svibnja 1995. Primjenom GIS-a provedena je efikasna i precizna analiza terena na kojemu se operacija odvijala. Analiza je podijeljena u dva dijela – analiza prohodnosti terena i analiza zaštitnog potencijala reljefa. Pri tome su korišteni parametri kao što su vidljivost, zakrivljenost i nagib padine, gustoća drenažne mreže i dr. Rezultat je klasificiran i preklopljen s pravcima kretanja hrvatske vojske. This paper presents military-geographical analysis of operation Flash which was carried out from May 1 to May 4 1995. By using GIS, an efficient and precise analysis of the terrain on which the operation took place was made. The analysis is divided into two parts – analysis of the passage of the terrain and analysis of the relief protective potential. Parameters such as visibility, curvature, slope, density of the drainage network etc. were used. The result is classified and overlapped with the direction of movement of the Croatian army.

Cilj diplomskog rada je ukazati na potrebu provođenja terenskog istraživačkog rada u redovitoj nastavi te istražiti projekt „Posjet učenika osmih razreda Vukovaru“. Ova obavezna terenska nastava analizirana je prema sljedećim sastavnicama: priprema nastavnika i učenika, realizacija i evaluacija. Posebna pozornost je posvećena ciljevima terenske nastave, odgojno obrazovnim ishodima, nastavnim metodama i oblicima rada, planu terenske nastave, aktivnosti učenika te vrednovanje ostvarenosti odgojno obrazovnih ishoda. U radu je kreiran prijedlog poboljšanog terenskog istraživačkog rada prema već navedenim sastavnicama. The aim of the Master`s Thesis is to point out the need for implementation of research fieldwork in regular teaching and to research the project "Visit of eighth grade students to Vukovar". This mandatory field course for elementary school was analyzed according to the following components: teacher and student preparation, implementation and evaluation. Special attention is paid to the aims of fieldwork, educational outcomes, teaching methods and forms of work, plan of fieldwork, student activities, and evaluation of achievement of educational outcomes. The Thesis created a proposal for improved research fieldwork according to the already mentioned components.

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of forensic research to the discovery and analysis of mass graves of victims of the Yugoslav People’s Army and Serbian paramilitaries at Ovčara, near Vukovar, and to the identification of exhumed victims as missing persons who were forcibly removed from Vukovar Hospital on 20 November 1991. Methods: We analysed official international documentation and transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Data on causes of death and injury classifications were derived from autopsy reports and their interpretation by a forensic specialist. Identification of individuals was based on a report by a representative of the Commission on Detainees and Missing Persons. Results: Scientific and expert evidence from forensic research of the Ovčara mass grave shows that 198 male and 2 female bodies (one of a pregnant woman) in civilian clothes were exhumated from the site, with an average age of 32.5 years, including 3 minors. The determined manner of death for all 200 exhumed bodies was homicide, and the cause of death for 95% of the victims was a gunshot wound to a vital part of the body, in 67% of cases to the head. Traces of medical treatment and hospital workwear were found on 53% of the victims. 96% of the bodies were positively identified, 46.5% using classical forensic methods, and 49.5% by DNA analysis. Most of the victims were Croatian nationals of the Catholic faith. Conclusion: Forensic analysis and identification confirmed that the war crime victims exhumed from the Ovčara mass grave were listed as missing persons who disappeared from Vukovar Hospital. Their murder was used as relevant evidence of planned ethnic cleansing in court.

U članku se prikazuju memoari zamjenika zapovjednika II. operativne zone Bjelovar brigadira Ivana Plasaja o događajima iz Domovinskog rata 1991. godine. Memoari su obrađeni znanstvenim kritičkim aparatom s prigodnim uvodom u biografiju Ivana Plasaja i osnivanje II. operativne zone Bjelovar tijekom Domovinskog rata., The paper presents the memoirs of Brigadier Ivan Plasaj, Deputy Commander of the 2nd Operational Zone Bjelovar on the 1991 events from the Homeland War. The memoirs have been critically tackled from the scientific perspective, and an introduction into the biography of Ivan Plasaj and the formation of the 2nd Operational Zone Bjelovar in the Homeland War has been added.

Smrću Josipa Broza Tita, najvećeg integrativnog faktora koji je držao jugoslavenske republike na okupu, započelo je njezino rastakanje. Velika gospodarska i društvena kriza uz porast nacionalizma u drugoj polovici 1980-ih samo su ubrzali raspad zajedničke države. Godina 1990. nagovijestila je kako taj raspad ide svuda samo ne u mirnom smjeru. Naoružani civili srpske nacionalnosti na blokiranim prometnicama, koje su vodile kroz njihova naselja, postali su svakodnevica na prostoru Republike Hrvatske. Taj scenarij nije zaobišao niti prostor Banovine kao domicilni prostor 2. pješačke bojne „Banijske oluje“ 2. gardijske brigade „Gromovi“. Naime niz događaja iz prve polovice 1991. godine donio je potrebu za povećanjem broja postrojbi spremnih za obranu. Rezultat je bio osnivanje, u okviru postrojbi Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova, Zbora narodne garde kao vojnih formacija u svibnju te godine. Zbor narodne garde činile su četiri djelatne „A“ brigade, među njima i 2. „A“ brigada Zbora narodne garde „Gromovi“ osnovana na prostoru Trstenika kraj Dugog Sela. U sklopu te brigade na prostoru Siska, gdje je napetost rasla iz dana u dan, osnovana je početkom lipnja 2. pješačka bojna „Banijska oluja“. Uskoro su se nizali tereni u krvavom ratnom vihoru Banovine: Glina, selo Kozibrod u Pounju, Općina Petrinja, Komarevo i Blinjski Kut, borbe za Petrinju, obrana Sunje, operacija Vihor-borbe za sv. Katarinu i selo Glinsku Poljanu. Tijekom 1992. bojna sudjeluje u obrani položaja u Sunji i selu Glinska Poljana, te u vrlo složenim operacijama na Južnom bojištu kojima je cilj bio deblokada grada Dubrovnika. Vrlo kratko sudjeluje u borbama na bosansko-posavskom bojištu na širem prostoru Bosanskog Broda. U 1993. svoj angažman bilježi u obrani dostignutih položaja nakon završetka operacije Maslenica u zadarskom zaleđu gdje sprečava neprijateljski protunapad, a naravno aktivna je i na domicilnom bojištu Banovine. U 1994. njeni časnici se obrazuju i stječu teoretska znanja koja će kasnije upotrijebiti u praksi tijekom budućih zadataka, a kratko djeluje i na ličkom bojištu u okolici Gospića kroz izviđanja terena. U 1995. sudjeluje u oslobađanju okupiranih prostora Banovine u operaciji Oluja na pravcu Sisak- selo Mošćenica – Petrinja -Kostajnica, odakle se razmješta na prostor Gline gdje napreduje prema selima Veliki i Mali Obljaj gdje na koncu dolazi do spajanja s 1. gardijskom brigadom „Tigrovi“. Time je okončano djelovanje 2. pješačke bojne u toj operaciji, nakon čega je uslijedio svečani doček u Sisku. Iste godine u rujnu bojna je angažirana u operaciji Una-95 s ciljem osvajanja prostora od Bosanskog Novog do Prijedora. Operacija završila neuspješno zbog više faktora: od loših obavještajnih podataka, preko kratkog roka pripreme postrojbi, do ekstremnih vremenskih uvjeta i manjkave logističke potpore. Zapovjedna izviđanja prostora Istočne Slavonije bila su posljednje ratne aktivnosti bojne. S potpisivanjem sporazuma u Erdutu započela je mirna reintegracija tog prostora u ponovni sastav Republike Hrvatske čime su vojne aktivnosti završene. Tijekom Domovinskog rata kroz 2. pješačku bojnu „Banijska oluja“ 2. gardijske brigade „Gromovi“ prošlo je 2500 gardista. Poginulo je 45 pripadnika, dok se jedan vodi kao nestao, a ranjeno je što teže, što lakše 235 gardista. The death of Josip Broz Tito, who is credited with holding the Yugoslav republics together by dictatorial force, initiated the process of the disintegration of Yugoslavia. In addition to the rapid economic decline and social crisis, the rise in nationalism in the late 1980s served as a catalyst for the breakup of the Yugoslav federation. The year of 1990 brought about a sense that the breakup would not be peaceful. In Croatia, armed civilians of Serbian ethnicity blocked roads leading to the villages where they constituted the majority of the population. Such scenes became part of everyday life in the Republic of Croatia and the Banovina region of central Croatia bore witness to the same scenario. The region was Area of Responsibility assigned to the 2nd Infantry Battalion “The Storm of Banija” (Croatian: Banijske oluje) which was part of the 2nd Guard Brigade, also known by their nickname as “The Thunder” (Croatian: Gromovi). A number of incidents in the first half of 1991 necessitated the development of new combat-ready formations. As a result, the Croatian National Guard (Croatian: Zbor narodne garde or ZNG) was established in May 1991, within the framework of the Ministry of the Interior. The Croatian National Guard consisted of four all-professional brigades, one of which was initially referred to as the 2nd “A” Brigade, formed at the Trstenik barracks near Dugo Selo. The 2nd Infantry Battalion “The Storm of Banija” was formed on 3 June 1991 in Sisak, where tensions were growing by day. Soon, the battalion would see much of the bloody fighting in the region of Banovina in the places and battles such as: Glina, the village of Kozibrod in Pounje, the Petrinja County, Komarevo and Blinjski Kut, the Battle of Petrinja, the defense of Sunja, Operation Whirlwind (Croatian: Vihor), the Battles of Sv. Katarina, and the village of Glinska Poljana. During 1992 the battalion partook in the defense of Croatian positions in Sunja and the village of Glinska Poljana, and complex operations on the Southern Front aimed at lifting the Siege of Dubrovnik. The battalion briefly participated in the fighting on the Bosanska Posavina Front in the surrounding area of Bosanski Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1993, while still being active in its Area of Responsibility on the Banovina Front, it contributed to the defense of the previously established positions in the wake of Operation Maslenica in the Zadar hinterland, where it prevented an enemy counterattack. The following year the battalion’s officers were getting education and acquiring theoretical knowledge that they would later put in practice during their future assignments. The battalion also had a brief stint in the surrounding area of Gospić, on the Lika Front, where it conducted reconnaissance missions. In 1995 it took part in the liberation of the occupied territories of the region of Banovina in Operation Storm. Their axis of attack was directed towards Sisak, the village of Mošćenica, Petrinja and Kostajnica. Subsequently, they were deployed in the area surrounding Glina from where they advanced towards the villages of Veliki Obljaj and Mali Obljaj. There they linked up with the 1st Guard Brigade “The Tigers” (Croatian: Tigrovi) thus ending their participation in the operation which was followed by a victory parade in Sisak. In Operation Una in September 1995 the battalion was tasked with seizing control of the area between Bosanski Novi and Prijedor. The operation did not succeed for many reasons: flawed military intelligence, inadequate planning and preparation, disregard for adverse weather conditions, and poor logistical support. Final military activities conducted by the battalion consisted of reconnaissance missions in Eastern Slavonia. The signing of the Erdut Agreement initiated the process of peaceful reintegration of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium putting an end to all military activities in the Republic of Croatia. During the Homeland War of Independence, the battalion saw 2500 men in action. Losses sustained by the battalion are cited as 45 killed on duty, one missing in action, and 235 lightly or seriously wounded.

Rad se bavi političkim i ustavnopravnim pitanjima koja su prethodila osnivanju Vlade demokratskog jedinstva. Napose, pitanjima koja su vezana uz agresorski rat protiv Republike Hrvatske. U radu se razmatraju mogući razlozi zbog čega se za Vladu demokratskog jedinstva izbjegava koristiti (u raspravi o njoj) njezino obilježje da je koalicijska vlada, iako ona to, nesporno, jest – po načinu svoga nastajanja, nadležnosti i samog djelovanja. Pored toga, ukazuje se na značaj i učinke Vlade demokratskog jedinstva sa ciljem smirivanja i stabiliziranja tadašnjeg kaotičnog političkog stanja u Republici Hrvatskoj, radi jačanja jedinstva i sloge, te u svrhu odlučnog opredjeljenja hrvatskog naroda u političkom smislu za uspostavu ravnopravne zajednice državljana koji će braniti i obraniti Republiku Hrvatsku i njezine građane, te joj osigurati slobodu, puni teritorijalni integritet i suverenitet. Jedan od temeljnih ciljeva bio je međunarodno priznanje u okviru granica koje je Hrvatska imala kao Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska. Prethodno navedena pitanja kojima ću se baviti u ovom radu, primarno ću obraditi s ustavnopravnog aspekta, ali i s aspekta međunarodnog prava., This paper deals with political and constitutional legal issues which preceded the establishment of the Government of democratic unity,namely, issues related to the war of aggression against the Republic of Croatia. Considered are the possible reasons why, for the Government of democratic unity, using in discussions the characteristic that it is a coalition government is avoided even though it is indisputably so according to the way it came about, its authority and very activity. Apart from that, the significance and effects of a government of democratic unity are pointed out with the aim of calming and stabilising the then chaotic political situation in the Republic of Croatia in order to strengthen unity and harmony in the aim of decisivecommitment of the Croatian people in a political sense to establishing an equal community of citizens who will defend the Republic of Croatia and its citizens ensuring freedom, complete territorial integrity and sovereignty. One of the basic aims was international recognition within the borders that Croatia had as the Socialist Republic of Croatia. Previously mentioned issues to be dealt with in this paper will be dealt with primarily from the Constitutional legal aspect as well as from the international law aspect.

U radu autor analizira aferu „financijski inženjering“ koja se odvija u periodu od 1991. – 1993., stavljajući je u kontekst ekonomske, političke, sigurnosne i društvene situacije u zemlji. Autor je koristio izvorno arhivsko gradivo i jednu jedinicu novinske periodike. Nastojao je, na primjeru afere „financijski inženjering“ pojasniti i prikazati ključna obilježja društvene, gospodarske i političke situacije u Hrvatskoj tijekom Domovinskog rata, fokusirajući se pritom na žarišno područje na kojem je afera imala najviše odjeka, a to je Zagreb., In this paper, the author analyses the ‘’financial engineering’’ affair that takes place in the period from 1991–1993, by placing it in the context of economic, political, safety and social situation in the country. The author used the original archive material and one unit of a journal periodical. With the example of the ‘’financial engineering’’ affair, his attempt was to depict and to explain the key characteristics of social, economic and political situation in Croatia during the Homeland War, while concentrating on Zagreb, the focus area where the affair had the most impact.

The concept of collective memory has been in use for a relatively short time. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to define collective memory, and to determine what is the relationship between archives and collective memory in the Republic of Croatia (RC) and how they affect each other, in order to deduce whether archives shape collective memory, and if so, to what extent. The paper draws on RC laws and regulations, publicly available Culture and Media Ministry strategic documents, statistical data compiled by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, as well as the relevant literature and articles. These served as the basis on which to use the usual descriptive and empirical methods to reach a conclusion. There are no archives in the RC other than state archives. These are financed from the state budget, while their directors and governing boards are appointed by governmental bodies. Archives in the RC are entirely dependent upon the state. Their main task, for which they are in many ways under- resourced and fail to fully execute, is to receive national archival records and take care of them. It is the task of archives to preserve and process archival material and make it available for use. The work of archives needs to be based on scientific and professional principles and methods. A history shaped by collective values is not a scientific, objective history, but a generator of future conflicts, wars, friction. The work of archives cannot and may not be determined by collective memories ; on the contrary, it is archives that should shape collective memory.

Domovinski rat jedan je od najvažnijih događaja u hrvatskoj novijoj povijesti. Preko rata Hrvatska je stvorila vlastitu državu i krenula ka stvaranju moderne europske države. Na širem šibenskom području Domovinski rat je uvelike utjecao na stanovništvo te se na tom području stvarala Republika Srpska Krajina, paradržava srpskih pobunjenika. Glavni grad države bio je Knin te je jedna od glavnih pretenzija srpskih pobunjenika bilo osvajanje Šibenika i Dalmacije. Već krajem 1990. godine srpska pobuna jača na ovom području te se sve više terorizira hrvatsko stanovništvo u zaleđu Šibenika. Kroz 1991. godinu čelni ljudi srpskih pobunjenika institucionalno i vojno pripremaju napad na Hrvatsku uz pomoć vojske JNA, a na šibenskom području vojno djeluje 9. korpus JNA. U rujnu 1991. godine dolazi do bitke za Šibenik, prve velike pobjede hrvatskih branitelja u Domovinskom ratu. Šibenska bitna trajala je od 16. do 23. rujna, a malobrojni branitelji su uspjeli obraniti grad te su tako zaustavili podjelu Dalmacije na dva dijela. Zbog toga Rujanska bitka u Šibeniku ima veliki utjecaj na cjelokupni Domovinski rat i prelazi lokalne razmjere. Zbog obrane Šibenika Dalmacija nije bila podijeljena na dva dijela i ostali dalmatinski gradovi su bili u dobrom položaju. Tijekom bitke su veliku ulogu odigrali predstavnici 113. brigade, MUP-a RH, ali i mnogi drugi ljudi koji su sudjelovali u zauzimanju obalne baterije na Zečevu i Žirju, osvajanju vojarni i remontnog zavoda Velimir Škorpik. Pobjedom šibenskih branitelja i osvajanjem plovila u šibenskoj luci stvoreni su preduvjeti za osnivanje Hrvatske ratne mornarice. Ovom veličanstvenom pobjedom snage JNA su odbačene na svoje stare položaje daleko od grada Šibenika te se do kraja Domovinskog rata nisu uspjele približiti gradu Šibeniku i Vodicama, a s morske strane nisu predstavljale toliku opasnost na srednjem Jadranu. Osim toga, bitkom je podignut moral braniteljima u čitavoj Republici Hrvatskoj dok je ova bitka imala suprotan učinak na agresora. Godina 1991. je ključna za daljnje događaje u Domovinskom ratu na šibenskom području. The Homeland War is one of the most important events in Croatian recent history. During the war, Croatia created its own state and set out to create a modern European state. In the wider Šibenik area, the Homeland War greatly affected the population, and the Republic of Serbian Krajina, a parastate of Serbian rebels, was created in that area. The capital of the state was Knin and one of the main pretensions of the Serbian rebels was the conquest of Šibenik and Dalmatia. At the end of 1990, the Serbian rebellion started getting stronger in this area and the Croatian population in the hinterland of the Šibenik was increasingly terrorized. Throughout 1991, the leaders of the Serbian rebels were institutionally and military preparing an attack on Croatia with the help of the JNA army, and the 9th JNA corps was operating militarily in the Šibenik area. The battle of Šibenik took place in September 1991, the first great victory of Croatian defenders in the Homeland War. The Šibenik battle lasted from 16 to 23 September, and a small number of defenders managed to defend city, thus stopping the breakdown of Dalmatia into two parts. Therefore, the September battle of Šibenik had a great impact on the entire Homeland War and exceeds local proportions. Due to defense of Šibenik, Dalmatia was not divided into two parts and other Dalmatian cities were in good position. During the battle, a large role was played by representatives of the 113th Brigade, the Ministy of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia, but also many other people who participated in the capture of the coastal battery at Zečevo and Žirje, the captures of millitary objects and overhaul Velimir Škorpik. The victory of the Šibenik defenders and the capture of the ships in the port of Šibenik created the preconditions for the establishment of the Croatian Navy. With this magnificent victory, the Serbian forces were thrown back to its old positions far from the city of Šibenik, and by the end of the Homeland War the enemy failed to approach the cities of Šibenik and Vodice, and from the sea wasn’t danger to the central Adriatic. In addition, the battle raised the morale of the defenders throughout the Republic of Croatia, while this battle had the opposite effect on the Serbian forces. The year 1991 was crucial for further events in the Homeland War in the Šibenik area.

Smrt Josipa Broza Tita označila je političku prekretnicu u Jugoslaviji, uslijedila je ekonomska kriza, što na kraju rezultira demokratskim promjenama. U Srbiji se javlja nacionalistički pokret koji pod krinkom spašavanja Jugoslavije vojnom silom želi slomiti ostale republike. Srbi se naoružavaju te počinju napadati gradove i sela u Hrvatskoj, uskoro se napadima pridružuje i JNA te zajedno s pobunjenicima okupira dijelove Hrvatske. Tadašnja općina Vinkovci našla se na prvoj crti obrane, većina mjesta u općini bila je okupirana, ali Vinkovci i Nuštar se uspijevaju oduprijeti velikosrpskoj agresiji uz velike ljudske i materijalne gubitke. Bitka za Nuštar je bila ključna u obrani ovog dijela Hrvatske i sprečavanju prodora JNA u ostatak zemlje. Naposlijetku srpska paradržava na okupiranom dijelu Hrvatske propada i teritorij se vraća pod hrvatsku vlast. “Gates of Croatia”. Vinkovci and surroundings in the Homeland War The death of Josip Broz Tito marked a political turning point in Yugoslavia, an economic crisis followed, which ultimately resulted in democratic changes. In Serbia, a nationalist movement emerged that, under the guise of saving Yugoslavia, by military force wanted to break up other republics. The Serbs armed themselves and began to attack towns and villages in Croatia, and soon the JNA joined the attacks and they occupied parts of Croatia together with the rebels. The then municipality of Vinkovci was on the front line of defence, most places in the municipality were occupied, but Vinkovci and Nuštar managed to resist the Greater Serbia aggression, although with great human and material losses. The battle for Nuštar was crucial in defending this part of Croatia and preventing the JNA from penetrating the rest of the country. Eventually, the Serbian parastate in the occupied part of Croatia collapsed and the territory returned to Croatian rule.

U ljeto 1991. godine, nakon što je Hrvatska proglasila neovisnost od socijalističke Jugoslavije, federalna vojska i srpske paravojne jedinice napale su Hrvatsku s ciljem rušenja novostvorene države i preuzimanja njezina teritorija. Najteže je pogođen istočni dio zemlje, posebice dio oko Vukovara, grada koji je nakon tromjesečne opsade uništen, a njegovo nesrpsko stanovništvo protjerano. Vukovarski Gradski muzej, smješten u baroknom dvorcu Eltz, uništen je zajedno sa svim svojim područnim muzejima. Dio njegova muzejskog fonda uništen je ili rekviriran u Srbiju, kao što je to bio slučaj s poznatom Bauerovom zbirkom hrvatske umjetnosti 20. stoljeća. Dvadeset kilometara udaljeno od Vukovara, tik uz crtu bojišnice, nalazili su se Vinkovci sa svojim Arhivskim sabirnim centrom koji je nastavio raditi unatoč opasnosti od topničke vatre i bombardiranja. Obje kulturne institucije nastavile su svoj rad tijekom rata, iako u vrlo različitim okolnostima. Zaposlenici i kustosi Gradskog muzeja Vukovar zatekli su se u Zagrebu gdje je nakon inicijative tadašnjeg hrvatskog doministra kulture Bože Biškupića osnovan Muzej Vukovara u progonstvu, jedinstveni muzejski koncept temeljen na doniranim zbirkama suvremene umjetnosti kao svom stalnom postavu izloženom u muzeju Mimara. Muzej u progonstvu izložio je darovana umjetnička djela najistaknutijih hrvatskih slikara, kipara i umjetnika, zajedno s umjetnicima iz Italije, Poljske, Francuske, Južne Amerike i mnogim drugima koji su suosjećali s vukovarskom tragedijom. Istodobno, pravna bitka za povratak ukradenih umjetničkih zbirki iz srpskih muzeja njihovim hrvatskim vlasnicima tek je počela, a trajat će gotovo čitavo desetljeće. S druge strane, Arhivski sabirni centar u Vinkovcima nastavio je svoj rad u znatno otežanim uvjetima, često bez grijanja i električne energije, smješten u gradu pod stalnom prijetnjom topničke vatre. Njihov arhivski rad bio je od najveće važnosti zbog društvenih, političkih i ekonomskih promjena koje su uslijedile nakon neovisnosti Hrvatske od Jugoslavije i prijelaza iz socijalističkog u kapitalističko društvo. Nakon završetka Domovinskog rata za neovisnost, podunavska regija u istočnoj Slavoniji zajedno s Vukovarom stavljena je pod prijelaznu upravu Ujedinjenih naroda gdje je ostala sve do početka 1998. godine kada je mirnom reintegracijom čitav teritorij vraćen pod hrvatsku vlast. To je značilo povratak prognanih vukovarskih izbjeglica, ali i povratak vukovarskog muzeja koji se nakon sedam godina progonstva vratio u dvorac Eltz. Međutim, dugi proces obnove dvorca Eltz, kao i cijelog grada, tek je započeo stoga će trebati više od desetljeća da Gradski muzej u Vukovaru zasja u svom predratnom svjetlu. Stalni postav Muzeja Vukovara u progonstvu nalazio je u Zagrebu svih tih godina, nakon čega je konačno preseljen u Vukovar 2018. godine. U međuvremenu je Gradski muzej Vukovar vratio svoju poziciju žarišnog mjesta za vukovarske kulturne događaje, baš kao i prije rata. Arhivski centar u Vinkovcima nastavio je s arhivskim radom na cijelom području Vukovarsko-srijemske županije nakon završetka mirne reintegracije pa sve do 2007. godine, kada je postalo podružnicom novoosnovanog Državnog arhiva u Vukovaru. Događaji koji su uslijedili nakon srpske okupacije dijelova Hrvatske, uključujući uništavanje kulturnih institucija, muzeja i arhiva, potaknuli su međunarodnu zajednicu na reviziju Haške konvencije o zaštiti kulturnih dobara. Trebalo je gotovo dvije godine da UNESCO i ICOM reagiraju i pošalju svoje ljude da obiđu okupirana područja. Hrvatski rat za neovisnost pokazao je sve nedostatke provedbe Haške konvencije u praksi, te je poslužio za primjer kako poboljšati provedbu konvencije za sve buduće ratove i oružane sukobe. U tome leži najveća važnost žrtve Gradskog muzeja u Vukovaru i Arhivskog zbirnog centra u Vinkovcima za čitav svijet, zajedno sa svim ostalim muzejima i arhivima stradalim tijekom rata u Hrvatskoj. In the summer of 1991, after Croatia proclaimed its independence from socialist Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav federal army attacked Croatia together with the Serbian paramilitary units with the aim to tear down the newly independent state and claim its territory. The Eastern part of the country was hit the hardest, and after the three-month siege of Vukovar the city was completely destroyed and its non-Serbian population expelled. Among its devastated buildings were the Vukovar Municipal museum situated in the baroque Eltz castle, completely in ruins together with all of its regional museums. Its museum and art fund was either destroyed or moved to Serbia, as was the case with the famous Bauer collection of 20th-century Croatian art. Twenty kilometers away from Vukovar, just near the frontline was the city of Vinkovci with its Archival collection center that continued to work even with the city at the danger of artillery fire and aerial bombardment. Both cultural institutions continued their work in wartime, albeit in very different circumstances. Employees and curators from Vukovar Municipal museum found themselves in the Croatian capital of Zagreb where they founded the Vukovar museum in exile, the unique museum concept based on the donated collections of modern art as its permanent exhibition displayed in the Mimara museum, with the initiative coming from Croatian Minister of culture Božo Biškupić. The Museum in exile showcased the artwork donated from the most notable Croatian painters, sculptors, and artists at the time, together with the artists from Italy, Poland, France, South America, and many others who sympathized with the Vukovar tragedy. At the same time, the legal battle for the return of the stolen art collections from the Serbian museums back to their Croatian owners has just begun, and it will last for nearly a decade. On the other hand, the Archival collection center in Vinkovci continued their work in impossible conditions often without the basic requirements such as windows, parts of roof, heating system, and electricity, inside the town under the constant threat of artillery fire. Their archival work was of the utmost importance due to the social, political, and economic change that followed Croatian independence from Yugoslavia and the transformation into a capitalist society. After the Croatian war of independence ended, the Danubian region in eastern Slavonia together with Vukovar was put under the United Nations Transitional administration where it remained until the beginning of 1998 when it was returned under the Croatian rule through the peaceful reintegration of the territory. This meant the return of the displaced Vukovar refugees, together with the Vukovar museum which found itself back in the Eltz castle after seven years of exile. However, the long process of rebuilding the Eltz castle as well as an entire town had only just begun, and it would take more than a decade for the Municipal museum to shine in its pre-war light. The permanent exhibition of the Vukovar Museum in exile stayed in Zagreb for all those years, and it was finally relocated to Vukovar in 2018. In the meantime, the Vukovar Municipal museum restored its position as the principal location for the Vukovar popular events and the focal point of the city’s cultural life, just as it was before the war. The Archival Center in Vinkovci continued to do the archival work on the entirety of the Vukovar-Syrmia county after the peaceful reintegration of the county in its entirety. It continued to do so until 2007 when it became the subsidiary of the newly founded Vukovar state Archive. The events that followed the Serbian occupation of parts of Croatia, which included the destruction of cultural institutions, museums, and archives prompted the international community to revise the Hague convention on the protection of cultural property. It took almost two years for UNESCO and ICOM to react and send their men to examine the occupied territories. The Croatian war of independence showcased all the flaws of implementation of the Hague convention, and it was used as an example of how to improve the enforcement of the implementation in real practice for the future wars and clashes that will come. In this lies the ultimate importance of sacrifices from the Vukovar Municipal Museum and Archival collection center in Vinkovci to the world, together with all the other destroyed museums and archives during the Croatian war.