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The lack of exit mechanism for homesteads has led to large quantities of idle rural homesteads in China. Therefore, the central government has proposed a policy of "separation of three rights" for homesteads, aiming to establish a mechanism for homestead transfer. From the perspective of farmers entering the city, this study analyzes the willingness of them to exit from their homestead, pointing out that farmers entering the city have stronger willingness to exit from their homestead than rural permanent residents, but tend to gradually exit from the homestead in stages. In the first stage, they exit their homestead use rights through leasing or investment, and in the second stage, they exit their farmers' qualification rights. Finally, it maintains that reserving a portion of homestead is an important measure to incentivize farmers entering the city to exit from homestead and ensure rural social stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has the privatization of US national security been a feature of recent history? Scholars have pointed to the need for rapid security expansion post 9/11 and to changes in economic and political ideology. As a supplementary reason, this article proposes the ending of the 'Pinkerton Pause', 1893–1977. Following the Homestead debacle of 1892, Congress passed the Anti-Pinkerton Act, banning detective agencies from federal service and effectively inhibiting the privatization of national security. Attempts at repeal failed. However, the US Court of Appeals Equifax decision of 1977 prepared the way for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of farmer-managed tree seedlings (FMTS) is pramount to impact agroforestry technology adoption. This paper presents the performances of FMTS of 3 avocado varieties (Hass, Ettinger and Fuerte) and one papaya variety (Solo) in three districts (Dugda, Adamitulu, and Lome). Thirty-six trials were established (12 trials per district) in 36 homsteads selected purposively. Each homestead was considered as a block in RCBD. Watering frequency was found higher in Dugda than the remaining districts. Seedling survival exhibited significant differences (α<0.05) among varieties with in and across districts. Survival of Solo papaya was significantly higher (α<0.05) at Dugda (91%) than in Adamitulu and Lome. Hass avocado reveled significantlly higher survival (91%) at Dugda than Ettinger and Fuerte across districs. Significant differences in Plot Volume Index (PVI, an integrative growth measurement) among varieties within and across districts indicated that seedling growth was influenced by variety, planting site and, watering fequency. PVI of Hass at Dugda was significantly higher (by 35% and 110%) than that of Ettinger and Fuerte, respectively. PVI of Solo Papaya at Dugda was significantly higher (α<0.05). Hass was found promising avocado variety for planting locations considered, and frequent watering was found crucial for good growth of the tested plant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to use homestead land, as the “link point” of compensation for land acquisition and housing, is of great significance for studying its compensation in land acquisition. The research results indicate that due to the lack of clear regulations on the compensation for the use of homestead land in land expropriation at the national level, existing studies have formed three different theories based on the position of homestead land use rights in land expropriation: no compensation, distributive compensation, and independent compensation. The divergence in theoretical research ultimately leads to practical management, with different regions having different signing parties, methods, and compensation practices for the “land acquisition compensation and resettlement agreement”, resulting in frequent violations of the legitimate rights and interests of farmers and difficulties in safeguarding their rights. This article proposes suggestions for legislative improvement: at the national level, the concept of land centered expropriation legislation should be fully implemented, and the independent status of the right to use homestead land should be clarified; At the local level, we adhere to the basic requirement of starting from reality and clarify the calculation methods, price determination methods, and standards for compensation for the use rights of homesteads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of urban and rural construction land and improve the utilization efficiency of rural homesteads, the state has issued policies to guide villagers withdrawing their homestead with subsidies or compensation. Previous studies have found that differentiation is one critical factor in villagers' withdrawal from homesteads, but how differentiation affects the villagers' withdrawal is not well interpreted. To explore and examine the homestead withdrawal mechanism, this paper identified and condensed the influence factors of villagers' willingness to withdraw from homesteads from the perspective of differentiation, taking Kuikeng Village in Puning City, China, as an example. The results indicated that: (1) villagers' differentiation has a significant impact on their willingness to withdraw from homesteads, and the higher the income differentiation level, the lower the willingness to withdraw from homesteads; (2) the health status of villagers, whether they are willing to change their identity, the confirmation of homestead rights, the holding period of homestead property rights, and the understanding of homestead exit policy are positively correlated with their willingness to withdraw from homesteads; and (3) villagers' psychosocial characteristics, villagers' differentiation, and government policy characteristics have a significant impact on homestead withdrawal. It is important to guide villagers to withdraw from homesteads and realize rational land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orderly withdrawal from rural homesteads is an important path for the smooth promotion of rural revitalization and new urbanization. This study aims to explore the influence and mechanism of social networks on the willingness of farm households to withdraw from homesteads. The study is based on a sample of 1971 farmer households in Jiangsu Province and analyzes the data using the logit model and mediation effect model. The results show that the social network has a significant positive effect on farmers' willingness to withdraw from homesteads. As the social network expands, the probability for forming the willingness to withdraw from the homestead is higher for farmers with weaker social networks. In addition, the effect of social networks is different according to the level of regional economic development. The mechanism analysis suggests that social networks can indirectly increase the willingness to withdraw from homesteads by improving farmers' risk resilience. Based on these findings, this study puts forward targeted policy recommendations: focusing on the cultivation and enhancement of farmers' social networks, strengthening farmers' risk resilience, and designing differentiated homestead exit policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the socio-historical case of the human – non-human networks of Polish farmers engaged in milk production and cow herding. “Milky ways” is a term referring to var­ious ways, networks and social constellations which determine the socio-political landscape of Polish milk and dairy production and cow herding. The analysis includes ways in which, in various timeframes (before the Second World War, during Socialism, in the present time), milk is remembered to have linked a farming community and served as ways of sustenance for various types of farmers and local inhabitants (e.g. Jews, townspeople). The article explores what actors (people, products, spaces, and politics) formed the milky-way network, bringing into question the well-being and coping strategies of present-day farmers. Data for this study was collected during ethnographic fieldwork in Eastern Poland in the summer of 2019, as well as between 2010 and 2014 in villages around a small Podlachian town.

Globally, preferences for fruit trees have fluctuated over time. However, the most desirable attribute of cultivated fruit tree species has not been consistent across all species and locations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine farmers' preferences for fruit tree species and the associated problems they face in four different study sites, categorized by gender and family size. Equal sampling techniques were used in each selected study site, resulting in a total of 120 household heads participating in structured interviews. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS version 26 software, utilizing the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Across the study sites, a total of fourteen fruit tree species from ten families were found to be preferred. The preference for fruit trees based on gender showed no significant difference among respondents between kebeles per woreda. However, the preference for fruit trees based on family size showed a significant difference between kebeles per woreda. The number of species preferred for their subsistence value was twice as large as those preferred for commercial reasons. The proportions of these preferred species and the percentage of observed problems with fruit trees varied significantly across the studied sites. Of all the interviewed household heads, 70% in Fenika, 36.6% in Kite, 66.6% in Shesheka, and 50% in Kometa kebeles encountered severe problems during fruit tree planting. The most common problems identified were disease or pest infestation, lack of expert support, land availability, knowledge, and access to seedlings. In order to address these issues, it is important to utilize indigenous knowledge and scientifically tested research approaches to alleviate the factors that influence farmers' preferences.

Copyright of Carsologica Sinica is the property of Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The revitalization and utilization of homestead land is conducive to the full use of idle land resources, stimulating the vitality of the rural economy, and increasing the property rights and interests of farmers. The way of revitalization and utilization of homestead land shows a diversified trend, and relevant policies and regulations emphasize the protection of farmers’ rights and interests. Whether peasants’ property rights and interests can be effectively protected is an important influencing factor on whether idle homesteads can be effectively revitalized. In practice, farmers’ property rights and interests suffer from various infringements, including the non-authoritative and inconsistent standards of homestead price assessment, the failure to implement the income from land appreciation, and the relative rigidity of land rent. To this end, it is necessary to highlight the status of farmers as the main body, establish a scientific price assessment system, improve the remedies for farmers’ rights and interests, and promote the social security system of farmers to help protect farmers’ property rights and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne is the property of Polish Ethnological Society / Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Survey data of households in Luhe District, Nanjing, was used to explore the influence of place attachment on the farmers’ willingness to withdraw to their homestead. The goal was to improve the efficiency of homestead withdrawal. The results show that place attachment has an inhibitory effect on the farmers’ willingness to withdraw to their homesteads. Local identity at the spiritual attachment level, social connections, and dependence factors pertaining to functional attachment significantly inhibited farmers’ willingness to withdraw homestead. Therefore, when formulating relevant policies to encourage and guide the withdrawal to homesteads, attention should be paid to farmers’ local attachment to homesteads in terms of these identified factors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the increased expansion of the non-agricultural industry spurred on by vigorous urbanization, labor migration or transfer from farm to urban regions is to become more predominant in China. Studying the effect of labor transfer on farmers' willingness to withdraw from land is conducive to deepening the understanding of the reality of the "separation of human and farmland". As most rural livelihoods, directly and indirectly, depend upon farming, the socio-economic impact of leaving the homestead fosters profound research value. Moreover, it would provide a decision-making reference for the government to improve the design of the rural land withdrawal system and related support policies. This article uses the survey data of 953 farmers in Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui, China, to empirically analyze labor transfer's effect on farmers' willingness to withdraw from farmland. We construct a bivariate Probit model by eliminating the endogenous issue to craft its findings. This study outlines its findings: (i) 61.805% of the farmers were unwilling, and 18.048% were willing to withdraw from the contracted land and homestead. While 12.067% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the contracted land, 8.080% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the homestead. Further testing found a positive correlation between farmers' willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead. (ii) The overall labor transfer of households can increase the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land and homestead farming. The incomplete labor transfer of households can improve the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land. Still, it has no significant impact on the willingness of farmers to quit their homesteads. The family's complete labor transfer incentivizes farmers' willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead, which is more potent than incomplete family labor transfer. (iii) Incomplete labor transfer of female households has an incentive effect on farmers' willingness to quit contracted land, and the effect is more robust than that of incomplete household labor transfer. Seemingly, complete female labor transfer of households has an incentive effect on farmers' willingness to quit contracted land and the homestead, and the effect is stronger than the complete labor transfer of the family. Because of this, the government should respect the wishes of farmers and strengthen the effective connection and mutual promotion between the homestead and contracted land withdrawal policy. Moreover, pay concentrated attention to the vital role of different types of labor transfer, and targeted labor transfer mechanisms should be used to guide farmers in an orderly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In Ethiopia, highland bamboo has been cultivated in various niches: farmlands, riverbanks, woodlot boundaries, and homesteads, and agroforestry systems. However, the biomass and carbon storage of potential of bamboo forests across niches is not well characterized in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon storage potential of highland bamboo plantations in northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 60 circular plots measuring 100 m2 with a radius of 5.64 m were randomly established on the homestead, woodlot, and riverbank plantation niches to conduct the inventory. The biomass storage of bamboo was calculated based on previously published allometric equations. Biomass and carbon stock variations among age-classes and niches of bamboo forests were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent pairwise means comparisons of carbon stocks among niches were performed via post hoc Tukey test at p

Homestead reconstruction is one of the most effective means to govern rural planning. Traditional research cannot fully consider the individual differences of rural homesteads, easily leading to uneven spatial development, and even social and economic problems. In this study, a novel framework of rural settlement was reconstructed to integrate the land suitability and reconstruction urgency of rural homesteads. The individual differences were considered in the rural homesteads using a questionnaire survey in Pingba Village, Chongqing City, in southwest China. This framework combined the differentiated characteristics of rural homesteads, in terms of the concentration ratio, utilization status, livelihood, travel convenience, and willingness to relocate. A comprehensive evaluation index was established to divide the rural homesteads into different reconstruction types. Participatory rural assessment (PRA) was selected to conduct the questionnaire survey in all 292 peasant households living in the study area. The results show that: 1) more than half of the rural settlements were distributed in the highsuitability areas before reconstruction. A trend of agglomeration was found under the complex terrain and location conditions in the mountainous areas. 2) The scale of rural homesteads were expanded three times that need to be optimized in the study area after considering individual differences, compared with only land suitability. The newly added rural homesteads shared the land suitability, but there was low utilization or a conflict between the expected production output and lifestyle. 143 rural homesteads were then determined to be optimized using reconstruction, according to their own utilization problems. The obstacles of these homesteads were identified, in terms of the utilization status, travel convenience, and concentration ratio. 3) The land suitability and individual needs were comprehensively considered to divide into five types: the retained, locally rebuilt, integrated, production-, and travel-based relocated homestead. The proportions of the five types of homesteads were 34.79%, 22.89%, 9.04%, 16.94%, and 16.34%, respectively. Furthermore, the types were varied in the different reconstruction needs. Among them, the retained homesteads were the fundamental reconstruction. Production- and travel-based relocated homesteads needed to be optimized and reconstructed after relocation. 4) The five types of homesteads constituted of three optimization modes: relocation, integration, and space replacement. The new spatial pattern of rural settlements was established after rebuilding, relocating, and replacing the five types. Finally, 10.34 hm² of construction land resources were saved after optimization, which was far greater than the amount of the conserved when considering only the land suitability. The integration and replacement modes were added to produce the more complex reconstruction of rural homesteads within the village, compared with the simple demolition and relocation. The rural homesteads were shifted from areas of low or no suitability into high ones, indicating the increasing number. Therefore, the larger scale of rural homesteads in the regions with the higher suitability was conducive to the realization of a new pattern with the moderately centralized residency in the mountainous villages. The reconstruction significantly improved the level of agricultural suitability in the rural homesteads, fully meeting the differentiated needs of farmers for utilization. The finding can provide a new perspective on rural planning and space governance. An exploratory tool can be expected for rural space optimization, considering the influence of individual differences in the rural homesteads on the rural reconstruction plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state and problems of beekeeping products market development in the Rivne region and Ukraine. The prospects for the development of apiturism in the Rivne region have been assessed. It has been established that Ukraine has sufficient resources for the intensification of the development of tourist and recreational activities, the use of which will contribute to the development of infrastructure and the solution of a number of social and economic issues of the activities of territorial communities, the development of environmental education, the dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of our people, and the improvement of the population. Apitourism, as a component of rural green tourism of the Rivne region, will contribute to the preservation of jobs in rural areas and is a way to ensure the development of the infrastructure of non-urbanized rural areas with minimal technogenic load. The further development of apitourism will contribute to the growth of a positive image of Ukraine in the international arena as a producer and exporter of high-quality beekeeping products. The territory of the Rivne region is sufficiently equipped with natural objects for the development of beekeeping and apitourism in particular. In the presence of significant areas of the objects of the nature reserve fund, the territory of which is not subject to significant anthropogenic load, it is possible to increase the production of beekeeping products from ecologically clean territories and the implementation of state and regional programs for the development of this type of activity. On the example of one of the personal peasant households, it was established that the apitherapy of the private estate of Malih Sadiv is a young direction of modern medicine in the Rivne region. It consists in the use of healing products produced by bees. They are used to improve the health of the human body to strengthen immunity. The air inside the api-inhalation room is saturated with biologically active substances of propolis, which has antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homestead agroforestry is crucial for food, fiber, and other necessities which are required outside the conventional forests. Thus, homestead agroforestry meets the criteria for a sustainable forest management scheme, providing a better way for biodiversity conservation. Moringa based homestead agroforestry in Sylhet has an opportunity to encourage species diversity for its various structural properties. This paper explores the plant species diversity of Moringa based homestead area at Jaintiapur upazila in Sylhet. Personal interviews were conducted from June 2022 to September 2022 with 40 randomly selected respondents who were involved in Moringa-based homestead agroforestry. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices (SWDI) was used to explore the plant species diversity index. In the study area identified plant species were 50.0% fruits, 26.3% vegetables, 15.8% timber and 7.9% medicinal plants. Among all the plant species, the higher diversity was found in fruit species followed by timber species, vegetable species and medicinal species. Most of plant species were found in boundary side of homestead area. Vegetable plant diversity was found high (H' = 0.94-0.72), fruit species was also high (H' = 0.99-0.69), medicinal species was medium to high (H' = 0.62-0.97) and timber plant species was high (H' =0.86-0.94) in different homestead areas. It may be concluded that plant species diversity as observed in Moringa based homestead area could be a good option for biodiversity conservation in Sylhet area of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava is a nutritious and profitable high-yield crop. Guava root-knot nematode (GRKN), M. enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 (= M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988), cause detrimental damage in guava orchards in more than 15 countries. Fifteen guava orchards in Homestead, Florida, were randomly sampled to check for potential plant-parasitic nematode damage to the trees. The guava RKN, M. enterolobii, was detected in 80% of the sampled orchards, causing damage to white and pink guava. Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the identification of nematode species, and the host pathogenicity test showed the guava's susceptibility to M. enetrolobii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orderly withdrawal from rural homesteads is an important path for the smooth promotion of rural revitalization and new urbanization. This study aims to explore the influence and mechanism of social networks on the willingness of farm households to withdraw from homesteads. The study is based on a sample of 1971 farmer households in Jiangsu Province and analyzes the data using the logit model and mediation effect model. The results show that the social network has a significant positive effect on farmers’ willingness to withdraw from homesteads. As the social network expands, the probability for forming the willingness to withdraw from the homestead is higher for farmers with weaker social networks. In addition, the effect of social networks is different according to the level of regional economic development. The mechanism analysis suggests that social networks can indirectly increase the willingness to withdraw from homesteads by improving farmers’ risk resilience. Based on these findings, this study puts forward targeted policy recommendations: focusing on the cultivation and enhancement of farmers’ social networks, strengthening farmers’ risk resilience, and designing differentiated homestead exit policies.

Background: In Ethiopia, highland bamboo has been cultivated in various niches: farmlands, riverbanks, woodlot boundaries, and homesteads, and agroforestry systems. However, the biomass and carbon storage of potential of bamboo forests across niches is not well characterized in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon storage potential of highland bamboo plantations in northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 60 circular plots measuring 100 m2 with a radius of 5.64 m were randomly established on the homestead, woodlot, and riverbank plantation niches to conduct the inventory. The biomass storage of bamboo was calculated based on previously published allometric equations. Biomass and carbon stock variations among age-classes and niches of bamboo forests were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent pairwise means comparisons of carbon stocks among niches were performed via post hoc Tukey test at p < 0.05. Results: Results showed that the mean aboveground biomass (AGB) ranged from 150.18 – 191.42 Mg ha−1 in the entire niches. The highest amount of AGB was stored in the homestead niche (191.42 Mg ha−1) followed by the woodlot (180.11 Mg ha−1) and riverbank niche (150.17 Mg ha−1), respectively. The highest carbon stock (111.56 Mg C ha−1) was found in the homestead niche while the smallest amount was recorded in the riverbank niche (87.52 Mg ha−1). The homestead bamboo plantation has the highest biomass storage due to the application of manure and natural fertilizer, regular harvesting and management of culms, and protection from illegal harvesting and grazing. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of bamboo plantations in climate change mitigation. Hence, bamboo plantation should be promoted; and natural resource management and forestry departments of the government, Universities, research centers, the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR), and other partners should work with local communities to expand bamboo plantation on their homesteads and degraded lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to advancing urbanization is to promote the urban integration of numerous migrant workers. Two stages of decision making are involved for migrant workers, including residence (staying in cities) and settlement (transferring hukou into cities). The homestead is a necessity for migrant workers to keep their "peasant" status, which will further affect migrant workers' identification with cities and influence their decision making towards urbanization. This paper uses data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), through the coarsened exact matching (CEM) method and the analysis of mediation effects, to estimate how homesteads influence migrant workers' urbanization intention and how the sense of identity serves as a mediator variable in this mechanism. Empirical results show that the ownership of homesteads is negatively correlated with migrant workers' urbanization intention. Migrant workers with homesteads are 1.2% less likely to stay and 4.4% less likely to settle down in cities compared with their counterparts who do not have a homestead. In addition, identity plays a mediating role in the influence mechanism of homesteads on migrant workers' urbanization intention. That is, the homestead has an indirect effect on migrant workers' willingness to stay and settle down in cites through the sense of identity, aside from its direct effects. The mediation effect accounts for 20.87% of the total effect for willingness to stay and 25.63% of the total effect for willingness to settle down. This paper also represents how these coefficients vary by different regions and migration distances. Therefore, policymakers should provide institutional support for correctly guiding migrant workers to "abandon their land and enter the city" and strengthen their sense of identity to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the cross-sectional data from the 2015 and 2021 Yunnan Migrant Workers Urban Integration Survey , this study assesses the different effects of the three types of land rights that migrant workers possess in their rural hometowns on their urban settlement choices in Yunnan, western China. Specifically, it examined the existence of migrant workers moving between urban and rural areas in response to the importance of land rights for rural migrant workers, in western China, a region with the lower level of economic development and fastest growing number of migrant workers in China. After controlling for the impact of other variables, the multinomial Probit model was used to estimate the impact of the migrant workers' land rights in their rural hometowns on their settlement choices in urban areas. We found that rural land rights significantly increased migrant workers' willingness to return to their hometowns. This indicates that land right security is a key factor affecting Yunnan migrant workers' urban settlement intentions, although it is conditional in terms of age groups and places of origin. Importantly, we found that migrant workers in western China are more inclined to keep their dual identities as both urban migrant workers and rural residents. They, hence, are more inclined to rationally allocate their resources between urban and rural areas to maximize their economic outputs. Particularly, they prefer to only working - rather than settling - in urban areas, while retaining their rural land as assets and income sources. Instead of settling in either urban or rural areas, the older migrant workers who migrate to smaller and economically underdeveloped cities are more inclined to drift between urban and rural areas without permanent settlement. This confirms the argument of livelihood resource maximization and migratory bird-type migration as important mechanisms via which land right ownership affects migrant workers' urban settlement intentions. This study suggests that policymakers should consider the land rights of rural migrant workers when making urban settlement policies, especially for small and medium-sized cities, where migrant settlement intention is weaker. Policymakers should also promote the flexibility of rural land use rights transfer and explore reforms concerning the separation of the three types of land rights to achieve a balance between urbanization and land use efficiency, particularly in small and medium-sized cities. • Land rights shape migrant workers' settlement choices in western China. • Older migrants in smaller cities tend to move between urban and rural areas. • Migration strategy is driven by resource maximization based on labor economics. • Land rights influence migration decisions, linking them to settlement choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization in China has led to the disappearance of countless villages and the transformation of homestead land into cultivated land or grassland. The quality of homestead soil (HS) plays a pivotal role in land-use conversion and reuse strategies, so the current state of heavy metal pollution in HS deserves attention. This study determined the fraction contents, bioaccessibility, risks, and affecting factors of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in HS by comparing them with soil in cultivated land (CS), grassland (GS), homestead-converted cultivated land (HCS), and homestead-converted grassland (HGS). Results demonstrate that the contents of the six metals exceed background values, especially for Cd and Hg, resulting in significant pollution and elevated ecological risk. Distinct from the dominant residual fraction of other metals, the extractable fraction of Cd shows the highest proportion, which also contributes most to the high values of the Risk Assessment Code and extreme pollution conditions in HS, GS, and CS. Moreover, pH shows predominantly negative relations with the effective available and potentially available contents, while the effects of organic carbon fractions are notably the opposite. Furthermore, CS and GS suggest higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than in the converted soil. This study indicates that HS has a lower metal accumulation risk compared with cultivated land and grassland, and homestead conversion seems to restrict the bioaccessibility of metals in soil. [Display omitted] ● Metal pollution is ubiquitous in soils of the studied five land types, especially for Cd and Hg. ● The HS, GS, and CS show extreme pollution based on the high values of the Risk Assessment Code. ● The converted soil presents relatively lower values of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than GS or CS. ● Organic C and pH emerged as critical factors influencing metal allocation across different fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural real estate registration is the basic work to promote rural economic and social development. Based on the data of rural real estate ownership survey, this paper analyzes the spatial pattern characteristics of rural real estate in Hai’an, sorts out the existing problems of rural homestead and collective construction land, and puts forward targeted suggestions. The study found that the current rural real estate has problems such as housing area exceeding the current area standard, one household with multiple houses, low utilization efficiency, and disorderly transfer of use rights need to be solved. The article enriches and develops the theoretical basis of current research on rural real estate rights, and provides reference and basis for promoting the registration and management of rural real estate in Jiangsu province, deepening the reform of rural land system, and guiding the transfer of collectively-owned construction land into the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock forms an integral component of humid tropical cropping systems, providing food and financial security, employment, and insurance against crop failure for small scale farmers. However, livestock sector is seriously constrained by the drastic decline in fodder base and high cost of feeds, incurring huge economic loss to farmers. Hence fodder production should be intensified in cropping system by including alternate feeds like nutrient rich fodder trees and shrubs to supplement conventional fodder. Fodder trees serve as a potential source of quality green fodder to livestock especially during lean periods. Moreover, tree leaves can be cheaper feed supplements than the commercial concentrates and can easily be grown by the small-holder farmers. Leucaena, mulberry, kadamba, calliandra, agathi, moringa and gliricidia are promising fodder tress by virtue of their nutritive foliage, fast growing nature with higher biomass production, amenable to heavy pruning, good coppicing ability and easy management. Moreover, these trees can be grown in close hedgerows as fodder banks in integration with existing crops to maximize productivity in land crunch humid tropical areas. Enhancing tree cover in cropping systems also offers ecosystem services like enhanced carbon storage and associated global warming issues. Forage and nutrient yields, and carbon accretion can be substantially elevated and crop–tree competition can be minimized by appropriate stand management practices and proper regulation of overstorey and understorey components. Extensive studies conducted on tree fodder bank establishment, management and their productive and protective functions in humid tropical cropping systems of South India are reviewed in this paper.

Because of the increased expansion of the non-agricultural industry spurred on by vigorous urbanization, labor migration or transfer from farm to urban regions is to become more predominant in China. Studying the effect of labor transfer on farmers’ willingness to withdraw from land is conducive to deepening the understanding of the reality of the “separation of human and farmland”. As most rural livelihoods, directly and indirectly, depend upon farming, the socio-economic impact of leaving the homestead fosters profound research value. Moreover, it would provide a decision-making reference for the government to improve the design of the rural land withdrawal system and related support policies. This article uses the survey data of 953 farmers in Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui, China, to empirically analyze labor transfer’s effect on farmers’ willingness to withdraw from farmland. We construct a bivariate Probit model by eliminating the endogenous issue to craft its findings. This study outlines its findings: (i) 61.805% of the farmers were unwilling, and 18.048% were willing to withdraw from the contracted land and homestead. While 12.067% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the contracted land, 8.080% of the farmers were only willing to withdraw from the homestead. Further testing found a positive correlation between farmers’ willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead. (ii) The overall labor transfer of households can increase the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land and homestead farming. The incomplete labor transfer of households can improve the willingness of farmers to quit contracted land. Still, it has no significant impact on the willingness of farmers to quit their homesteads. The family’s complete labor transfer incentivizes farmers’ willingness to withdraw from contracted land and the homestead, which is more potent than incomplete family labor transfer. (iii) Incomplete labor transfer of female households has an incentive effect on farmers’ willingness to quit contracted land, and the effect is more robust than that of incomplete household labor transfer. Seemingly, complete female labor transfer of households has an incentive effect on farmers’ willingness to quit contracted land and the homestead, and the effect is stronger than the complete labor transfer of the family. Because of this, the government should respect the wishes of farmers and strengthen the effective connection and mutual promotion between the homestead and contracted land withdrawal policy. Moreover, pay concentrated attention to the vital role of different types of labor transfer, and targeted labor transfer mechanisms should be used to guide farmers in an orderly manner.

Through recognition and mastery of the regional differences and influencing factors of China's rural housing rental rates, we can better understand changes in the functional attributes of homesteads and deepen the reform of "separating rural land ownership rights, contract rights, and management rights" of homesteads. Accordingly, this paper uses village residence data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey to measure the degree of regional differences in rural housing rental rates at the province level and empirically analyze the influencing factors with villages (residences) as measuring unit. The study yields four main findings. First, rural housing rental behavior exists to varying degrees in the vast majority of provinces nationwide. Second, according to the spatial distribution pattern, rural housing rental rates are generally high in the eastern coastal region and low in the central, western, and northeastern regions, mainly reflecting unique characteristics of the eastern region. Third, although the level of economic development is important, it is not the only factor explaining regional differences in rural housing rental rates. Fourth, rural housing rental rates are mainly influenced by a combination of three types of factors: physiographic, socioeconomic, and village governance factors. Among them, factors such as proximity to suburban areas, the proportion of non-local permanent residents, annual per capita income, and village infrastructure conditions have significant positive effects, whereas factors such as distance from administrative centers, reliance on funding from the higher-level authority of the village committee, and the degree of harmony between villages and cadres have significant negative effects. By interpreting the policy implications of these findings, we hope to provide a reference for localized, categorical reform of the homestead system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper evaluates about 146,000 home sales from the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) of Bexar County (San Antonio), Texas, from January 2009 to April 2019 to measure the extent that a home’s selling price reflects a Green premium which is identified in the MLS. We exclude new houses from this analysis. For the span of our data, we find a 4.2% increase in the sale price of Green homes, holding other features constant. When evaluated by Area (approximate selling price quintile), we find premiums of 6.9%, 5.7%, 1.2%, 3.5%, and 5.3% by order of increasing neighborhood value quintile. When assessing Homestead versus Non-Aomestead homes, we find a premium of 2.8% for Homesteads and 6.4% for Non-Homesteads. Considering the time trend, we found the premium starting under 3% in 2009 and increasing to a little over 5% where it remained for three years and decreased to about 4% in 2014 where it remained through the end of the data in 2019.

This paper engages with the concept of the migrant subject, as framed through contemporary literature on migrancy, and read through the Pauline Ingle photographic collection, located in the Eastern Cape. As against gendered historiographies of labour migrancy and the associated meanings attributed to the rural as a site of social reproduction, Ingle's photographs invite a series of atypical readings that unsettle these subjectivities. Rather, they suggest social and political acts that presage and constitute a migrant citizenship, one that undermines the dichotomy of the rural (traditional) and urban (modern) and projects the possibility of reading the history of the subject in the Eastern Cape differently.

The resource endowment related to homestead reform can be divided into four types: market resource, ecology and cultural tourism resource, policy resource and general resource. The representative reform models of different resource endowment such as Yiwu in Zhejiang province, Pengshan district in Sichuan province, Chongqing and Changyuan county in Henan province were selected from the homestead reform counties. The market resource type like Yiwu in Zhejiang province homestead reform model effect is very good and it has more promotion value. The other three resource types of homestead reform models also achieved some good results because their own resource endowment advantages were used. It is suggested that the government should make full use of the comparative advantage of resource endowment in the area of homestead reform, combine resources and homestead reform through market and non-market paths and play a leader role in non-market resource type homestead reform models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purposes]To explore the internal relationship between the functional evolution of rural homestead and the general requirements of Rural Revitalization Strategy, explore the content and effectiveness of homestead reform, and provide strong support for stimulating rural development vitality and promoting rural revitalization. [Methods] literature survey, case analysis, principal component analysis. [Results]before 2015, traffic factors were the main driving forces of the functional evolution of residential land in Luxian county; After 2015, the driving factors of social economy gradually strengthened, while the driving role of traffic factors decreased. [Conclusion] the pilot reform of homestead is the leading factor of the functional evolution of homestead in Luxian county. In the future, we can promote the rural economic development by planning and developing pension real estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials of excavations of the homestead of medieval settlement of the 8th – 9th centuries AD, discovered and explored near the Livadia hospital in 1981–1982, on the Southern coast of Crimea, are presented in the paper. The manor was built on an artificial terrace on the eastern slope of the hill, on which the cultural layer of the vast settlement, now built up with new buildings, was spread. Excavations revealed the courtyard, parts of residential and farm buildings with abundant finds related to the life and sudden destruction of the estate complex as a result of a natural disaster (earthquake or landslide). The remains of settlements and pottery workshops of the 8th – 9th centuries are also known in other places of the Southern coast of Crimea, including the territory of Yalta and in its environs. A diverse material composition of finds from the excavations of the settlement near the Livadia hospital is stored and exhibited in the Yalta Historical and Literary Museum.

The key to advancing urbanization is to promote the urban integration of numerous migrant workers. Two stages of decision making are involved for migrant workers, including residence (staying in cities) and settlement (transferring hukou into cities). The homestead is a necessity for migrant workers to keep their “peasant” status, which will further affect migrant workers’ identification with cities and influence their decision making towards urbanization. This paper uses data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), through the coarsened exact matching (CEM) method and the analysis of mediation effects, to estimate how homesteads influence migrant workers’ urbanization intention and how the sense of identity serves as a mediator variable in this mechanism. Empirical results show that the ownership of homesteads is negatively correlated with migrant workers’ urbanization intention. Migrant workers with homesteads are 1.2% less likely to stay and 4.4% less likely to settle down in cities compared with their counterparts who do not have a homestead. In addition, identity plays a mediating role in the influence mechanism of homesteads on migrant workers’ urbanization intention. That is, the homestead has an indirect effect on migrant workers’ willingness to stay and settle down in cites through the sense of identity, aside from its direct effects. The mediation effect accounts for 20.87% of the total effect for willingness to stay and 25.63% of the total effect for willingness to settle down. This paper also represents how these coefficients vary by different regions and migration distances. Therefore, policymakers should provide institutional support for correctly guiding migrant workers to “abandon their land and enter the city” and strengthen their sense of identity to the city.

Copyright of Acta Medicinae et Sociologica (AMS) is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In many Ugandan rural communities, pigs are generally kept under traditional smallholder systems without basic biosecurity measures in place. In some instances, these systems are at the livestock-wildlife interface, as it is the case in Nwoya district, which is bordered by Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP). This pig system has potential for the maintenance and transmission of pathogens like African swine fever (ASF) between different herds, and also with wild pigs (warthogs and bushpigs). In this paper, we describe the spatial and temporal pattern of the movements of free ranging domestic pigs in a rural setting in Northern Uganda where ASF is endemic. We also determine their use of habitat to highlight the potential interaction hotspots between domestic pigs and between domestic and wild pig populations. We fitted 10 free-ranging domestic pigs owned by different homesteads with GPS harnesses during rainy and dry seasons. The pig home range, daily distance, activity pattern and habitat use were calculated. Our results show that the maximum area covered (MCP 100%) by the pigs varied between 35,965 and 475,077 m2. The core area varied from 1,317 to 50,769 m2. The pigs' home ranges were significantly bigger during the dry season than during the rainy season (Wilcoxon test, W = 22, p = 0.04). The mean full day (24 h) distance was longer in the dry season than in the rainy season (Student test, t = 2.7, p = 0.03). The pigs were mostly located within their own homestead, but they also used other homesteads, grass and crop fields. This study highlights that free-ranging domestic pigs may cover a wide area, especially during the dry season. Interestingly, the home range of pigs from different herds may overlap with areas used by wild pigs which share crops and other resources in this area. This study provides insights into a better understanding of the potential for spread of diseases such as ASF at small-scale and can be used to raise awareness of such risks and to better target implementation of preventive measures.

Increasing tree cover and managing trees better on farms in Ethiopia supports livelihoods and the environment but most tree-planting schemes promote only a few species. This research aimed to understand farmers' tree planting priorities in Oromia, Ethiopia and address challenges involved in meeting them. Tree species and planting niches were elicited through focus group discussions. Participatory trials compared 17 tree species across seven on-farm planting niches and seedling survival and growth patterns were evaluated. Farmers suggested a high diversity of tree species suitable for each niche with fruit species mainly selected for homesteads. The diversity of desired tree species is much higher than that typically available in nurseries or promoted by tree planting projects. Meeting planting demands was difficult because the existing seedling supply does not support diversity. Evaluation of tree survival showed striking differences among species, farms, agroecologies and planting niches. There was high variation in seedling survival amongst the tree species planted on 1893 farm/planting niche locations, indicating impact of local level risk factors attributable to management, biotic and abiotic causes. Growth differences of the six shared species common to both agroecologies across different niches, showed that the effects of species and niche were significant on growth. A farmer-led approach to increasing tree cover that couples understanding of species and planting niche preferences with appropriate seedling supply and management is proposed as a means to increase the diversity of trees in farmed landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedentarization of pastoralist communities is reshaping the structure and functioning of tropical savannas. Of particular concern is how permanent pastoral settlements change grassland vegetation inside "protected" areas. In this study, we investigate the spatial impact of pastoral settlements on grassland regrowth in Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia. Within the National Park, we established herbivore exclosures across the central grassland plains at varying distances from a high concentration of pastoral settlements. Plant species composition, biomass, and regrowth after clipping were measured every 6 months, inside and outside exclosures in close proximity and further away from pastoral settlements. After 18 months, close proximity to high densities of pastoral settlements negatively influenced grassland regrowth compared to further away from pastoral settlements. Excluding herbivores resulted in lower regrowth compared to grazed swards independent of distance from high densities of pastoral settlements. Cover of the dominant grass species Bothriochloa insculpta was lower when grazed and following clipping, whereas Chrysopogon plumulosus cover was higher closer to settlements. These grasses were dominant across the plain; yet further away from settlements there was a higher number of co‐dominant grassland species. These findings suggest that subtle changes in grassland community composition, likely following livestock grazing, contribute to spatial differences in savanna grassland regrowth near to and far from pastoral settlements. Furthermore, specific grassland species may be used as indicators of the wider spatial impact of pastoral settlement sedentarization on savanna regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that labor mixing confers property in unowned resources is, for many, the very heart of the Lockean system of property. In this essay I shall argue that this common view is mistaken. Lockean theorists should reject labor mixing as the preferred method of first appropriation, and should adopt a different account of first appropriation instead. This is because labor mixing does not serve the central justification for the institution of property embraced by Lockeans. Thus, my argument is internal to the Lockean system; I rely only on premises that (many) Lockean theorists embrace. Though Lockeans should forsake labor mixing, that does not mean they should give up on property rights and the idea of first appropriation. In the paper's final section, I sketch an account of first appropriation that Lockeans should embrace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve successful positioning, rural tourism managers and marketers need to understand consumer behaviour. Above all, they need to answer the question of which customer profiles are suitable to particular tourist destinations There are three types of statistical measurement used for research into consumer, i.e. tourist behaviour, and those are volume, value and profile. A profile encompasses characteristics of the consumers per se and characteristics of trae. The aim of the paper is to define the profile of rural tourism consumer based on the results of the conducted research, taking into account two socio-demographic characteristics of the consumers - age and education level in relation to three characteristics of travel - frequency of engaging in rural tourism, travel companions and information sources used to plan the trip. The research encompassed 150 respondents each from Serbia and Austria respectively. Cross-tabulation method was used for testing the set hypotheses.