Search

Das hier beschriebene Verbundvorhaben umfasst folgende Teilprojekte: FKZ 15NA151 und FKZ 15NA177. Zwischen 2017-2019 wurden in Niedersachsen Erhebungen zum Dispersionsverhalten von Spargelfliegen (Plioreocepta poeciloptera syn. Platyparea poeciloptera) in Praxisanlagen durchgeführt und durch Beobachtungen zum Schlupf ergänzt. Der Puppenschlupf findet im Frühjahr ab 10 °C statt. Der Flugzeitraum erstreckt sich ab erster Aprildekade bis Mitte Juli, wobei der Hauptflug zwischen Mitte Mai und Mitte Juni liegt. Auf 2/3 aller Flächen wurden durchschnittlich maximal 100 Fliegen pro Falle gefangen. Dabei lag die Befallshäufigkeit in Ertragsanlagen bei maximal 20%, ohne sichtbare Schädigung der Triebe. Nur in drei Flächen wurden mehr als 50% Triebbefall beobachtet. In Junganlagen und Neupflanzungen wurden im Randbereich der Anlagen bereits im Sommer abgestorbene Triebe beobachtet. Danach wanderten die Fliegen weiter in die Anlage hinein. Der Befall wird bestimmt durch die Fliegenanzahl, die nach dem Stechende auf der Fläche auftritt. Durch eine Verschiebung des Stechendes nach hinten, kann die Anzahl befallener Triebe gesenkt werden. Der Schlupfbeginn im nächsten Jahr verschiebt sich um jeden Tag, um den das Stechende nach hinten verschoben wird, ebenfalls um 0,75 Tage. Spargelfliegen bevorzugen für die Eiablage ca. 40 cm hohe Triebe. Die Eier werden ca. 5 cm unterhalb der Triebspitze abgelegt. Bei einem hohen Befallsdruck werden auch größere Triebe akzeptiert. Die Verpuppung findet bis 10 cm unter der Erdoberfläche innerhalb des Triebe statt. Zwischen Anlagen wurde ein aktiver Zuflug über eine Distanz von mindestens 300 m nachgewiesen. Die Präsenz der Wirtspflanzen ist dabei entscheidend. Durch eine möglichst große Distanz zu Altanlagen (> 600m) lässt sich der Zuflug in Neuanlagen im ersten Jahr deutlich reduzieren und damit Schädigungen vermeiden. Massenfang und Zwischensaaten konnten einen Befall nicht signifikant reduzieren. Allerdings wurde mit einer mechanischen Bearbeitung durch Mulchen und Fräsen die Schlupfrate im nächsten Jahr signifikant negativ beeinflusst. Der Einsatz von Insektiziden scheint sich die Befallshäufigkeit nicht deutlich zu beeinflussen. Der wesentliche Effekt scheint in der Reduktion der Befallsstärke zu liegen. Die erarbeiteten Daten lassen darauf schließen, dass die Schad- und Bekämpfungsschwellen deutlich höher liegen, als es bisher angenommen wird. Alle in Organic Eprints archivierten Projektbeschreibungen und Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Verbundvorhaben finden Sie unter folgendem Link: https://orgprints.org/id/saved_search/1667. Angaben zur Finanzierung des Projekts finden Sie im Förderkatalog des Bundes unter http://foerderportal.bund.de/foekat/jsp/StartAction.do. Bitte geben Sie in das Suchfeld eine 28 plus das Förderkennzeichen (FKZ) des BÖLN-Projektes ein, z.B. 2808OE212 für das BÖLN-Projekt mit der FKZ 08OE212.

Flyer aus dem JKI

Otiorhynchus (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: 71 larvae (Fig. 206). Lampertheimer Wald near Heppenheim (Germany, South Hesse), 3 ex. introduced with young oak plants (Quercus ilex L. and Q. frainetto Ten.) from Italy (tree nursery) to the test area ���Wald der Zukunft��� of Senckenberg / Frankfurt a.M., 20.03. 2010, leg. W. Dorow; Hildesheim (Germany, Niedersachsen), nursery, 0 6.04.2011, 17 ex.: 7 ex. from Primula vulgaris flowerpots; 10 ex. from Geum chiloense Balb. ex Ser. cultivar ���Feuerball���; dto., 0 4.05.2011, 12 ex.: 3 ex. from Eupatorium cannabinum L. flowerpots, dto., 2 ex. from Geum montanum L. cultivar ���Diana���, dto., 7 ex. from Lysimachia clethroides Duby; dto., 4 ex. from Primula vulgaris Huds. flowerpots, 11.05.2010; Germany, Wiesbaden (South Hesse), nursery, 27.04.2011, 21 ex.: 8 ex. from Astilbe simplicifolia Makino cultivar ���Sprite��� flowerpots, 10 ex. from Astilbe japonica (C. Morren & Decne) A. Gray cultivar ���Deutschland���, 3 ex. from Astilbe japonica cultivar ���Red Sentinel���; Wiesbaden, nursery, 0 3.08.2011, 4 ex. from flowerpots with Bergenia cordifolia Sternb. cultivar ���Glockenturm���; JKI, Braunschweig, greenhouse, 10 ex. in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei (contamination), 13.11. 2013. Additional material: West France, Angers, 5 ex., 24.02. 2012, collected by Michael Barth outdoors in a tree nursery in 15 litre plant pots with Cupressocyparis x leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim.. 2 larvae were reared to adults (28.��� 29.03.2012) and one to pupa (pupation before 22.03.2012). Remarks about breeding and development. The development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus is one of the best known of all soil-dwelling weevils which is due to the great impact of this species in horticulture and viticulture in many regions of the world. The damage of this species in the temperate and cooler regions to cultivated plants is mainly restricted to greenhouses, flowerpots, parks, orchards, roadside greeneries and other typical anthropogenic environments. About 110 years ago there were only few indications of a pest status of this species (Moorhouse et al. 1992). Its origin is (northern) Italy from where also males of this predominantly parthenogenetic species are documented (concluded from data of Dieckmann 1980 and Moorhouse et al. 1992). Outdoors, pupation begins in April or May. Young weevils emerge from June to September on the soil (peak activity in July and August) and deposit eggs in this period. Larvae develop during summer and autumn, overwinter, continue feeding activity early in the season and pupate in spring. Development time of the larvae strongly depends on temperature and is over 200 days outdoors and less than 90 days in greenhouses (La Lone & Clarke 1981). Most adults die in late summer and autumn; only a few overwinter and start to lay eggs earlier in the season. O. sulcatus did not show a diapause or developmental delay under long-day conditions in the climate chamber. Description (Figs. 23���33). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellow to dark yellow; cuticle almost smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 23). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium and 2 long); 2 as, different in length; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar (except pds, ordered: 1 medium, 1 long, 1 medium and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 6 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 24). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 25, 27, 28). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 26���28). Each of four lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 29). Setae relatively short. Head capsule with 4 relatively short des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; 1 relatively short ves; and 1 minute pes. Postepicranial area with 2 pairs of sensilla, forming a group. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 1.7 times as wide as long and with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally on each side (Fig. 30). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate (Fig. 30). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, one very small ams similar to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 31). Mandible (Fig. 32) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 33) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 8 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 33), with 3 ligs and 1 prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 long, almost 2 times as long as pms 1 and pms 2 (Fig. 33). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Moorhouse, E., Charnley, A. & Gillespie, A. (1992) A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 121, 431 - 454. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1992. tb 03455. x","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310.","La Lone, R. S. & Clarke, R. G. (1981) Larval development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to Rhododendron. Environmental Entomology, 10, 190 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 10.2.190"]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus fuscipes (Olivier, 1807) Material examined: 4 larvae (Fig. 214). Ith Mountains, southwest of Hannover, in the district of Hameln, Niedersachsen, 350���400 m, 13.10.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 0 1.09.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 26.03.2012, 1 ex. Remarks about sampling and development. All larvae were received from field-sampling in a beech forest on limestone, at about 350���400 m above sea level in the submontane climate zone. The larvae were found between the roots of young Fraxinus excelsior L. plants, growing intermixed with Allium ursinum L., which can be recognized by their characteristic subterranean overwintering organs, the longitudinal bulbs. As we know there are no data on the life-cycle of this taxon including larval development. Description (Figs. 100���110). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dark yellow to brownish; cuticle almost smooth. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 100). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, brownish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 101). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps almost equal in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 102, 104, 105). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 103���105). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 106). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 5 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 107). Labrum about 1.6 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 107). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 108). Mandible (Fig. 109) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 1 short and 1 long mds; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 110) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 110), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 110). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725

Otiorhynchus (Nehrodistus) armatus Boheman, 1846 Material examined: 61 larvae (Figs. 209, 230). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, Chaenomeles x superba cultivar ���Hollandia���, flowerpot, 0 4.10.2013, 7 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 25.09.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 0 7.10.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Hedera helix L., 0 7.10.2014, 26 ex.; and 25.09.2014, 13 ex.; dto., Prunus laurocerasus cultivar ���Van Nes���, 19.12.2013, 3 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. The larvae of this species were obtained from two breeding attempts in the JKI in 2013 and 2014. Otiorhynchus armatus is apparently easy to breed also in small flowerpots, and it accepted all tested plants (Chaenomeles x superba, Euonymus fortunei, Hedera helix, Prunus laurocerasus). During the past 15 years this taxon as well as the closely related or even identical O. corruptor (Host, 1789) was introduced several times to Germany and became noxious in indoor greeneries. Up to now, no permanent population (of both taxa) is known from Germany. All adults had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in Merano / Northern Italy on 18.05. 2013, in the town from a hotel wall with ivy (Hedera helix). The weevils were not sclerotized, young adults at this point in time. 4 males and 3 females were used for the first breeding attempt (released on the plants on 24.05.2013) and 8 specimens of undetermined sex for the second (started on 24.06.2014). Adults and larvae from 2014 represent the second reared generation. Breeding gave no indication for any diapause. Mature larvae were already obtained in September and October, and pupae in November and December. The life-cycle of this species is apparently unknown, but seems to be in some kind resembling to that of Otiorhynchus sulcatus: emergence of newly hatched adults from (approximately) mid-May, larval development within a few months, pupation during the whole season if temperature remains high in autumn and winter, development also in small flowerpots. The most striking difference is���in Central Europe���the much stronger limitation to indoor situations, apparently due to the demand of higher temperatures. Viggiani (1977) reports about damage on Fragaria and an occurrence on Vitis vinifera L., Ficus carica L., Hedera helix, Spiraea apulifolia L. and Citrus medica L. in Campania (Italy). Description (Figs. 45���55). Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments white; except brownish pronotum; cuticle almost smooth, microcuticular processes, brown, poorly visible. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 45). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform; brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar, with the exception of pds on metathorax (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 medium long and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 46). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with only 4 pds (1 long, 1 short, 1 long and 1 short) and 1 minute sps]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 47, 49, 50). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 2 ps, different in length; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 48���50). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 51). Head capsule with 4 relatively short and 1 minute des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally, minute des 4 located close to stemmata, all des equal in length; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 2 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 3.6 times as wide as long with 2 very short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 52). Labrum about 1.7 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of labrum; anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 52). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent; epipharynx covered by nodular cuticular processes (Fig. 53). Mandible (Fig. 54) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal egde with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 55) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 3 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 55), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 3���4 times as long as pms 1, and 5 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 55). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Viggiani, G. (1977) Nuovi reperti su alcuni Coleotteri radicicoli (Haplidia etrusca Kr., Otiorrhynchus armatus Boh., O. trophonius Reitt.). Boll. Lab. ent. agr. Portici, 34, 11 - 15."]}

Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus) indefinitus Reitter, 1912 = O. dieckmanni Magnano, 1979 We took over this name from L��bl & Smetana (2012) despite the absence of a formal taxonomical act of synonymization, as we believe that the authors are right. Material examined: 11 larvae (Fig. 203). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, 21.09.2011, 1 ex.; dto., 28.10.2011, 5 ex.; dto., 0 1.11.2012, 4 ex.; and 1 ex. on 23.04. 2013 from two flowerpots that were taken to the Curculio Institute in Hannover in winter 2012 / 2013 for regular pupal search. Remarks about breeding and development. All larvae were received from breeding efforts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig from flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare L. and Syringa vulgaris L. Breeding attempts were started on 24.06. 2011 and on 24.05. 2012. In 2011 16 adults and in 2012 8 adults and 70 eggs from Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, and Hannover-Linden, park area, were placed in 2 small flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare and 3 flowerpots with Syringa vulgaris in the JKI. In 2012 5 flowerpots with only Syringa vulgaris were used. In the Berggarten, an old botanical garden, the weevils were mainly collected from Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cultivars. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2011 at the end of September and in 2012 at 1 st November. Then development was delayed in many specimens. Mature larvae were also present in November, December, January, February, but on 0 1.11. 2012 already one recently emerged adult was obtained. The only pupa was detected in June, on 16.06. 2012, and described for the first time by Gosik & Sprick (2013). The reasons for this developmental delay are unknown, as other originally Mediterranean species, like Otiorhynchus armadillo, O. aurifer or O. meridionalis, did not show such a delay which is regarded to be an adaptation to lower central European winter temperatures. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus indefinitus is not well known, but apparently rather similar to O. raucus (see next species). Teneral adults, usually not sclerotized specimens, appear early in the season on the soil surface. Activity decreases gradually during summer and ends in September. Up to now neither larvae nor pupae were found in the field, but 2 recently emerged adults were recorded in September, indicating that pupation took place in the same year as egg deposition. But it is unknown if larvae also overwinter (originated from eggs deposited later in the season) as in most other Otiorhynchus species with well known life-cycle. In Wiesbaden-Schierstein (South Hesse, Germany), G. Kubach found three not sclerotized, overwintering teneral adults in soil, but less deep than O. raucus (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Very likely, these specimens stayed in their pupal chambers. The low age of these specimens can also be detected by the presence of mandible appendages that will be lost just before the first food uptake. The appearance of single specimens at the soil surface in September might be due to a disturbance of the overwintering site, e.g. by agricultural or horticultural activities. Breeding in flowerpots proved to be practicable in this species, and its susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes was tested in a project about soil-dwelling weevils (Ufer et al. 2011; cited in Sprick & St��ben 2012). HW HH BL BH Species min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. O. indefinitus 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.10 1.20 1.30 6.80 7.60 9.00 2.30 3.00 2.40 O. raucus 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.80 2.50 2.70 3.10 0.90 1.00 1.40 O. ligustici* 2.40 2.50 3.00 2.40 2.50 2.60 12.00 12.70 13.00 4.00 4.80 5.60 O. porcatus* 0.75 1.15 1.45 0.65 1.00 1.50 4.50 6.00 7.30 1.90 2.20 2.90 O. sulcatus 1.60 1.70 1.90 1.50 1.60 1.80 7.40 9.60 11.70 2.70 3.30 3.80 O. singularis 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.50 1.60 1.80 6.50 7.70 10.10 2.50 3.00 3.50 O. armatus 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.50 1.70 1.80 6.90 8.40 10.40 2.20 3.10 3.50 O. armadillo 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.70 1.80 2.00 8.20 9.10 9.80 3.00 3.20 3.50 O. aurifer 1.70 1.70 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.80 8.20 8.50 10.50 2.50 3.30 3.50 O. meridionalis 1.80 1.90 1.70 1.80 8.00 10.50 3.10 3.10 O. clavipes 2.00 2.10 2.30 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.00 9.20 11.20 3.70 4.0 5.20 O. fuscipes 2.00 2.10 2.40 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.20 9.60 11.60 3.10 4.0 4.90 O. lugdunensis 1.70 1.80 2.20 1.80 1.80 2.20 7.80 9.80 11.20 2.60 3.20 3.80 O. salicicola* 1.55 1.75 1.80 1.20 1.30 1.50 7.50 9.50 10.00 3.00 3.20 3.40 O. ovatus 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 4.30 6.20 6.70 1.10 2.20 2.30 O. crataegi 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.10 6.00 6.30 7.00 1.90 2.00 3.40 O. rugosostriatus 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.40 1.50 1.60 7.70 8.70 9.00 2.30 2.80 3.00 Description (Figs. 1���11). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments dark yellow brown; cuticle almost smooth. Body rather compact (Fig. 1). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 3 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 long prs; 5 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 short and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 3, 5, 6). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long ps; and 2 short sts, equal in length (Figs. 4���6). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 7). Head capsule with 4 medium long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 medium long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 short ves. Postepicranial area with a sensillum on each side, next pair of sensilla located medially on frons. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus (Fig. 8) 2.7 times as wide as long, without setae. Labrum (Fig. 8) about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, lms 1 and lrm 2 exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 9) with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams similar in both, shape and length, and 2 very short, poorly visible mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, almost parallel. Mandible (Fig. 10) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 11) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal; basal one with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 11), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly longer than distal; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length: pms 2 long, 3 times as long as pms 1, and 4 times as long as pms 3; surface of postlabium densely covered by distinct cuticular processes (Fig. 11). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731 (4), 445 - 472; incl. Erratum: Zootaxa, 3745 (2), 299 - 300.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus) raucus (Fabricius, 1777) Material examined: 8 larvae (Fig. 204). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���, dto., 13.11.2013, 1 ex.; dto., 24.01.2014, 1 ex.; dto., 0 1.04.2014, 2 ex.; dto., 0 9.05.2014, 2 ex. and dto., 19.12.2014, 1 ex.; dto., breeding with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd���, 0 1.04.2014, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only rather few larvae of Otiorhynchus raucus were obtained from at least three breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. In 2011 no larvae were obtained from breeding with Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand. -Mazz. In 2013 breeding was started on 10.06. with 18 weevils that were released on 2 flowerpots with Chaenomeles x superba (Frahm) Rehder cultivar ���Hollandia���, 2 with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd��� and 2 with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���. In 2014 9 weevils were placed on 0 4.06. in 3 Prunus laurocerasus and 1 Fragaria vesca L. cultivar ���Regina��� flowerpots. One flowerpot with Thuja occidentalis from the last year that contained no more larvae was added. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2013 in November and in 2014 in December, i.e. after 5 or 6 months, respectively. Also from the attempt in 2013 that revealed the highest number of mature larvae, no pupae could be obtained. In the field no larvae of O. raucus were found, which may be due to feeding sites deep in soil and perhaps to low or at most medium abundance. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus raucus is not well known. Early in the season, mainly in April and May, teneral weevils appear on the soil surface and start to lay eggs when sclerotized, from May or June, during the whole season until August and September. Adults overwinter in the pupal chamber deep in soil. Eggs laid late in the season should produce larvae that overwinter, too. Scherf (1964) confirmed the presence of overwintering larvae, but without giving any further information. Own attempts to find larvae in winter failed, but G. Kubach dug out even 8 not sclerotized, young adults on 26 th January 2011 at the site with the highest abundance in Wiesbaden-Schierstein during the soildwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Soil depth was around 50 cm. The pupa of O. raucus is still unknown. Description (Figs. 12���22). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and some first abdominal segments dark grey; remaining segments varying from grey to yellowish. Cuticle especially on the dorsal part covered by triangular cuticular processes and more pigmented than on the lateral and ventral parts. Body elongated (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 5 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 medium long and 1 long, and 2 medium long); 2 as, different in length; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 13). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 medium long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 14, 16, 17). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 15���17). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X without seta. Head subglobose, almost rounded (Fig. 18). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves; all setae almost equal in length. Postepicranial area with a group of 4 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla placed anteromedially. Stemmata absent. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.9 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 19). Labrum about 2.5 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate; surface of labrum densely covered by triangular cuticular processes (Fig. 19). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 2 ams and 1 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 20). Mandible (Fig. 21) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 22) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 22), with 2 short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; praemental sclerite feebly visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1, and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 22). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 506, 1 - 336, 497 figures.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: 18 larvae (Fig. 208). Hannover (Germany), breeding in 2 Bergenia cordifolia cultivar ���Rotblum��� flowerpots, 18.12.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 23.02.2012, 1 ex.; Ellerhoop, greenhouse, breeding by Thorsten Ufer in Thuja occidentalis flowerpots, 17.01.2012, 3 ex.; JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in Euonymus fortunei flowerpots, 0 1.11.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 13.12.2012, 2 ex.; dto., 10.01.2013, 1 ex.; dto., breeding in Taxus baccata L. flowerpots, 14.03.2013, 1 ex.; dto., Thuja occidentalis cultivar ���Smaragd���, 18.04.2013, 1 ex.; Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, bed of Waldsteinia geoides Willd., 25.06.2015, 5 ex.; 0 4.06.2015, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only a relatively small number of larvae were obtained from 2 breeding attempts in 2011 and 2012. The exact number of all observed larvae cannot be given here, as several larvae were kept to obtain pupae (but in vain) and several larvae later proved to be in fact Otiorhynchus sulcatus (due to a contamination of some of the plants used for breeding). In 2011 45 eggs, deposited on 18.08. 2011, were released in 2 Bergenia cordifolia ���Rotblum��� flowerpots and kept in the Curculio-Institut in Hannover at room temperature; already in December (second half) 2 mature larvae were obtained. In 2012 breeding was started on 14.05. with 5 flowerpots (1 Euonymus fortunei, 2 Taxus baccata, 2 Thuja occident alis ���Smaragd���) with 5 adults and around 150 eggs. The first mature larva was received on 0 1.11. 2012, the last on 18.04. 2013. In March 2013 the flowerpots were placed in a room outside to induce pupation, but air temperature fell and permanent frost killed the larvae. The pupa of this widespread species is still undescribed. The life history of Otiorhychus singularis is best studied by Willis (1964) and his data are only partly in accordance with data from other authors, who considered only definite parts of the life-cycle or reported about the situation in other regions (e.g. Andison 1942). There are several peculiarities in the life-cycle of this species. Adults start to emerge in April; also in May usually mainly teneral light brownish adults appear on the ground or in the woody vegetation. These specimens did not hatch just before from the pupa (as e.g. in O. sulcatus). They have been overwintering in their pupal chambers (as in O. indefinitus and in O. raucus), and their exoskeleton remained weak since the point in time when they hatched from the pupa. In Northern Ireland pupation takes place from end of June to August (Willis 1964). Larvae and pupae were found at different depths in soil, but usually deeper than O. sulcatus, mainly 9���15 inches (= 23���38 cm) below soil level. In contrast to all other Otiorhynchus species so far investigated, O. singularis has two definite oviposition periods: from (approximately) mid-May to June and with lower significance from mid-September to mid-October (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012). This partly corresponds with observations of Dieckmann (1980), who dissected numerous weevils and found eggs only once (19 th June). Another striking difference to the life history of other Otiorhynchus species is the long life span over 3 years. In the lab 2 specimens also survived during the whole period of the soil-dwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (28.04.2008 ��� 23.02.2012). Under harder outdoor conditions more than a second overwintering is not to be expected. Willis (1964) confirms that adults usually overwinter and contribute to egg-laying in a second summer. It seems that limited egg deposition periods and the long stay in the pupal chamber over 8 to 10 months is an adaptive synchronization to the simultaneous presence of more than one generation, although this species is parthenogenetic and there is no need to mate. In spring this species showed a conspicuous amount of climbing activity during the day (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012) and could be recorded per beating tray from shrubs and trees up to over 2.50 m. Description (Figs. 34���44). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dirty yellow to brownish; cuticle with cuticular processes. Body elongated (Fig. 34). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 3 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long); 1 long and 1 minute as; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 35). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 very short, 1 long, 1 very short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with 1 minute sps and only 4 pds (1 long, 1 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long)]; 1 long and 1 minute eps; 2 ps, different in length; 1 short lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 36, 38, 39). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 37���39). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 40). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna (fs 4 slightly shorter than fs 5); 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves. Postepicranial area with a pair of sensilla, frons with a pair of sensilla. Stemmata not well visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 1 cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 41). Labrum about 1.9 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 41). Epipharynx with 3 fingerlike als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 42). Mandible (Fig. 43) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 44) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal and with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 44), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 1 and pms 3 equal in length, almost 2 times shorter than pms 2 (Fig. 44). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp.","Andison, H. (1942) The occurrence of the clay-coloured weevil, (Brachyrhinus singularis (L )) in British Columbia (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38, 8 - 10.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310."]}

Growers of organic Brassica vegetables and oilseed rape face the same potentially severe plant protection problems as their colleagues in conventional or integrated pest management systems. Management strategies in organic systems rely on preventive measures, use of functional agro-biodiversity, release of biocontrol agents and a few approved pesticides of biological and mineral origin, as well as mating disruption or the use of fine-mesh netting to exclude pests. The methods used in organic production might also be applicable in IPM systems. This paper considers the methods used in organic Brassica vegetable and oilseed rape production, and discusses their potential and limitations in the context of their application in integrated pest and disease management strategies.

There has been a lot of emphasis over the years on the development and use of pesticides that are specific and/or physiologically selective. This is a property of the chemistry and mode of action of the pesticide and the physiological and biochemical attributes of organisms. However, there is also the potential to make pesticides more selective through their judicious use, based on critical selection, timing, dosage, placement and formulation of pesticides (which are often broad spectrum). This paper discusses approaches to increase the ecological selectivity of pesticides and pesticide application methods, in the context of Integrated Pest Management in Brassica crops. Topics covered include minimisation of the dose applied, controlled release and dropleg technologies and the impacts of seed treatments on non-target species.

Pests and pathogens of Brassica vegetables and oilseed rape are mainly managed at a field level. Management of pest insects at a farm level is only suitable for farmers owning compact areas of land, which is not the case in many central European areas. This paper discusses the effects of landscape and region on pests and pathogens in Brassica crops. Topics covered include pest and disease dispersal and persistence, regional races or biotypes, new pests and pathogens, insecticide resistance, conservation biocontrol and monitoring and forecasting.

International audience; The FP7 PURE project aimed (i) to provide practical IPM solutions – combinations of tactics and strategies – to reduce reliance on pesticides, based on integrative research; and (ii) to deliver scientific knowledge to design future IPM solutions, based on innovative research in challenging fields: pest evolution, plant-pest-enemy interactions, soil and landscape ecology and emerging technologies. To reach these objectives, the PURE team (22 partners distributed all over Europe) studied various pests (pathogenic agents, animal pests, weeds) in key European farming systems: annual arable farming systems (wheat-based and maize-based, field vegetables with cabbage as a model crop), perennial systems (pome fruit and grapevine) and protected crops, with tomato as a model crop. The design of IPM solutions relied on a wide variety of tactics such as biocontrol products in field vegetables, apple or grapevine, and strategies such as diversified crop sequences in wheat- and maize-based farming systems. On three case studies, a co-innovation approach was applied to improve the involvement of stakeholders in the design process. IPM solutions were tested and compared to current practices on-station and on-farm and assessed by several tools developed or adapted during the proj-ect, which include DEXiPM to assess sustainability on a multi-criteria basis, SYNOPS, a multi-level pesticide risk assessment tool, and a cost-benefit analysis. Efficient alternatives to pesticides, i.e. biological, cultural, physical (e.g. mechanical weeding), and genetic (e.g. cultivar mixtures) control methods and their combina-tion were identified. Promising results were obtained even if the IPM systems did not always allow the best outcome for all sustainability criteria simultaneously. Newly identified IPM systems achieved better environ-mental performances compared to current systems, with efficient pest control, but their costs were often higher even if it was not systematic. In addition, significant methodological breakthroughs were achieved with regards to the modelling for sustainable management of crop health. Pest evolution studies warned against reliance on a single biocontrol agent and suggested pathways for durable plant resistance, in particu-lar the use of single gene strategies that can act as “stepping stones” for breaking the resistance provided by pyramiding strategies. The works on plant-pest-enemy interactions enabled progress in the identification of biocontrol products and in means to make them more effective. Ecological engineering strategies showed potential, leading to shifts in pathogen suppressing components of the soil community at the field scale and the suppression of pest populations in response to crop and land use patterns at the landscape scale. A wide range of technological tools to help implement IPM was designed or adapted in relation to the activities on farming systems, from monitoring systems at different scales to precision spraying techniques to reduce the amount of pesticides. On the whole, the PURE project provided promising results, models, knowledge, and practical tools and approaches to help implement IPM. In addition to their applications, the PURE results sug-gest various prospects such as designing public policies to encourage IPM adoption, fostering the design of IPM as a system approach, promoting both ecological and technological knowledge and tools for pest control, or developing co-innovation approaches and tools to facilitate the implementation of IPM with stakeholders.

Pests and pathogens of Brassica vegetables and oilseed rape are mainly managed at a field level. Management of pest insects at a farm level is only suitable for farmers owning compact areas of land, which is not the case in many central European areas. This situation favours direct, short-term control of mobile pests and pathogens over preventive, long-term strategies to lower the overall population level. Regional or area-wide control is difficult to establish because it requires considerable collaboration between neighbouring farmers. In addition, research institutions usually lack the appropriate size of farms to prove that these strategies can have a reliable efficacy which would warrant greater efforts by farmers to collaborate on a regional basis. Nevertheless, the density of Brassica production in an area, landscape parameters, and the management strategies of neighbouring farms are important factors influencing pest and disease pressure.

Informationsblatt des JKI, In den letzten Jahren treten verstärkt Schäden durch Wanzen der Familie der Netz- oder Gitterwanzen (Tingidae) auf. Von den Heidekrautgewächsen (Ericaceae) sind vor allem Lavendelheide und Rhododendron betroffen. Charakteristisch für diese Wanzen ist die gitterartige Struktur ihrer Flügel. Die Saugschäden führen zu einer Vergilbung der Blätter und können bei massivem Befall sogar zum Absterben der Pflanzen führen. Dieses Faltblatt gibt einen Überblick über ausgewählte Netzwanzenarten (Stephanitis spp.), ihre Biologie und Schadwirkung sowie Vorbeugungs- und Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen.

According to David Pimentel, 20 years ago, less than 0.1% of the pesticides applied reached their target pests (Pimentel, 1995). This was partly due to ‘poor’ application methods and partly because of the minuscule amount of pesticide either picked up or consumed by the pest. At the time, Pimentel was describing the application of pesticides mainly by sprays, including aerial spraying, and both pesticide chemistry and application technology have improved since then. However, a considerable proportion of pesticides are still applied as sprays, either to crop foliage or to the soil, and this continues to be a relatively untargeted method of application.

Informationsblatt des JKI, Auslöser der sogenannten Massaria-Krankheit ist der Pilz Splanchnonema platani (früher: Massaria platani (Ces.)), der zur Familie der Schlauchpilze (Askomyzeten) gehört. Er tritt an Platanen (Platanus spp.), vorwiegend an älteren Bäumen ab ca. 40 Jahren, auf. Platanen gelten als äußerst widerstandsfähig gegenüber Stressfaktoren im städtischen Umfeld und sind daher beliebte Stadtbäume. Sie prägen heute das Bild vieler Kommunen, allerdings befinden sich zahlreiche Bäume im befallsanfälligen Alter. Als Folge des Pilzbefalls kann es zum Absterben von Zweigen und Ästen sowie deren Bruch und damit zu erheblichen Problemen im Hinblick auf die Verkehrssicherheit kommen. Dieses Faltblatt gibt einen Überblick über die Massaria-Krankheit, ihre Verbreitung, Biologie, Krankheitsentwicklung sowie Schadwirkung und Maßnahmen zu deren Vorbeugung, Kontrolle und Bekämpfung.

Job creation and economic growth through private sector development have become primary areas of focus for policy makers around the world in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Recent evidence points to the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in providing employment across countries. In addition to employing the largest number of people in aggregate, SMEs generate the most new jobs. But SMEs also face many challenges in day-to-day operations and to grow. This note is a report back on the state of the credit gap for MSMEs with this new and updated data, while providing additional focus on the sizable informal enterprise sector in the developing world. In addition, this report examines various operational challenges that small and informal firms face, and some formalization obstacles they often cite as the primary reasons for not registering their business. A framework to differentiate the informal sector is offered, with the intention of segmenting the vast landscape of informal firms some of which exist today due to opportunistic behavior, while others are just trying to survive and to better design specific interventions depending on the stage of development and the willingness of the firm to register its business. The rest of this report is organized as follows. Section I focuses on the credit gap for formal MSMEs, and offers some innovative models and interventions that can be used to more fully meet the financial and non-financial needs of formal MSMEs. Section II focuses exclusively on informal enterprises, and goes beyond the access to finance paradigm, describing the operational challenges faced by informal firms, reviewing the experiments that have tried to induce higher rates of formalization, and looking at a series of private sector models that if combined, could more fully meet the needs of informal firms.

Mit der Überwachung der Forstschadorganismen sowie der Planung und Durchführung notwendiger Schutzmaßnahmen übernimmt der Waldschutz wichtige Aufgaben, um die vielfältigen Funktionen und die Leistungsfähigkeit der Wälder auch in Zeiten des Klimawandels zu sichern. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Situation der Forstschadorganismen und Waldschutzaktivitäten im vergangenen Jahr für die Bundes­republik Deutschland. Insgesamt brachte das Waldschutzjahr 2012 keine Entspannung der Lage. Sowohl die Situation bei den Kieferngroßschädlingen und der Nonne, als auch die der Eichenfraßgesellschaft, erforderten regional Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen aus der Luft. Auch die Massenvermehrung des Eichenprozessionsspinners hielt in einigen Ländern weiterhin an, so dass es auch hier zu lokalen Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen gekommen ist. Das aktuelle Eichensterben – Folge eines mehrjährigen Erkrankungsprozesses verursacht durch biotische und abiotische Stressoren – wird zunehmend bedrohlicher. Auch die Gefährdung der Esche durch das Eschentriebsterben ist weiter bedenklich. Die Forstlichen Versuchsanstalten intensivieren die Forschung bezüglich Auslese und Vermehrung resistenter Individuen bzw. physiologischer und gentechnischer Analysen. Bei den Quarantäneschadorganismen wurde 2012 ein mehrjähriger Befall des Asiatischen Laubholzbockkäfers in Süddeutschland festgestellt, und eine weitere inva­sive Bockkäferart (Psacothea hilaris) wurde erstmals in Deutschland nachgewiesen. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2013.04.01, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2013.04.01, Journal für Kulturpflanzen, Bd. 65 Nr. 4 (2013)

Informationsblatt des JKI, Der Brandkrustenpilz ist ein Schlauchpilz (Ascomycota) und zählt zur Familie der Holzkeulenverwandten (Xylariaceae). 1787 beschrieb G. F. Hoffmann den Pilz als Sphaeria deusta. 1970 stellte P. M. D. Martin den Brandkrustenpilz in die bereits 1849 beschriebene Gattung der Krustenpilze (Kretzschmaria). Neben seinem Auftreten als Zersetzer an Totholz werden auch lebende Bäume befallen. Durch die Herabsetzung der Stand- bzw. Bruchsicherheit zählt der Brandkrustenpilz, neben Lackporlingen und Riesenporling, zu den gefährlichsten holzabbauenden Pilzarten. Aufgrund der unscheinbaren, eher versteckt wachsenden Fruchtkörper am Stammgrund und Wurzelanlauf bleibt der Befall oft lange Zeit unbemerkt. Dieses Faltblatt gibt einen Überblick über die Biologie und Verbreitung des Brandkrustenpilzes sowie Symptome und mögliche Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Infektion.

The carrot fly Psila rosae is a major pest in organic carrots. Damage strongly depends on local factors and is often found when cropping intensity is high. However, limited field site availability may require growing carrots close to crop sites of preceding years. Here, results of the first two years show carrots may be protected from infestation using trap crops (also carrots) to bind and actively reduce the local P. rosae population. To protect the main carrot field, pair wise arrangements of carrot strips were sown 1) directly at the previous year carrot field and 2) close to the main field to protect the present carrots. During the first generation a mean sum of 36 and 62 flies/ trap in 2007 and 2008 respectively were monitored with yellow sticky traps (Rebell orange®) leading to high infestation pressure. Monitoring results show the flies are effectively attracted and bound by strip 1) but still negotiate distances of 130 and 180 metres between previous and present carrot fields. Carrot strip 1) was to be removed in time to prevent the second generation of P. rosae to develop. Based on the simulation model SWAT monitoring data and damage assessment was used for timing concerns. Hence, critical issues about removing the trap crops are discussed. In 2008 eclector traps were established onto the sites of removed trap crops to further verify the effectiveness of trap crop handling. First results positively support applied techniques. All trials are to be repeated during field season 2009.

Whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses are some of the major constraints on European tomato production. The main objectives of this study were to: identify where and why whiteflies are a major limitation on tomato crops; collect information about whiteflies and associated viruses; determine the available management tools; and identify key knowledge gaps and research priorities. This study was conducted within the framework of ENDURE (European Network for Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies). Two whitefly species are the main pests of tomato in Europe: Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Trialeurodes vaporariorum is widespread to all areas where greenhouse industry is present, and B. tabaci has invaded, since the early 1990’s, all the subtropical and tropical areas. Biotypes B and Q of B. tabaci are widespread and especially problematic. Other key tomato pests are Aculops lycopersici, Helicoverpa armigera, Frankliniella occidentalis, and leaf miners. Tomato crops are particularly susceptible to viruses causingTomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). High incidences of this disease are associated to high pressure of its vector, B. tabaci. The ranked importance of B. tabaci established in this study correlates with the levels of insecticide use, showing B. tabaci as one of the principal drivers behind chemical control. Confirmed cases of resistance to almost all insecticides have been reported. Integrated Pest Management based on biological control (IPM-BC) is applied in all the surveyed regions and identified as the strategy using fewer insecticides. Other IPM components include greenhouse netting and TYLCD-tolerant tomato cultivars. Sampling techniques differ between regions, where decisions are generally based upon whitefly densities and do not relate to control strategies or growing cycles. For population monitoring and control, whitefly species are always identified. In Europe IPM-BC is the recommended strategy for a sustainable tomato production. The IPM-BC approach is mainly based on inoculative releases of the parasitoids Eretmocerus mundus and Encarsia formosa and/or the polyphagous predators Macrolophus caliginosus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. However, some limitations for a wider implementation have been identified: lack of biological solutions for some pests, costs of beneficials, low farmer confidence, costs of technical advice, and low pest injury thresholds. Research priorities to promote and improve IPM-BC are proposed on the following domains: (i) emergence and invasion of new whitefly-transmitted viruses; (ii) relevance of B. tabaci biotypes regarding insecticide resistance; (iii) biochemistry and genetics of plant resistance; (iv) economic thresholds and sampling techniques of whiteflies for decision making; and (v) conservation and management of native whitefly natural enemies and improvement of biological control of other tomato pests.

Whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses present some of the most intractable constraints to European tomato production. The main objectives of the Tomato Case Study (TCS) were to: identify where and why whiteflies were a major limitation, collect information related to whiteflies and associated viruses; establish which management tools are available; identify key knowledge gaps and research priorities. Two whitefly species are pests of the tomato in Europe. Bemisia tabaci is widely distributed, Trialeurodes vaporariorum is ubiquitous. Biotypes B and Q of B. tabaci are widespread and problematic. Tomato crops are particularly susceptible to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) and high incidences were associated to its vector, B. tabaci. Unlike other tomato pest species, the ranked importance of B. tabaci correlated with levels of insecticide use, showing B. tabaci to be one of the principal drivers behind chemical control. Confirmed cases of resistance have been reported to almost all insecticides. PM based on biological control (IPM-BC) is applied in all the surveyed regions and was identified as the strategy consuming fewer insecticides. Other IPM components include greenhouse netting and TYLCD-tolerant tomato cultivars. Sampling techniques differ between regions, decisions are generally based upon whitefly densities and do not relate to control strategies or growing cycles. IPM-BC is the recommended strategy for a sustainable agriculture. However, some limitations for a wider implementation such as lack of biological solutions for some pests, costs of benefits, low farmer confidence, costs of technical advice and low pest injury thresholds were identified. Research priorities to promote IPM-BC are proposed.

One way to prevent the colonisation of crops by insect pests is to disrupt their host finding behaviour. As immigrating aphids alight on potential host plants using optical stimuli, this process can be manipulated by altering the contrast between plant and background. This study aims to test the aphid repelling properties of straw mulch in vegetables. We applied straw to broccoli, head lettuce, bush bean, vegetable broad bean and carrot. The trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at several locations in the area of Brunswick, North Germany. Numbers of aphids were insignificant in carrots but noticeably reduced in mulched broccoli, bush bean and broad bean (Brevicoryne brassicae and Aphis fabae respectively). However, this result was significant only in one of two growing locations. We could not observe any reduction of aphid numbers in mulched lettuce. This finding might relate to lettuce leaf colour. Natural antagonists of aphids as well as other vegetable pests such as lepidoptera and root flies were not affected by straw mulch. The influence of soil type, number of immigrating aphids and cropping environment on the effectiveness of straw mulch warrants further research.