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Dryopteris sect. Diclisodon is a small section of ferns with about 12 species mainly distributed in East Asia. Here, we carried out morphological and phylogenetic analyses of this section. A new species from southwest China, D. gaoligongensis, is described and illustrated. Dryopteris gaoligongensis resembles D. indonesiana and D. sparsa, but differs by having a creeping rhizome and large 4-pinnate fronds. We also show that D. glabrior Ching & Z.Y. Liu is a distinct species; however, because it is a later homonym of D. glabrior Copeland, it should be renamed D. renchangiana. We conclude that a species previously known as D. nitidula, also an illegitimate homonym, should be recognized with a new name, D. sinonepalensis. We resolve the phylogenetic position of D. yoroii as sister to other sampled species of D. sect. Diclisodon. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the distinctiveness of D. gaoligongensis, D. renchangiana, and D. sinonepalensis. A key to species of D. sect. Diclisodon in China is provided.

Nomenclatural issues pertaining to selected non-marine gastropods of Cretaceous and Tertiary age are discussed and resolved as follows. [1] Viviparus hammeri (Defrance, 1825) is reinstated; Helicites viviparoides Schlotheim, 1820 is a nomen nudum, made available as Paludina viviparoides Bronn, 1848, a new objective synonym. [2] Viviparus frauenfeldi Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of Viviparus oulchyensis Wenz, 1919. [3] Lorus is proposed as a nomen novum for Liris Conrad, 1871 [nec Fabricius, 1804]. [3] Wesselinghia is proposed as a nomen novum for Longosoma Wesselingh & Kadolsky, 2006 [nec Hartman, 1944]. [4] Hydrobia incerta (Deshayes, 1862) is reinstated; Hydrobia antoni Le Renard, 1994 is a new objective synonym of this nomen. [5] The species Paludina frauenfeldi Hoernes, 1856 is designated as type species of Sarmata B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1920. [6] The misidentified type species of Annulifer Cossmann, 1921, so far known as ‘Paludina protracta sensu Cossmann 1921, non Eichwald, 1850’, is fixed under Article 70.3 of the Code as understood by Cossmann (1921), and renamed Annulifer annulifer new species. [7] Pomatias turgidulus (Sandberger, 1872) is reinstated; P. turonicus Wenz, 1923 and Cyclostoma squamosum Peyrot, 1932 are its new objective synonyms. [8] Valvata inflata Sandberger, 1875 is reinstated; V. gaudryana Wenz, 1928 [nec Mortillet, 1863] is its new objective synonym. [8] Catinella? montana Pierce, new species, originally published as “[Succineidae] montana Pierce, 1992”, is made available by associating the species epithet with a generic nomen. [9] Proalbinaria subantiqua (d’Orbigny, 1850) is reinstated; its senior synonym Pupa antiqua Matheron, 1832 is a primary junior homonym of Pupa muscorum antiqua Eichwald, 1830. [10] The type species of Palaeostoa Andreae, 1884 is Pupa fontenayi Sandberger, 1871 by subsequent designation by Cossmann (1905), which has precedence over the designation of Clausilia crenata Sandberger, 1871 by Wenz (1923). [11] Palaeostoa elongata (Melleville, 1843), whose original combination was Pupa elongata, is a primary junior homonym of Pupa elongata Bouillet, 1836, an unused name for an unidentified nominal species; pending more information on the taxon at stake, maintenance of the existing usage is recommended. [12] Scalaxis columnella (Deshayes, 1863) is reinstated, with Scalaxis sinister Wenz, 1923 as its new synonym. [13] Eurystrophe olla (Serres, 1844) is reinstated, with Helix janthinoides Noulet, 1868 [nec Helix janthinoides Serres, 1829, a nomen nudum] as its new synonym.

A taxon, traditionally referred to the rank order, encompassing all recent taxa of caecilians and their close fossil relatives, is highly supported as holophyletic in all recent cladistic analyses of Amphibia. Under the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, among 12 nomina available in the literature, only one, Gymnophiona Rafinesque, 1814, qualifies as a sozodiaphonym and should be used for this amphibian taxon. We show here that the authorship of this nomen, as well as of 32 other nomina published in 1814, is ‘Rafinesque’, not ‘Rafinesque-Schmaltz’. The nomen Apoda Oppel, 1811, that has often been used for this taxon, proves to be a distagmonym and a junior homonym of Apodes Linnaeus, 1758 and five other distagmonyms, and as such it is invalid under DONS. In total, we identified 34 distinct class-series nomina derived from the stems ἄπους (apous) or Apus in 13 distinct zoological groups, only two of which are valid under DONS Criteria: Apodiformia Wetmore, 1947, for the suborder of Aves currently known as Apodi Wetmore, 1947, and Apodomorpha Sibley, Ahlquist & Monroe, 1988 for the order of Aves currently known as Apodiformes Peters, 1940. Several other nomenclatural findings were made in the course of this study: [1] in the Teleostei, the nomina "Eupercaria" and "Syngnatharia", like all the other new nomina proposed in the paper by Betancur-R. et al. (2017) are anoplonyms and cannot be used as valid; [2] in the Mammalia, the nomina Cetus and Cetacea should be credited to Brisson (1759); [3] in the Holothuroidea, the nomen Apoda Claus, 1868, currently considered valid under the apograph Apodida, is invalid and should be replaced by the nomen Paractinopoda Ludwig, 1891; [4] in the Isopoda, the subordinal nomen Cymothoida Wägele, 1989 should be replaced by its senior synonym Darwinida Lakshminarayana & Rama Rao, 1977.

Strain H239T, a gram-negative, strictly aerobic, and oxidase-positive, and catalase-negative bacterium, was isolated from mountain soil in Gangwon-do of South Korea. Colonies were orange colored, and cells were motile rods with a single polar flagellum. Growth was observed between 25 and 30 °C (optimum, 30 °C), between pH 7.0 and pH 9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5), and in the presence of 0–1.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.5–1%). Ubiquinone-10 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10%) of strain H239T were C18:1 ω7c, C18:0, and C16:0. The polar lipids detected from strain H239T consisted of two unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of strain H239T based on its genome sequence was 62.0 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain H239T was most closely related to Devosia chinhatensis IPL18T (97.7%), Devosia submarina KMM 9415T (97.7%), and Devosia yakushimensis Yak96BT (97.3%). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that strain H239T formed a distinct phyletic lineage as a new species within the genus Devosia. Based on its physiological, chemotaxonomic, and molecular properties, strain H239T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H239T (=KACC 21662T=JCM 33930T). In addition, because the prokaryotic genus name Geomonas Khan et al. 2020 is a later homonym of Geomonas Xu et al. 2020, the name is illegitimate (Principle 6 in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes). Therefore, we propose to replace the problematic prokaryotic names Geomonas and Geomonas soli with Albitalea with Albitalea terrae, respectively.

Two new species of yellow Cantharellus and a new record of Cantharellus tabernensis associated with tropical species of Quercus are presented, based on the taxonomic study of fresh specimens and in a phylogenetic analysis of transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and the large subunit of the ribosome (nLSU) sequences. One of the new species proposed here, corresponds to a choice edible mushroom, which, in our molecular phylogeny, resulted in it being related to the group of species around C. lateritius and sister with Craterellus confluens type specimen. This latter is here formally transferred to Cantharellus and consequently a new name, Cantharellus furcatus, is proposed to replace the homonym Cantharellus confluens (Schwein.) Schwein. 1834 a later synonym of Byssomerulius corium. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions accompanied with illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented for each species.

The six known Afrotropical species attributed to Bembidion subgenus Peryphus Dejean, 1821 in the previous literature (B. scottustulatum Netolitzky, 1937, B. muscicola Basilewsky, 1953, B. melanocerum Chaudoir, 1876, B. jeanneli Alluaud, 1939, B. sjoestedti Alluaud, 1926 and B. africanum Chaudoir, 1876) are here revised. For one of them, B. muscicola Basilewsky, 1953, secondary homonym of the North American B. (Semicampa) muscicola Hayward, 1897, a synonymy with B. basistriatum Fairmaire, 1893, is proposed. Bembidion basistriatum, B. melanocerum and B. africanum are transferred to the subgenus Ocydromus Clairville, 1806. In addition, B. fontinale Raffray, 1885 currently assigned to the genus Sinechostictus Motschulsky, 1864, is placed into the Bembidion subgenus Ocydromus Clairville, 1806. For B. jeanneli the lectotype and two paralectotypes are designated. Four new species from Ethiopia are also described: Bembidion (Ocydromus) augustovignai n.sp., B. (Ocydromus) melanoceroides n.sp., sister species of B. melanocerum, and two species closely related to B. scottustulatum: B. (Peryphus) damota n.sp. and B. (Peryphus) baleense n.sp.

Chenopodium rugosum was described by Aellen in 1928, based on a specimen collected in Siberia by Arnell and deposited in the US Herbarium. For a long time, this Aellen’s name was forgotten or ignored by the researchers, mainly because of the uncertain identity of that taxon and unavailability of its type. We report here the holotype of C. rugosum recently found in US. The specimen was collected in 1876 by Arnell in Verkhneimbatsk (Turukhanskiy District, Krasnoyarskiy Kray, Russia) at the confluence of the Verkhniy Imbach River and the Yenisei River. Taxonomically the holotype of C. rugosum clearly belongs to the C. album aggregate and morphologically seems to be similar to C. striatiforme, a tetraploid “microspecies” related to C. betaceum. However, C. rugosum might be also a hexaploid close to C. album s. str. From a nomenclatural viewpoint, the name C. rugosum by Aellen is illegitimate, being a later homonym of the long-forgotten earlier name C. rugosum validated by Rafinesque in 1830 for some forms of C. ambrosioides (now recognized in Dysphania). Taxonomic and nomenclatural comments are provided on these names.

Dianthus muglensis are proposed as replacement name for D. elegans var. gramineus non D. gramineus by Schur, based on morphological data and according to the Art. 53.1 of ICN. Tha name D. leucophaeus var. patens was also investigated from both nomenclatural and taxonomical points of views reaching to the conclusioon that it deserves the species rank (the correct name is D. goerkii). Expanded descriptions, as well as data about distribution, habitat, and phenology are also provided for both the studied taxa.

Seven new species of the genus Exocelina Broun, 1886 are described from three different mountain ranges of New Guinea: E. fojasp. nov., E. riberaisp. nov., E. apisteftisp. nov., and E. waafsp. nov. from the Foja Mountains; E. hudsonisp. nov. from the Cyclops Mountains; E. ekpliktikisp. nov. and E. oraiasp. nov. from Wano Land. All of them are placed into the E. ekari group based on the structure of their male genitalia. The species are characteristic dytiscid elements of the fauna of northern cost and the western part of central orogen of New Guinea. Two taxonomic notes are presented: Exocelina athesphati is a correct name for the recently described Exocelina athesphatos Shaverdo et al., 2020; Exocelina bacchus Balke, nom. nov. is a replacement name for Exocelina bacchusi (Balke, 1998), formerly Copelatus (Papuadytes) bacchusi Balke, 1998, a junior homonym of Copelatus bacchusi Wewalka, 1981.

Lamellodiscus chin n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) was described from Acanthopagrus sivicolus Akazaki (Perciformes: Sparidae) in Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands based on morphological and molecular data. This new species resembles L. spari and L. elegans in morphologically but differs by its accessory piece curving and widening toward the tip. Three species of Lamellodiscus (L. japonicus Ogawa & Egusa, 1978, L. takitai Ogawa & Egusa, 1978, and L. spari Zhukov, 1970) were recorded from A. schlegelii (Bleeker), and L. japonicus was collected from A. latus (Houttuyn) in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. I herein propose Lamellodiscus egusai nom. nov. for L. japonicus which is a junior primary homonym of L. japonicus Pillai & Pillai, 1974. Based on the type specimens and newly collected specimens from wild hosts, the type localities of L. japonicus (= L. egusai nom. nov.) and L. takitai are discussed. In addition, a list of nominal species of Japanese diplectanids is provided.

This paper describes and illustrates five species of Helicosporium sensu lato, which represents the partial result of an investigation of fungal diversity associated with submerged wood and decaying culms of Miscanthus floridulus (Poaceae) from freshwater streams in Alishan area, Chiayi County, Taiwan, which was carried out during the years 2016 and 2017. Neohelicomyces longisetosus sp. nov. and Helicosporium flavidum sp. nov. are described and illustrated; the former is proposed based on molecular and morphological data, whereas the latter is based on morphology only. Pseudohelicomyces talbotii, a new record for Taiwan, is renamed as Parahelicomyces talbotii because the former genus was a homonym and thus illegitimate. The other six illegitimate Pseudohelicomyces species are transferred to Parahelicomyces as new combinations. Two other species, namely Acanthohelicospora guianensis and Neohelicosporium sympodiophorum, are also new records for Taiwan. A taxonomic key to Helicosporium sensu stricto is provided. Current generic circumscription of helicosporous taxa based on phylogeny is briefly discussed.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the ability to define and comprehend homonyms among lower elementary school children with language learning disabilities (LLD).Methods: A total of 23 students, consisting of 10 LLD students and 13 typically developing (TD) students, were recruited for this study. All students were tested to check their ability of defining and understanding homonyms.Results: Comparing two groups, the overall definition accuracy and comprehension ability of homonyms were significantly lower at LLD group than TD group. In addition, when comparing the accuracy of individual definitions and ability to comprehend homophones according to the conditions (dominant/subordinate meaning) between the two groups, the LLD group showed lower performance than the TD group in both abilities. Both groups were found to have more difficulty with the subordinate meaning than with the dominant meaning. LLD group have difficulties at defining homonym than TD group in both meaning. On the other hand, the LLD group showed lower performance than the TD group in their ability to comprehend subordinate meaning. There was no difference between the two groups in the ability to understand the dominant meaning.Conclusion: Therefore, when determining interventions for grade 1 to 3 students having learning disabilities, proper contextual clues should be used to improve their homonym comprehension.

The genus Sohmaea H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi (2018: 159) is characterized by predominantly linear loments with narrowly oblong-elliptic articles and comprises eight species, distributed in India through SE Asia to China and Taiwan (Ohashi & Ohashi 2018, Ohashi et al. 2018). The name Uraria barbata Lace (1915: 397) was described based on several gatherings from Myanmar. The proposed name U. barbata Lace was preoccupied for U. barbata (Linnaeus 1759: 1170) Desvaux (1826: 309) and thus, U. barbata Lace is a later homonym of the U. barbata (Linnaeus) Desvaux. Therefore, Iokawa et al. (2004: 226) proposed a replacement name U. barbaticaulis for U. barbata Lace. Later, Ohashi et al. (2018: 305) transferred the name U. barbaticaulis to Sohmaea barbaticaulis (Iokawa, T.Nemoto, J.Murata & H.Ohashi) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi based on the phylogenetic study. The species is characterized by stems barbate, leaves dimorphic with 1-foliolate leaves in the upper portion and pinnately 3-foliolate leaves in the lower portion or 1-foliolate leaves throughout, leaflets large ovate, inflorescences axillary or terminal, pseudoracemes, fasciculate, (1 or) 2–4 per axil, flowers in clusters of 3–12 per node, loments plicate, hooked hairy (Iokawa et al. 2004, Ohashi et al. 2018, Tokaew et al. 2020). The species was earlier thought to be endemic to Myanmar until its new record from Thailand in 2020 (Lace 1915, De Haas et al. 1980, Kumar & Sane 2003, Iokawa et al. 2004, Tokaew et al. 2020), but being a rare species it is worthy of in situ monitoring for its conservation (Maxted et al. 2001, Marod & Kutintara 2012, Kawada et al. 2020, Murray et al. 2020, Perrino & Perrino 2020).

In his doctoral thesis, Christian Bussau published 110 new nematode nomina, including 97 nomina of new species, 11 of new genera and two of new subfamilies. The nomenclatural availability of these nomina has not been generally accepted and is evaluated here. It is determined that the doctoral thesis published by Bussau (1993) satisfies the criteria of publication outlined in Article 8 of the Code, and that all nomenclatural acts published in it satisfy the criteria of availability outlined in Articles 11 and 13 of the Code. The correct authority for all nomina first published in Bussau (1993) is ‘Bussau, 1993’, and not ‘Bussau, 1995’ or ‘Bussau & Vopel, 1999’. All nomenclatural acts published in Bussau (1995) and Bussau & Vopel (1999) are junior objective synonyms of acts published in Bussau (1993), except for Bathynox Bussau & Vopel, 1999. Nox Bussau, 1993 is a junior homonym of Nox Nalbant, 1986, and was provided the available new replacement nomen Bathynox Bussau & Vopel, 1999. The correct authority of Bathynox clavata is ‘(Bussau, 1993)’.

The taxonomic status of Seseli peucedanifolium Besser, a little-known and neglected species in the Bulgarian flora, has been revisited. The study of its morphology, fruit anatomy and sequence data (ITS and ETS) revealed that it should not be treated at infraspecific rank under S. rigidum or synonymized with S. tortuosum or S. arenarium. Seseli besserianum nom. nov. is herein proposed as a replacement name for S. peucedanifolium Besser, a later homonym of S. peucedanifolium Mérat.

Giovanni Casaretto published Eugenia rotundifolia Casaretto (1842: 40) using material that he collected in Restinga vegetation between Copacabana and Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Berg (1857: 287) treated E. rotundifolia Casaretto as a distinct species, and recognized two varieties. However, the binomial E. rotundifolia (Walker-Arnott 1836: 335) Wight (1841: 17) was previously published for a taxon occurring in Sri Lanka. Therefore, Casaretto’s name is a later superfluous homonym and illegitimate. In a recent article on the typification of plant names published by Casaretto, Delprete et al. (2019) proposed E. casarettoana Delprete (2019: 25) as a substitute name for E. rotundifolia Casaretto. However, Delprete and his collaborators overlooked that the name E. casarettoana O. Berg (1857: 520) was previously published using material collected by Martius near the town of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil, and belongs to a distinct species occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. Also, Berg (1857) spelled the specific epithet “casaretteana” without explaining to whom he dedicated the epithet. It is obvious that it was dedicated to Casaretto, as no other botanist or plant collector has a similar last name. Therefore, according to Recommendation 60C of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), the spelling of this epithet should be corrected to casarettoana, as it has been done for this and other specific epithets dedicated to Casaretto (Delprete 2016).

The platycephalid genus Suggrundus Whitley 1930 was established as a replacement name for Insidiator Jordan and Snyder 1900 because the latter was considered to be preoccupied by Insidiator Oken 1842. Although Suggrundus has been regarded as valid, it was revealed in this study that Insidiator Oken 1842 is an unavailable name because no descriptions, definitions or indications for the name were shown. Although the name Insidiator Oken 1836 was shown in the list of a monograph, it is also unavailable because it lacked descriptions, definitions or indications. Insidiator Amyot 1845 is also an unavailable name as previously pointed out because the name was proposed in a non-binominal publication. Accordingly, Insidiator Jordan and Snyder becomes valid and Suggrundus is found to be an unnecessary replacement name. Insidiator Whitley 1930, being a junior homonym of Insidiator Jordan and Snyder, is newly recognized here as an available name because Whitley combined an unavailable generic name Insidiator Oken 1842 and available specific name insidiator from Sparus insidiator Pallas 1770 when he established Suggrundus. Repotrudis Whitley 1930 and Seychelliceps Prokofiev 2019 are synonymized here under Insidiator Jordan and Snyder.

—The identity of Epidendrum sclerocladium, currently referable to Encyclia, is clarified with the recent collection of material unambiguously referable to this entity. In addition, we provide a new name in Encyclia for this taxon, E. rhizomatosa Tamayo-Cen, Carnevali & G.A.Romero, because the current combination, E. sclerocladia (Lindl. ex Rchb.f.) Hoehne, is based upon the later homonym Epidendrum sclerocladium Lindl. ex Rchb.f. This name is predated by Epidendrum sclerocladium Lindley as we argue that Lindley validly published the name in a horticultural catalogue, a nomenclatural issue herein discussed. Furthermore, because the vegetative portions of the plants were unknown until recently, we provide an epitype to supplement the holotype for the unequivocal identification of the species. A preliminary assessment of its conservation status and phylogenetic relationships are presented. Encyclia thrombodes is discussed and it is concluded that no known plants are referable to this entity at this time. A lectotype is proposed for Epidendrum cyperifolium because the holotype was destroyed. Finally, we provide an annotated checklist of the Encyclia species known to occur in Peru.

N/A

The genus Impatiens Linnaeus (1753: 937) contains a wealth of untapped treasures for gardeners and it is one of the mega diverse genera of angiosperms comprise about 1059 species (POWO 2020). According to the recent estimate, India is known to have 250 species and majority of them occur in Eastern Himalayas (Gogoi et al. 2018) and the Western Ghats (Bhaskar 2012). Tamil Nadu is one of the plant-rich states in the country and with 5674 angiosperm taxa, it ranks first among all the states in the country (Lakshminarasimhan et al. 2014).

Detailed discussion of the nomenclatural history of the Pyuridae, Bolteniidae and related families is provided. It is shown that the valid nomen for the family currently known as Pyuridae is Bolteniidae. The generic nomen "Claudenus Kott, 1998" is not available and Claudenus is re-established here as intentionally new nomen (Claudenus Sanamyan & Sanamyan gen. nov.) The generic nomen Cratostigma is not available but no replacement nomen is suggested because we suppose that this genus may be congeneric with Bolteniopsis. The generic nomen Eupera Michaelsen, 1904 is invalid being a junior homonym, but a new replacement nomen is not suggested because it is synonymized here with Culeolus.

Eight new generic replacement names were validated. The new fossil wood generic name Alloceltidoxylon is validated to replace later homonym, Scottoxylon Wheeler & Manchester (non Scotoxylon Vogellehner). The new fossil generic name Allonymphaea is proposed to replace later homonym, Thiebaudia M. Chandler (non Thiebautia Colla nec Thibaudia Ruiz et Pavon ex Jaume St.-Hilaire), based on leaf remains. The new fossil generic name Arecocaryon, based on fruit remains, is proposed to replace the later homonym Friedemannia M.E. Collinson, Manchester& V. Wilde (non Friedmannia Chantanachat & Bold, Algae). The new fossil wood generic name Paralnoxylon is validated to replace later homonym, Cantia Stopes (non Kantia Pia). The new fossil generic name Paranyssa, based on fossil leaves, is validated to replace later homonym, Browniea Manchester & Hickey (non Brownea Jacquin). Three new generic names for extant flowering plants were validated: Komaroviopsis replaces Komarovia Korovin (non Komaroffia O. Kuntze) and Komaroviopsideae trib. nov. replaced invalid Komarovieae, Marcanodendron instead of Uladendron Marcano-Berti (non fossil Ulodendron Lindley & Hutton) and Papyrocactus replaces Toumeya Britton & Rose (non Tuomeya W.H. Harvey, Algae). The new combinations Alloceltidoxylon eocenicum, Allonymphaea rayaniensis, Arecocaryon messelense, Paralnoxylon arborescens, Paranyssa serrata, Komaroviopsis anisosperma, Marcanodendron codesuri, and Papyrocactus papyracanthus are proposed. Alloceltidoxylon, Allonymphaea, Arecocaryon, Komaroviopsis, Marcanodendron, Paralnoxylon, Paranyssa, Papyrocactus, new replacement generic names, Komaroviopsideae trib. nov.

The purposes of this application, under Articles 23.9.3 and 55.3.1 of the Code, are to conserve the current usage of (1) the family-group name Micruridae Dunn, 1931 (Reptilia, Serpentes) for a family (sometimes treated as a subfamily) of New World coral snakes that frequently appear in literature pertaining not only to certain fields of herpetology but also to emergency medical care in Latin America; and (2) the nemertean family-group name Lineidae McIntosh, 1874, by suppression of their senior homonym/ synonym Micruridae Ehrenberg, 1831 (Nemertea, Pilidiophora). The nemertean taxon Micrurinae was recognised as a subfamily of Lineidae until the early 20th century, but not since at least the 1970s. Afterwards, at the rank of family, Micruridae was used to refer to a differently constituted nemertean taxon in three ecological works published between 1998 and 2009.

In an attempt to approximate the dialectic method to the critical theory, this article aims at analysing the structures and the aesthetic premisses of the novel Life and Times of Michael K , by John Maxwell Coetzee, in its interfaces with the social, historical and political issues derived from modernity and its peculiar forms of institutionalised violence and dissemination of barbarity. The narrative of the book and, in particular, the construction of the main character, Michael K, legitimate social and literary heir of his near homonym, Joseph K, in Kafka’s The Trial , was conceived of as a constellation that translates the permanent crisis of modernity and the failure of the promise of progress proposed by the instrumental reason which, in practice, has converted itself in a bedrock of ruin and destruction.

The genus Nemesis Furfaro & Mariottini, 2021, was recently introduced for an independent lineage of aeolid nudibranchs, and Dondice banyulensis Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960, established as its type species. Anyway, the presence of a senior homonym, Nemesis Risso, 1826, was evidently missed. In fact, in 1826, Risso established this genus for a group of Copepoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) and according to the Principle of Priority (ICZN) only the senior homonym may be used as a valid name. Therefore, a new replacement name is here proposed. Furthermore, the genus name Nanuca Er. Marcus, 1957, has priority over Dondice Er. Marcus, 1958 and consequently, the species in this clade should be classified under Nanuca, mostly as new combinations.

Lithosiini genera of the Asura / Miltochrista generic complex related to Barsine Walker, 1854 sensu lato and Asura Walker, 1854 are overviewed. Barsine is considered to be a group having such an autapomorphic feature as a basal saccular process of valva only. Many species without this process are separated to the diverse and species-rich genus Ammatho stat. nov., which is subdivided here into eight subgenera including Idopterum Hampson, 1894 downgraded here to a subgenus level, and six new subgenera: Ammathella Volynkin, subgen. nov., Composine Volynkin, subgen. nov., Striatella Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov., Conicornuta Volynkin, subgen. nov., Delineatia Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov. and Rugosine Volynkin, subgen. nov. A number of groups of species considered previously by various authors as members of Barsine are erected here to 20 new genera and four subgenera: Ovipennis (Barsipennis) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Ovipennis (Coccinigripennis) Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov., Barsura (Tenebrasura) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Argentosine Volynkin, gen. nov., Esmasura Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Matsumursine Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Floridasura Volynkin, gen. nov., Fossia Volynkin, Ivanova & Huang, gen. nov., Wittasura Volynkin, gen. nov., Disparsine Volynkin, gen. nov., Moorasura Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Sarbine Volynkin, gen. nov., Sarbine (Processine) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Hampsonascia Volynkin, gen. nov., Cernysura Volynkin, gen. nov., Barsilene Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Nanarsine Volynkin, gen. nov., Amphisine Volynkin, gen. nov., Karolia Volynkin, gen. nov., Niveutane Volynkin, gen. nov., Rubrindiania Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Barsaurea Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Integrivalvia Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov. and Aberrasine Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov. The genus Nebulene Volynkin & Černý is downgraded to a subspecies of Ovipennis. The genus Eutane Walker, 1854 is downgraded to a subspecies of Asura. The genera Miltasura Roepke, 1946 and Gymnasura Hampson, 1900 are synonymised here with Cyme Felder, 1861 and Asura respectively. The genera Asuropsis Matsumura, 1927, Neasuroides Matsumura, 1927 and Asuridoides Daniel, 1951 are synonymised with Miltochrista Hübner, [1819]. The genus Allochrista Roepke, 1946 is synonymised with the subgenus Thyrgorina Walker, [1865] of the genus Lemyra Walker, 1856 (tribe Arctiini) with establishing a new combination Lemyra (Thyrgorina) toxopei (Roepke, 1946), comb. nov. Other six new synonyms are established: Barsine pardalis (Mell, 1922) = Barsine miranda Kishida & Wang, 2017, syn. nov., Barsine striata striata (Bremer & Grey, 1852) = Miltochrista quelparta Okamota, 1924, syn. nov., Floridasura tricolor (Wileman, 1910) = Barsine coccinea Moore, 1886, syn. nov., Disasuridia metaphaea (Hampson, 1900) = Disasuridia flava Fang, 1991, syn. nov., Aberrasine aberrans aberrans (Butler, 1877) = Miltochrista decussata (Moore, 1877), syn. nov. and Cabarda nigripuncta (Wileman & South, 1919) = Asura lunilinea Schaus, 1922, syn. nov. In addition, it is stated that Miltochrista quadrifasciata Rothschild, 1913 described from New Guinea and currently belonging to the genus Cyme (a junior synonym of Cyme sexualis (Felder, 1864)) is an invalid name, being a secondary junior homonym (homonym nov.) of Cyme quadrifasciata (Rothschild, 1913), comb. nov. described from Sulawesi. A full check-list of members of the Asura / Miltochrista generic complex with 370 new combinations is present.

Here we report on a fungus that is new to science and was isolated from a swab sample collected in a Massachusetts (USA) residence. Morphological characters of the fungus were studied and DNA sequences generated from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal loci and from rpb2 and tub2 loci were used to establish a proper phylogenetic relationship with allied genera. The fungus was named Botryotrichum domesticum. The newly named species has thick-walled conidia globose to subglobose, 17.7 μm ± 2.6 μm × 17.3 μm ± 2.5 μm, developing on both aerial and immersed hyphae, with an absence of setae.

The salticid genus AvaruaMarples, 1955 is a junior homonym of the conoidean subgenus AvaruaBaker, 1938 (Gastropoda). The replacement name Avaruarachnenom. nov. is thus proposed for the preoccupied spider nomen.

A revised taxonomy of Cenozoic radiolarian families is of particular importance because exhaustive molecular phylogenetic analyses for Collodaria, Entactinaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria have shown high level of confidence at family or higher taxonomic ranks. In this sense, this study presents a new comprehensive taxonomy at the family level that integrated a classification based on ribosomal taxonomic marker genes (rDNA) and classical morphological taxonomy. However, many family names commonly used in Cenozoic radiolarians (Polycystinea) are derived from genera whose type species were never illustrated at the time of the generic definition. Obviously, in the vast majority of those cases, the “Principle of Typification” regulated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Art. 61) cannot be logically applied. This has contributed to a century-long misunderstanding about the validity of Cenozoic taxa (species, genera and/or family-group names) erected without any illustration or drawing of their types, in particular the huge contribution of Ernst Haeckel from samples of the Challenger expedition (1872-1876). Reexamination of Haeckel's collection definitively confirmed that all the original types series (the specimens on which Haeckel established the nominal species-group taxon) being nonextant; in other words, all name-bearing specimens (the types) are restricted to the illustrations given in Haeckel's drawings. Because “types” in taxonomy are precious things, a nominal species-group taxon lacking at all of illustration (or indication to a repository) do not ensure the recognition of the species. Following the rules and recommendations of the ICZN, these names should be excluded from all nomenclatorial and taxonomical acts. This revision presents the state of the art of all proposed family-group names (with full synonymy lists) for Cenozoic Polycystinea.The list of family-group nominal taxa and their names was inventoried from 6694 publications (89% of the whole known references on radiolarians). The references were examined in order to clarify and fix the status of family names; hence these family-group names were rigidly classified as: valid, junior synonym, nomen dubium, nomen nudum, homonym, and invalid names. A total of 372 family-group names were proposed for the Cenozoic. These consist of 94 valid family-groups, 118 junior synonym family-groups, 111 nomen dubium family-groups (mainly artificially created in a hypothetical conceptual framework), 6 junior homonym family-groups, 19 nomen nudum family-groups, as well as 24 invalid names. In addition, one nomen novum et four new families are presented. The description of 25 families have been also emended.This study also outlines the advantages of an integrated approach to taxonomy of Polycystinea by the combination of both morphological and molecular systematics. Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the systematic classification proposed at suprageneric level is arranged as follows:a) Order Spumellaria: three Phylogenetic Molecular Lineages (PM Lineages = suborders), 13 superfamilies and 42 families;b) Order Entactinaria: one PM Lineage, five superfamilies and nine families;c) Order Nassellaria: four PM Lineages, 16 superfamilies and 37 families;d) Order Collodaria: three superfamilies and six families.

The noctuid genus Lophotyna Hampson, 1910 is downgraded to a subgenus of the genus Polymixis Hübner, [1820] and reviewed. Two new species are described from Myanmar: Polymixis (Lophotyna) pateikkaya sp. nov. and Polymixis (Lophotyna) aungi sp. nov. The Polymixis crinomima (Wiltshire, 1946) species-group is associated with the subgenus Lophotyna. Polymixis crinomima diluta (L. Ronkay, Varga & Hreblay, 1998) syn.nov. is synonymized with P. crinomima crinomima (Wiltshire, 1946). Polymixis jabaliya (Wiltshire, 1987) is downgraded to a subspecies of P. crinomima: Polymixis crinomima jabaliya (Wiltshire, 1987), stat. nov. Four new combinations are established: Polymixis (Lophotyna) albosignata (Moore, 1881), comb. nov., Polymixis (Lophotyna) hoenei (Boursin, 1956), comb. nov., Polymixis (Lophotyna) albirena (Moore, 1867), comb. nov. and Polymixis (Lophotyna) khumbuensis (Owada, 1981), comb. nov. A replacement name, Polymixis (s. l.) boursinella nom. nov. is introduced for Polymixis (s. l.) albirena (Boursin, 1944), homonym nov. A lectotype for Mamestra albirena Moore, 1867 is designated.

The spider taxa included by James Barbut in his work ‘The genera insectorum of Linnaeus exemplified in various specimens of English insects drawn from nature’ from 1781 are discussed alongside some other early works of spider literature. Barbut discusses and depicts three previously described species, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757, Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) and Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757). Four taxa are newly described by Barbut (1781) but are unavailable nomina per Article 11.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The taxonomic acts of Bonnet, who failed to notice that Barbut's work was invalid for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, are discussed. Two nomina, Aranea subterranea Barbut in Meyer, 1794 and Aranea hortensis Barbut in Meyer, 1794 – both made available through the translation work by Meyer – are evaluated. Aranea subterranea Barbut in Meyer, 1794 is proposed as a nomen dubium. Aranea hortensis Barbut in Meyer, 1794 is proposed as a junior synonym of Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 syn. nov. and is thus an objective senior homonym of Araneus hortensis (Blackwall, 1859). The replacement name Araneus blackwalli nom. nov. is proposed for the latter taxon. Additionally, Aranea livido-rufa Panzer, 1804 is removed from synonymy with Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757) and is declared a nomen dubium.

The present paper presents a compilation of the generic names available in the fossil insect order Lophioneurida (Insecta: Thripida). It comprises 18 accepted genera, 4 synonyms and one invalid homonym.

Recent expeditions to Rapa Nui (also known as Easter Island) and New Caledonia have revealed undescribed species from mesophotic and deeper depths. This includes three new species from Rapa Nui, Hacelia raaraa, Linckia profunda (Ophidiasteridae), Uokeaster ahi (Asterodiscididae) and two new species from New Caledonia, Astroglypha pyramidata n. gen. and Ophidiaster colossus (Ophidiasteridae). The new genus Astroglypha is described for A. pyramidata but the genus also includes the Atlantic Tamaria passiflora, which is reassigned herein. Pauliastra n. gen. is designated as a replacement for the homonym issue with Pauliella. New occurrences and synonymies are addressed for taxa related to New Caledonia, Rapa Nui and adjacent regions. A morphology based phylogenetic analysis agrees with prior work which placed Goniaster among the Asterodiscididae and posits biogeographic relationships among asterodiscidid genera. Implications for the Goniasteridae and placement of Goniaster among asterodiscidid genera are discussed. Biogeography and relationships among taxa from Rapa Nui and New Caledonia are reviewed. In situ observations from species observed from Rapa Nui are included.

Many early taxonomic works on North American bees were published by Europeans using specimens collected in the New World, some with type locations so imprecise that uncertainty on the nomenclatural status remains to this day. Two examples come from Fabricius (1745–1808) who described Andrena virescens Fabricius, 1775 and Apis viridula Fabricius, 1793 from “America” and “Boreal America”, respectively. The former species of Agapostemon Guérin-Méneville, 1844 occurs across most of the United States and southern Canada, the latter presumed an endemic to Cuba. The type materials of these two taxa have never been compared to each other, though a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis placed both in distinct species groups. Here we synonymize Apis viridula under Ag. virescens, thereby making Ag. femoralis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) available as the name for the Cuban species. A lectotype for Ag. femoralis (the type species for the genus Agapostemon) is hereby designated to stabilize this taxonomy. We also synonymize Ag. obscuratus Cresson, 1869 under Ag. femoralis, suggesting that it represents a dark colour polymorphism. As Ag. cubensis Roberts, 1972 is a junior secondary homonym of Ag. cubensis (Spinola, 1851), we offer Ag. robertsi as a replacement name for the former.

Raja africana Capapé, 1977 is a primary junior synonym of Raja africana Bloch & Schneider, 1801 and therefore permanently invalid (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, article 57.2) and must be replaced. Raja africana Bloch & Schneider, 1801 was first described by Bloch & Schneider (1801: 367), based on a specimen from Guinea, West Africa (eastern Atlantic Ocean). The unique holotype is extant in the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin (ZMB 7837, a partial dry skin). The species was treated as valid as Urogymnus africanus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) by Compagno & Roberts (1984: 285), but later synonymized with Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) in the subfamily Urogymninae of the family Dasyatidae (Myliobatiformes) by Compagno (1986: 141), Capapé & Desoutter (1990: 63) and Séret (2016: 1418). It is widespread in the eastern Atlantic, Red Sea and Indo–West Pacific.

A new name, Copaifera copaibo Doweld, is proposed to replace the homonym Copaifera reticulata Ducke (1915) non fossil Copaifera reticulata Engelhardt (1891).

El milpiés mexicano Euryurus flavocarinatus Daday, 1889, ha permanecido como incertae sedis por más de un siglo. El examen del holotipo demuestra que la especie pertenece al género Amplinus dentro de la amplia familia Aphelidesmidae, orden Polydesmida. En el presente trabajo presentamos una redescripción completa del holotipo de Amplinus flavocarinatus (Daday, 1889) comb. nov. Por otro lado, Euryurus flavocarinatus Silvestri, 1899 (actualmente cosiderada dentro del género Pycnotropis) es un homónimo primario más reciente de E. flavocarinatus Daday, 1889, por lo que proponemos el nombre Pycnotropis silvestrii Recuero & Aguado- Aranda nom. nov. para sustituir el nombre de Silvestri y resolver la homonimia.

A new species of deep-water azooxanthellate scleractinian coral is described from the northwestern Atlantic, named Trochocyathus circularis. It is distinctive for its almost circular calice. A new name is proposed for the junior primary homonym Desmophyllum striatumCairns, 1979, which was preoccupied by the senior homonym, a Miocene fossil from Italy, described in 1871 by Sismonda in Sismonda & Michelotti.

In a recent monograph on the genus Rosellinia, type specimens worldwide were revised and re-classified using a morphological approach. Among them, some came from Pier Andrea Saccardo’s fungarium stored in the Herbarium of the Padova Botanical Garden. In this work, we taxonomically re-examine via a morphological and molecular approach nine different Roselliniasensu Saccardo types. ITS1 and/or ITS2 sequences were successfully obtained applying Illumina MiSeq technology and phylogenetic analyses were carried out in order to elucidate their current taxonomic position. Only the ITS1 sequence was recovered for Rosellinia areolata, while for R. geophila, only the ITS2 sequence was recovered. We proposed here new combinations for Rosellinia chordicola, R. geophila and R. horridula, while for R. ambigua, R. areolata, R. australis, R. romana and R. somala, we did not suggest taxonomic changes compared to the current ones. The name Rosellinia subsimilis Sacc. is invalid, as it is a later homonym of R. subsimilis P. Karst. &amp, Starbäck. Therefore, we introduced Coniochaeta dakotensis as a nomen novum for R. subsimilis Sacc. This is the first time that these types have been subjected to a molecular study. Our results demonstrate that old types are an important source of DNA sequence data for taxonomic re-examinations.

An illustrated and updated checklist of the Indian Chrysididae is presented, including synonyms and distributional summaries. The list includes 105 species in 20 genera. Six species are described as new: Elampus gladiator Rosa, sp. nov. (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttar Pradesh), Chrysis aswathiae Rosa, sp. nov. (Tamil Nadu, elegans species group), Chrysis baldocki Rosa, sp. nov. (Tamil Nadu, smaragdula group), Chrysis bernasconii Rosa, sp. nov. (Tamil Nadu, subsinuata group), Chrysis polita Rosa, sp. nov. (West Bengal, Uttaranchal, Myanmar, ignita group), and Chrysis travancoriana Rosa, sp. nov. (Kerala and Tamil Nadu, praecipua group). Six species are newly recorded: Chrysis hecate Mocsáry, 1889; Chrysis jalala Nurse, 1902; Chrysis obscura Smith, 1860; Istiochrysis ziliolii Rosa & Xu, 2016; Praestochrysis furcifera (Bingham, 1903); Primeuchroeus siamensis (Bischoff, 1910). Two new synonymies are proposed: Chrysis abuensis Nurse, 1902, syn. nov. of Chrysis wroughtoni du Buysson, 1896b; Chrysis nursei Bingham, 1903 syn. nov. of Chrysis gujaratica Nurse, 1903a. Holopyga (Hedychridium) virescens Mocsáry, 1914 is transferred to the genus Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878; the name Hedychridium virescens (Mocsáry, 1914) results a secondary homonym of Hedychridium virescens du Buysson, 1908 and it is here replaced with the new name Hedychridium mocsaryi Rosa, nom. nov. Chrysis cotesi du Buysson, 1893, sp. resurr. is here revalidated from the previous synonymy with Chrysis palliditarsis Spinola, 1838. Chrysis bahadur Nurse, 1903a is transferred from the ignita group to the splendidula group, Chrysis bhavanae Bingham, 1903 is transferred from the ignita group to the maculicornis group, and Chrysis thakur is transferred from the smaragdula group to the oculata group. Chrysis nila Bingham, 1903 and Chrysis variipes Mocsáry, 1911 are included in the newly established nila group. Spinolia kashmirae Kimsey in Kimsey & Bohart, 1991 is classified as unnecessary replacement name. The name Parnopes oberthuri du Buysson, 1904 is here emendated into Parnopes oberthueri (currently Cephaloparnops oberthueri). Potential erroneous data, misidentifications and dubious distributional records that may exist in the literature are also identified. We examined almost all type specimens, excluding taxa described by Cameron and Smith. We provide a key to Indian genera, including those expected for the country and not yet recorded, and colour images of type and non-type specimens belonging to 82 species.

Twenty-four species of Orbiniidae, 12 new to science, are reported from continental shelf and slope (deep-sea) habitats of the western North Atlantic. The majority of new material was collected during reconnaissance and monitoring surveys along the entire U.S. Atlantic coast from New England to the Carolinas that were intended to understand the potential impacts of oil and gas exploration in poorly known offshore environments. Additional materials from shallow water and shelf habitats off New England and New York as part of other projects are also included. New collections of Califia schmitti (Pettibone, 1957), Leitoscoloplos acutus (Verrill, 1873), L. fragilis (Verrill, 1873), L. obovatus Mackie, 1987, L. robustus (Verrill, 1873), Scoloplos intermedius (Hartman, 1965), Orbinia swani (Pettibone, 1957), Phylo felix (Kinberg, 1866), P. norvegicus (Sars, 1872), P. ornatus (Verrill, 1873), and Questa trifurcata (Hobson, 1970) provide additional morphological details, variability, and extended geographic and bathymetric distributions of previously known species. New species include Leitoscoloplos pustulus n. sp., Scoloplos papillatus n. sp., S. pettiboneae n. sp., S. pseudoarmiger n. sp., S. verrilli n. sp., Leodamas cuneatus n. sp., L. mucronatus n. sp., L. notoaciculatus n. sp., Phylo paraornatus n. sp., Orbiniella acsara n. sp., O. armata n. sp., and O. mimica n. sp. Juveniles of some species of Leitoscoloplos and Scoloplos were found to resemble known species of the meiofaunal orbiniid genus Schroederella Laubier, 1962. As such, S. berkeleyi Laubier, 1971 is referred to synonymy with Leitoscoloplos acutus. More importantly, the genus Schroederella was found to be pre-occupied by Schroederella Enderlein, 1921 in the Insecta, Diptera, family Helomyzidae. Gesaschroederella nomen nov. is therefore proposed as a replacement name for the polychaete homonym.

Among the thecate hydroids brought back by the Proteus-Guyane 2017 expedition of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, France, from French Guiana, two interesting species are reported upon. The plumulariid Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881, known so far from the type specimen only, is comprehensively redescribed 140 years after its original description. It adopts two different morphotypes with respect to both its tropho- and gonosome, forming either simple or ramified colonies, with either structurally-complex or rudimentary phylactocarps, respectively. Taxonomic notes on the genera Callicarpa Fewkes, 1881 and Hippurella Allman, 1877 are provided in light of their intricate history of origin and fate, together with the provisional resurrection of Antomma Stechow, 1919, as an allied genus of the former. The aglaopheniid Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, whose gonosome was only partly documented to date, is redescribed thoroughly based on specimens bearing male and female corbulae. Scanning electron microscopy and molecular data were also used to document both species. A checklist of the thecate hydroids from French Guiana gathered during Proteus-Guyane 2017 and Guyane 2014 expeditions is provided as an appendix, together with brief notes on some species. Not dealing with the present study, but taking advantage of it, a new name, Antennella billardi Galea, nom. nov., is proposed as a replacement name for Plumularia balei Billard, 1911, which is a permanently invalid junior primary homonym of P. balei Bartlett, 1907.