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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of lipophilic organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings. Ingestion through contaminated food and water is a major route of human exposure to PAHs. Smoked products are important sources of dietary PAHs. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of smoking times on the content of PAH compounds. The result showed that smoking duration had a significant effect on Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 4PAH indices in both cultivars (Hashemi and Domsiah) between the three test groups (nonsmoked rice, rice smoked for 10 and 14 days) (p <.05). The level of BaP index in nonsmoked rice samples was lower than the permitted limit (1 μg/kg), but increased after smoking and exceeded the permitted limit. The 4PAH index was too high in both nonsmoked and smoked rice samples and the smoking process increased further. Finally, the smoking process had a significant direct effect on PAH compounds in Hashemi and Domsiah rice during the 14 days after smoking. Practical applications: The polycyclic aromatic compounds have been identified as toxic compounds in most smoked food products such as meat, rice, and fish. The staple food of most people in the Middle East is rice, whose smoked form is mostly consumed. This source contains high amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is almost impossible to accurately measure them by traditional methods. The combination of the ultrasound‐assisted extraction method and high‐performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD) device can be a great help in accurately identifying these compounds in two varieties of smoked rice. Since most smoked rice workshops were traditionally built and operated, combustion conditions were usually not controlled properly and control criteria were not considered; therefore, smoked rice with high amounts of PAH compounds was produced. There is a need for replacement of the traditional smoking process with the industrial smoking process, use wood instead of paddy, revise the rice standard, and establish control limits for PAH compounds, especially for smoked rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds present in Iranian royal jelly consisted of 10-HDA, acetylcholine, total proteins, soluble proteins including albumin, beta-glubolin, gamma globulin and insoluble proteins, nucleotides and ATP, free amino acids namely proline, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, alanine, cystine, valine, B-complex vitamins namely thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, folic acid, and potassium as an important mineral have been determined. This research has shown that the Iranian royal jelly has a fairly good quality as compared to the foreign ones. Royal jelly samples were selected from three different climatical regions of Iran including Mashhad (hot and dry), Amol (moderate and wet) and Ardabil (cold and dry). Statistical analysis have shown that the bioactive compounds in royal jelly from Mashhad and Amol were significantly different which were 16.775 and 12.253 g/100g, respectively. Among the proteins available in Iranian royal jelly, albumin has the highest concentration that makes up about 50% of total proteins. Among the main amino acids in Iranian royal jelly, proline, aspartic acid, and lysine have the highest concentrations in respective decreasing order. The results have shown that royal jelly obtained from dry and arid regions has higher nutritional value as compared to moderate regions particularly the contents of 10-HDA and amino acids. It seems these components are increased in hot or cold and dry survey areas such as Mashhad and Ardebil due to less rainfall and more aromatic and medicinal vegetation in comparison with rainy area such as Amol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the use of low-energy methods for nanoemulsification of vitamin B12 was investigated to protect this bioactive substance. The effects of sunflower oil concentrations (4-8%), Tween 80 (8-16%), and vitamin B12 (5-15%) on the physicochemical properties of B12 nanoemulsion were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that the quadratic model was the most fitting model for experimental data. Optimization revealed that the optimal formulation contained 6.5% sunflower oil, 9.6% Tween 80, and 13% vitamin B12, resulting in maximum efficiency, viscosity, and vitamin B12 content, as well as minimum pH, turbidity, p -Anisidine index, particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI). Under optimal conditions, pH, viscosity, turbidity, efficiency, vitamin B12, p-Anisidine index, PDI, and particle size were 7.24, 17.0024 cp, 2.19, 51.98%, 5.54 ppm, 0.01, 0.34, and 322 nm, respectively. This study highlights the effectiveness of spontaneous emulsification as a carrier for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestAuthors declare no conflict of interest., (© The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)