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This corpus-driven longitudinal study investigates the structural use of lexical bundles in published research article (RA) introductions in applied linguistics written by English experts and Korean graduate students across two different levels of study. Frequency-based bundles were retrieved from a corpus of 200 published RA introductions and two corpora of 46 and 49 introductions of term papers written at two time points of the first and fourth semester of graduate course. In a further step, the structures of the bundles in different rhetorical moves of RA introductions were analyzed to reveal the developmental patterns in bundle use. The analyses show that the Korean graduate students are in the developmental process of academic writing featured by a shift from clausal style to phrasal style as their academic level advances. The results also suggest that the students have difficulty in appropriate bundle use in specific rhetorical moves even at the later academic level of graduate coursework. The pedagogical implications of L2 students' developmental order are discussed.

In this study, micropatterning of a blue light emitting, tetraphenylsilane-based phosphorescent material by inkjet printing was investigated. Bis(3,5-di(9 H -carbazol-9-yl))diphenylsilane (SimCP2) doped with iridium bis(4,6-difluorophenypyridinato)picolate (FIrpic) was dissolved in a solvent mixture, and various conditions for the solvent composition and drying of films were examined. Homogeneous dot and line patterns with controllable thickness and smooth surface were obtained from a mixture of chlorobenzene and cyclohexanone at a moderate printing speed of 3 mm s -1 and a droplet ejection frequency of 70 Hz. An inkjet-printed device was designed and fabricated in [ITO/PEDOT:PSS /PVK/SimCP2:Flrpic/TSPO1/TPBi/LiF/Al] configuration, from which sky-blue light (0.14, 0.25) was obtained with a luminous efficiency of 10.73 cd A -1 and a power efficiency of 6.13 lm W -1 . This amounted to 68% of the performance of an identical device where the emitting layer was spin coated. These results show the potential of inkjet printing as a low-cost patterning method for low molecular weight emitters in blue light emitting devices., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)