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The herbs Plantago asiatica and Clerodendrum trichotomum have been commonly used for centuries in indigenous and folk medicine in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, we show that extracts from these herbs have antiviral effects against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro cell cultures and an in vivo mouse model. Treatment of HEp2 cells and A549 cells with a non-cytotoxic concentration of Plantago asiatica or Clerodendrum trichotomum extract significantly reduced RSV replication, RSV-induced cell death, RSV gene transcription, RSV protein synthesis, and also blocked syncytia formation. Interestingly, oral inoculation with each herb extract significantly improved viral clearance in the lungs of BALB/c mice. Based on reported information and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the phenolic glycoside acteoside was identified as an active chemical component of both herb extracts. An effective dose of acteoside exhibited similar antiviral effects as each herb extract against RSV in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that extracts of Plantago asiatica and Clerodendrum trichotomum could provide a potent natural source of an antiviral drug candidate against RSV infection.

Patient: Male, 60-year-old Final Diagnosis: Peritonitis Symptoms: Abdominal pain • edema of lower extermities Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Nephrology Objective: Rare disease Background: Pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome have a high risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). However, SBP in adults with nephrotic syndrome is very rare. We report a case of SBP induced by Escherichia coli in a 60-year-old male patient on immunosuppressive therapy for the treatment of minimal change disease (MCD). Case Report: The patient was hospitalized with abdominal pain and generalized edema that had lasted for 2 weeks. The patient first started treatment with high-dose oral prednisolone after being diagnosed with MCD 6 months ago. Complete remission of nephrotic syndrome was not achieved even after 5 months of treatment. Thus, the treatment was changed to combination therapy with cyclosporine and low-dose prednisolone. At the time of admission, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, decreased serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), azotemia, and nephrotic-range proteinuria were observed. Ascitic fluid analysis showed a leukocyte count of 4960/μL (neutrophils 90%). On the suspicion of SBP associated with MCD, intravenous administration of empirical cefotaxime and supportive therapy were initiated; however, symptoms of peritonitis persisted. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-negative E. coli was found in ascites cultures. Laparoscopy-assisted peritoneal biopsy revealed no evidence of fungal infection; however, chronic inflammation without granuloma formation was noted. Afterward, cefotaxime was changed to piperacillin-tazobactam. After 4 weeks of antibacterial therapy, the peritonitis was cured and renal function was improved. Conclusions: Adult patients with steroid-resistant MCD accompanied by refractory ascites, severe hypoalbuminemia, and marked reduction in serum IgG are at a high risk of subsequent SBP and require careful monitoring.

졸피뎀은 부작용이 드문 안전한 약제로 알려져 있으나 과량 복용할 경우 횡문근융해증과 같은 심각한 합병증이 유발될 수 있다. 이에 저자 등은 자살목적으로 고용량의 졸피뎀복용과 관련된 횡문근융해증에 의한 급성 신손상을 진단하였고 수액 치료 및 혈액투석 치료로 호전된 증례를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 이를 보고하는 바이다.

Content delivery service has become a major traffic load on today's Internet, and this has triggered the interest of ISPs in operating their own content delivery networks (CDNs) to optimize Internet traffic considering both content delivery caching and user-network proximity. ISPs, however, are typically regionally bound or network-domain-wise isolated; hence, their CDN gain is somewhat limited. In order to enhance the gain of ISP CDN services to the level of incumbent global CDNs, a CDN interconnection (CDNI) model is introduced by IETF, where local ISP CDN services can be extended among heterogeneous CDNs across network domains. However, despite the multiple benefits of a CDNI system, it is difficult to apply a CDNI service to the current CDN market due to the platform independence. Hence, we introduced a CDNI gateway model that is standard-capable and platform-independent. With the CDNI gateway model, we design and implement a complete CDNI system and conduct a CDNI service trial with three major ISPs in South Korea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CDNI service trial complying with the IETF standard achieved by a multi-ISP collaboration. According to the analysis of experimental results from the service trial, we observe that CDNI can reduce content traffic by about 40 percent at the Internet exchange link compared to a legacy CDN system.

This paper reports that SnO additive in an alkaline solution can effectively suppress the dendritic growth of electrolytic Zn. There was a remarkable change in the voltammetric behavior with increasing SnO additive content, which indicated its strong effect on the redox reaction of Zn. A higher additive content resulted in greater suppression of the dendritic growth of electrolytic Zn. From the compositional analysis of the electrodeposit, it was confirmed that Sn was co-deposited with Zn in amounts up to around 1 at.%. This implied that the incorporated Sn hindered the typical dendritic growth of electrolytic Zn. However, excess SnO resulted in rough and crumbling electrodeposits because of the formation of relatively large amount of a pure Sn phase.

In this work, the effect of ZnO precipitation on the electrochemical cycling stability of Zn–air batteries was systematically investigated. The results suggest that sustained electrical rechargeability can be achieved by simply appropriately choosing the amount of Zn metal anode, such that the amount of zincate ions released into the electrolyte upon full discharge of the anode is below the supersaturated solubility limit. For example, there was almost no capacity fading up to 50 cycles when the anode was designed such that the amount of zincate ions released into the electrolyte was a bit less than the chemical solubility limit of ZnO in KOH solution. Despite its limited energy density, the results presented in this study provide an important direction to the future work on electrically rechargeable Zn–air batteries.

Coptidis Rhizoma is derived from the dried rhizome of Ranunculaceous plants and is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Although Coptidis Rhizoma is commonly used for its many therapeutic effects, antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has not been reported in detail. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activities of Coptidis Rhizoma extract (CRE) against RSV in human respiratory tract cell line (HEp2) and BALB/c mice. An effective dose of CRE significantly reduces the replication of RSV in HEp2 cells and reduces the RSV-induced cell death. This antiviral activity against RSV was through the induction of type I interferon-related signaling and the antiviral state in HEp2 cells. More importantly, oral administration of CRE exhibited prophylactic effects in BALB/c mice against RSV. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we confirmed that palmatine was related to the antiviral properties and immunemodulation effect. Taken together, an extract of Coptidis Rhizoma and its components play roles as immunomodulators and could be a potential source as promising natural antivirals that can confer protection to RSV. These outcomes should encourage further allied studies in other natural products.

Recently, cable operators are providing broadcast and IP based services using Hybrid Fiber Coaxial(HFC) networks while securing frequency band for video contents and convergence services are becoming an important issue. But, HFC networks have difficulty of securing frequency band, because they are used for broadcasting service based on MPEG. Therefore, it is necessary to find out a method to go broadband. Radio Frequency over Glass(RFoG), one of the methods to go broadband, is advantageous in the sense that it can overcome bandwidth limit and simplifies the structure. In this paper, we find characteristic and standard of RFoG and services. And we also find advantage of RFoG by evaluating performance. 주저자:CJ헬로비전 스마트홈 이노베이션 센터 센터장, hongik@cj.net, 정회원 ° 교신저자:CJ헬로비전 기술실 실장, kjangjib@cj.net, 정회원 * CJ헬로비전 대구 기술팀, teatree01@cj.net, 준회원 논문번호:KICS2011-10-502, 접수일자:2011년 10월 28일, 최종논문접수일자:2012년 6월 28일 I. 서 론 지금까지 HFC 네트워크는 방송, 인터넷, 전화 등 방송통신 서비스를 제공하는 케이블 사업자의 주요 네트워크 중 하나로 사용되고 있다. HFC 네 트워크는 주파수 분할을 통한 다중채널 전송이 가 능하여 대용량의 방송 콘텐츠 전송에 적합한 구조 로 설계되었으나, 방송뿐 아니라 유휴 주파수를 이 용하여 인터넷, VoIP(Voice over IP)와 같은 IP기 반의 통신서비스를 제공해 왔다. HFC 네트워크는 방송과 IP 신호가 주파수 분할 을 통해 서로 다른 채널을 이용하여 전송되므로 방 송과 IP신호 간 간섭이 거의 없어 광케이블을 통해 방송과 IP신호를 같이 전송하는 PON(Passive Optical Network) 네트워크보다 안정된 방송 서비 스를 제공이 가능하다. 반면, 케이블업체는 유휴 방 송대역을 활용한 IP서비스를 제공하고 있으나 최근 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 스마트 단말에서의 IP기 한국통신학회논문지 '12-07 Vol.37B No.07 566 반 방송 통신융합 서비스의 비디오 컨텐츠 트래픽 을 수용하기에는 IP 대역폭이 부족하여 원활한 서 비스를 제공하는데 어려움이 있다. 이는 케이블 사 업자에게 할당된 5~1002MHz의 주파수 대부분이 이미 상향 및 하향 대역폭으로 사용되고 있기 때문 이다. 그리고 하향 대역에 비해 지나치게 작은 상향 대역을 VoIP, 양방향 방송을 위한 상향 신호, 인터 넷 신호가 나누어 사용하고 있어 IP기반의 양방향 서비스에 적합하지 않다. 따라서, 양방향성이 중요 한 IP기반 서비스에서 광통신을 사용하는 이동통신 사업자에 비해 서비스 경쟁력이 떨어지는 상황이며, 이를 해결하기 위해 HFC의 광대역화가 반드시 필 요한 상황이다. 케이블 사업자들의 HFC 네트워크를 광대역화 하 는 방안은 크게 주파수 사용효율을 높이는 방법과 주파수대역폭을 확장하는 두 가지 방법으로 나눌 수 있다. 주파수 사용효율을 높이기 위한 방안은 모 듈레이션 방식을 변경하는 것이 있으며, 주파수 대 역폭 확장은 네트워크의 재구축이나 기존 사용채널 의 변경이나 채널 본딩을 통해 실현 가능하다. 주파 수 사용효율을 높이는 방안은 네트워크 광대역화에 소모되는 비용이 적다는 장점이 있으며, 네트워크의 재구축은 대역폭확장을 통해 신규서비스 추가에 유 리하다는 장점이 있다. 현재 케이블 사업자들의 기존 HFC 네트워크 광 대역화는 주로 DOCSIS(Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) 기술을 통해 이루어졌다. DOCSIS3.0 [2] 의 경우 상향 및 하향대역에서 128/ 256 QAM(Qadrature Amplitude Modulation) 모 듈레이션 및 채널 본딩 기술을 이용해 주파수 사용 효율을 높이고 주파수 대역폭을 확장하여 IP기반 서비스를 제공하고 있다 [3] . 하지만 DOCSIS를 사용 할 경우 이미 거의 모든 채널이 방송 및 통신 서비 스에 사용되고 있어 채널 본딩을 위한 채널 확보에 어려움이 있다. 또한 모듈레이션 방식을 변경하여 한 번에 많은 신호를 보내면 전송된 신호의 에러율 이 높아지기 때문에 모듈레이션 방식의 변경을 통 한 주파수 사용효율을 높이는 방안도 한계가 있다. 그리고 HFC 네트워크는 현재 제공하는 방송 통신 서비스 이외의 신규서비스가 필요할 경우 추가적인 대역폭을 할당할 수 있는 자원이 남아있지 않은 상 황이다. 따라서, IP기반 방송 통신융합 서비스 및 여러 신규 서비스가 출현할 것으로 기대되는 미래 환경에서 안정적인 서비스 및 사업영역 확장을 위 해서는 광 네트워크의 도입을 통한 네트워크 광대 역화가 반드시 필요하다. 하지만, 이동통신 사업자 가 사용하는 x-PON(x-Passive Optical Network)은 케이블 사업자가 방송을 제공하기 위해 사용하는 헤드엔드의 교체가 필요하며, 고객의 가정에 보급된 셋톱박스를 교체하는 비용 적 부담이 발생한다. 그 리고 기존의 케이블방송에 비해 안정적인 방송제공 의 문제가 있어 x-PON 전환 또한 적절한 광대역화 방안이라 생각하기 어렵지만, RFoG 네트워크는 위 의 문제점들을 효과적으로 해결 가능하다. RFoG 네트워크는 기존의 HFC 네트워크의 헤드 엔드와 셋톱박스 교체 없이 고객의 가정까지 광통 신을 이용해 방송 및 통신신호를 전송할 수 있는 네트워크이다. RFoG는 HFC 네트워크의 야외 전송 구간의 교체만으로 네트워크를 구성할 수 있으며, 장거리 전송 시 증폭기와 같은 능동소자가 필요 없 어 야외 전송구간에서 전원의 인가 없이 장거리 전 송이 가능하다. 그 결과 네트워크 구조가 단순화 되 며 광전송으로 인해 상향대역과 하향대역의 비대칭 성이 해결된다. 또한 전기적 특성을 지닌 노이즈는 광 신호에 간섭을 거의 주지 않기 때문에 서비스품 질도 향상된다. RFoG는 위에서 언급한 것과 같이 네트워크 구조 단순화와 노이즈 감소로 인해 네트 워크 광대역화를 실행할 때 비용적 측면과 품질적 측면을 동시에 확보할 수 있어 케이블사업자에게 가장 적합한 형태의 광대역화 모델이라 할 수 있다. 하지만, 국내환경은 RFoG 네트워크를 도입하기 위 한 네트워크의 구성과 네트워크 장비의 품질 기준 이 불명확하여 RFoG 네트워크의 도입이 지연되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 RFoG의 특 징과 설계방법 및 설계형태에 따른 적절한 품질기 준을 제시하고, RFoG 네트워크 사용 시 기존의 HFC 네트워크보다 향상된 서비스 품질을 실험을 통해 증명한다. 본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 2장에서는 HFC 네트워크와 RFoG 네트워크의 구조적 차이에 대하 여 서술한다. 3장에서는 RFoG 네트워크 북미표준 을 이용하여 RFoG 네트워크 구조에 따른 기준 변 화를 알아본다. 4장에서는 기존 HFC와 RFoG의 비 교를 통해 네트워크의 노이즈 및 산란특성에 대해 알아보며, 5장에서는 객관적인 품질비교를 위해 4장 에서 언급한 네트워크 별 노이즈 특성을 실험을 통 해 증명한다. 그리고 마지막으로 6장에서 논문의 결 론을 맺는다. 논문 / RFoG 네트워크를 이용한 케이블 서비스 품질 개선 방법 567 II. HFC 네트워크의 한계와 RFoG 네트워크를 통한 광대역화 2.1 HFC 네트워크의 한계 현재 케이블사업자들은 광케이블과 동축케이블을 사용하는 HFC 네트워크를 통해 방송 및 통신 서비스 를 제공하고 있다. HFC 네트워크는 수지형의 구조를 가지고 있으며 크게 헤드엔드, 전송 단, 가입자단의 구조를 가진다. 헤드엔드-Optical Network Unit(ONU)구간은 광케이블을 이용하며, ONU-가입 자 구간은 동축케이블을 사용하여 신호를 전송을 한 다. HFC 네트워크는 수지형 구조의 특성상 헤드엔드 -ONU 구간에서 신호가 집중되며 ONU-가입자단 구 간은 신호가 분산되는 구조를 가지고 있다. 일반적으 로 신호가 모이는 광케이블 구간은 간선이라 하며, 신 호가 분산되는 동축케이블 구간을 분배선이라 한다. HFC 네트워크는 방송채널에 따라 6MHz단위로 주 파수 대역을 할당하는 주파수 분할 방식을 사용하여 대용량의 비디오 콘텐츠를 제공할 때 안정적인 서비 스품질을 확보할 수 있으며, 방송과 통신에 사용되는 대역 간에 간섭이 없다. 이는 방송과 통신 서비스가 한 번에 전송되는 IPTV의 전송방식에 비해 방송서비 스에 보다 적합한 네트워크 구조라는 것을 말해준다. 또한, 초기 네트워크 구축비용이 적게 들어 네트워크 를 구축하기에 쉬우며, 대역폭확장과 유휴대역의 사용 등을 통하여 신규 서비스 확장을 위한 네트워크의 유 연성도 높다. 하지만 케이블사업자에게 할당된 주파수 대역은 제한되어 있으며, 방송 및 통신 서비스에 이미 대부분의 대역폭을 사용하고 있어 신규서비스 확장에 어려움이 있다 [3] . 대표적인 예가 바로 최근 꾸준히 증 가하고 있는 IP기반의 융합 서비스로의 확장이다. 케이블 사업자는 DOCSIS 3.0을 사용할 경우 5~42/85MHz의 상향 대역과 54/108~1002MHz의 하 향대역을 사용하고 있어 헤드엔드에서 가입자단 방향 으로 신호가 전송되는 서비스에 유리한 비대칭 구조 를 가지고 있으며, 대부분의 주파수 대역은 이미 양방 향TV서비스를 위한 상향신호와 인터넷, VoIP등의 용 도로 사용하고 있어 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 IP기반의 서비스를 위한 추가적인 상향대역폭의 확보가 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 또한, 5~42/54MHz를 가지는 상향대 역은 단파주파수 영역에 자리 잡고 있다. 따라서 단파 노이즈가 침투하기 쉬워 일부 대역을 사용하지 못하 는 실정이며 원활한 양방향 서비스를 제공하기에는 무리가 있는 현실이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 서 케이블 사업자들은 HFC 네트워크를 광대역화 하 고 있다. 현재까지 케이블사업자의 네트워크 광대역화는 HFC 네트워크를 그대로 사용하면서 신호를 보내는 모듈레이션 방법을 변경하여 신호 전송능력을 올리는 방법과 채널 간 본딩 작업을 통한 대역폭 확장의 방법 을 통하여 진행되어왔다. 최근 케이블사업자가 사용하 고 있는 DOCSIS 3.0의 경우 상향과 하향대역에서 각 4개의 채널을 본딩하고 128QAM/256 QAM 방식으로 신호를 모듈레이션 후 전송하여 100M 이상의 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 하지 만 모듈레이션 에러율의 증가 및 제한된 주파수 자원 의 한계로 인하여 신규 서비스를 위한 대역폭 할당에 어려움이 따르며, 기존 HFC 네트워크의 구조를 그대 로 사용하여 간선에서의 신호집중으로 인한 상향 신 호 전송 시 리턴패스 병목현상으로 인한 속도 저하가 발생한다. 리턴패스 병목현상은 양방향 통신이 필수적 인 인터넷서비스나 VoIP와 같은 IP 기반 서비스를 제 공할 때 서비스 품질을 저하시키는 주요 요인이 된다. 기존의 HFC 네트워크를 그대로 사용하는 네트워크 광대역화는 초기 비용이 적게 든다는 장점이 있으나 위에서 설명한 것과 같은 단점이 존재하여, 증가하는 IP서비스를 위한 대역폭 할당에는 무리가 있다. 또한 부족한 IP대역폭은 IP기반 서비스품질을 저하시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서 케이블 사업자의 HFC 네트워크 광대역화는 주파수 대역의 제한과 비대칭성으로 인한 IP기반 서비스 품질 저하를 완화하고, 리턴패스 병목 현상의 해결 및 비용을 절약하는 방향으로 이루어져 야 한다. 이러한 요구사항들은 RFoG 네트워크로 광 대역화를 이룸으로써 해결할 수 있다. 2.2 RFoG 네트워크 케이블 사업자들이 사용하고 있는 HFC 네트워크는 주파수 분할을 사용하여 채널을 구분함으로써 효율적 인 방송 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 하지만 최근 주파수 대역의 한계로 인하여 수요가 증가하고 있는 IP기반 서비스를 제공하기 위한 새로운 채널 할당이 어려워 네트워크 광대역화를 통한 서비스 환경의 개선이 필 요한 상황이다. 케이블사업자들이 네트워크를 광대역 화 하는 방안은 광케이블을 사용하여 현재의 HFC 네 트워크가 가지는 주파수 한계를 극복하는 것이 가장 효과적이라 할 수 있다. 광케이블을 사용하는 대표적 인 네트워크로는 이동통신사업자들이 사용하는 PON 이 있다. 하지만 PON은 케*이블 사업자가 운용하고 있는 HFC 네트워크의 헤드엔드와 호환되지 않아 헤 드엔드를 새롭게 구성해야 하며, 기존의 셋톱박스를 한국통신학회논문지 '12-07 Vol.37B No.07

Aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on an aluminum foil laminated on a flexible stainless steel (SS) substrate. Lamination was carried out under a pressure of 10 MPa with simultaneously heating at 400 °C. The laminated Al foil was spray-coated with an iron chloride catalyst precursor solution and the CNTs were grown using water-assisted chemical vapor deposition at 810 °C. The CNTs grew as vertically aligned forests, approximately 600 μm in height, within 600 s without crumpling of the Al foil. The Al foil acts as a sacrificial barrier layer to grow the CNTs. The CNTs had 2–30 walls with an inner diameter of 3–8 nm. Thermogravimetric and field emission analysis of the CNTs revealed a degradation temperature and turn-on field of 643.5 °C and 0.46 V/μm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the Al–SS interface and chemical states. After removing the CNTs, the flexible SS substrate could be cleaned, recoated with Al and reused for CNT growth. Overall, this process is a repeatable and continuous roll-to-roll processable method that can be scaled up for industrial production.

In providing video-on-demand (VoD) services to a number of clients through networks, the bandwidth requirements of video transmission restrict VoD services. For this reason, many significant broadcasting-based VoD schemes have been proposed to efficiently support services. However, the broadcasting-based VoD schemes approach needs frequency channel hopping, using many channels at the same time and managing many segments of a video. These make it difficult to implement. In this paper, we propose a harmonic staggered broadcasting scheme which has a simple structure and substantially improved VoD efficiency. The proposed scheme substantially reduces the number of segments required and the frequency for switching channels. Also this new scheme performs significantly better than the existing VoD schemes in viewer's waiting time and buffer requirements with simplicity. The numerical results demonstrate that the viewer's waiting time of the harmonic staggered broadcasting scheme is close to the harmonic broadcasting scheme and the buffer requirements of this can be adjusted by a video dividing coefficient h .

In this paper, we will discuss patterning challenges of EUV lithography to apply 1xnm node DRAM. EUV lithography is positioned on essential stage because development stage for DRAM is going down sub-20nm technology node. It is time to decide how to make sub-20nm node DRAM. It will be the simplest and cost effective way to make device with matured EUVL. But in spite of world-wide effort to develop EUV lithography, the maturity of EUV technology is still lower than conventional ArF immersion lithography. So, DRAM manufacturers are considering several candidates such as DSA, DPT and MPT simultaneously. In addition, DRAM manufacturers are considering new cell layout and new memory also. For this study, we investigate process window and shadow effect across exposure field of sub-20nm node DRAM cell. We also performed an overlay matching experiment between 0.25NA EUV scanner and 1.35NA ArF immersion scanner. In addition, we will compare EUV lithography with ArF immersion DPT or SPT in view of patterning performance. Finally, we will discuss some technical issues to applying EUV lithography such as flare, resist LER, EUV OPC and illumination condition using 0.25NA EUV scanner.

This paper proposes a method of multicast session management, input packet classification and multicast contents sharing sequence for multicast contents sharing in Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) over Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) network. The proposed Multicast contents sharing algorithm enables service flows to be classified in the input data streams. And then, it also enables the classified flows to be transmitted with minimizing downstream replication to groups including subscribers who requested those flows. This system with the proposed algorithm enables linear broadcasting using IP multicast, Video on Demand (VOD) services to be efficiently transmitted without downstream replication.

An experimental service of 3DTV cable broadcasting was made by delivering stereoscopic 3D video to the users in dual HD stream format. Also, an experimental attempt was made to provide backward compatibility for conventional 2D Set-top Boxes (STB) receiving and displaying only one stream of stereoscopic 3D video signal called reference video. For the experimental service, stereoscopic 3D video signals are encoded with 35 Mbps and transmitted over single broadcasting channel by using the existing cable headend and transmission systems. Prototypes of the software-based 3D encoder and 3D STB were also used for the experimental service. Through the experimental broadcasting service, it was possible to provide HD 3DTV broadcasting service under legacy cable environment and to support backward compatibility for the conventional 2D STBs to receive HD broadcasting by using the reference video. A survey revealed that about 60% of the viewers answered the image quality of stereoscopic 3D video in dual HD stream format was better than that in single HD stream format.

The semi-outdoor cultivation of Spirulina platensis was attempted using an underground-water-based medium. Occurrence of contaminant organisms such as Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. was not found from a microscopic observation and bacteria were not detected from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA during the cultivation, owing to pH control and the high quality of the underground water. The mean productivity was high at 10.5 g/m2/d with a range of 4.2-12.3 g/m2/d despite the unfavorable weather conditions of the rainy season. The cultivated S. platensis included a normal protein content of 58.9%. Consequently, the underground water improved the biomass productivity and the biomass quality because of an abundant supplementation of natural minerals and through a contaminant-free culture.

In this thesis, we propose a new approach for NVoD services while reducing the viewer's waiting time and the client's buffer requirements and using a given bandwidth. In providing VoD services in multicast network environment, the batching technique like staircase broadcasting is very efficient for serving a very hot-video in terms of resource requirements. However, the patching technique will achieve better performance if the video is not as popular. The proposed method shows that it substantially improves performance of VoD systems including viewer's waiting time and the client's buffering requirement. The HMP (hybrid multicast patching) is applicable under any VoD service circumstances by adequately balancing the number of staggered broadcasting and staircase broadcasting channels.

With the growth of broadband networks, Video- on-Demand (VoD) is attracting increasing attention as a new type of broadcasting service. Therefore, various broadcasting schemes have been proposed for more bandwidth-efficient VoD systems. Broadcasting schemes consist of batching schemes and patching schemes. Our proposed scheme is a type of patching schemes using a Fast Broadcasting scheme for data patching of staggered interval parts of video data. A Fast Patching (FP) scheme shown better performance in bandwidth-efficiency than the other patching schemes such as JAS (Joint-and-Stream) and SBB (Stream Bundling Broadcasting). As bandwidth per video is continually growing, user waiting time of the other patching schemes decrease linearly, but that of the FP scheme decreases exponentially. The proposed scheme has two advantages: a similar complexity level to patching schemes and a comparable level of waiting time compared to batching schemes.

Unlike the market acceptance of Zn-air primary battery, the Zn-air secondary battery is not yet commercialized, mainly due to its poor cycling stability. Although a number of issues have been raised as possible reasons for its low electrical rechargeability, the dendrite growth of Zn during charging process might be most critical because it leads to short circuits and thereby catastrophic failure. Many inorganic additives have been reported for the suppression of the dendritic growth of Zn electrodeposits. For example, it is known that a small amount of Pb ions in an alkaline solution effectively suppresses the Zn dendritic growth. Nevertheless, the environmental issues of Pb-containing additive drive the researchers to search for its alternatives. Sn is cost effective as well as environmentally friendly. Since it has higher reduction potential than Zn, it might be co-deposited with Zn to possibly change the growth habit of Zn dendrite. In fact, it has been reported that Sn ions affected the Zn deposition on a Zn single crystal at the very low Sn content, implying that Sn can be a possible option to toxic and expensive additives. In this work, we report that SnO additive significantly changes the morphology of Zn electrodeposits and suppresses quite well its dendritic growth. From the cyclic voltammograms at different SnO contents, it is proved that a few milli-moles of Sn ions in the electrolyte have a strong effect on the Sn deposition process. Moreover, the microscopic observation reveals that the non-uniform and dendritic growth of Zn electrodeposits is considerably suppressed at high content of SnO additive. From the depth profiling of the composition of Zn electrodeposit, it is confirmed that Sn is co-deposited with Zn during the course of deposition process, strongly indicating that the incorporated Sn interferes the dendritic growth of Zn. However, the addition of excess SnO resulted in a rough surface and crumbling porous particles containing large amount of Sn phase. In this presentation, an optimal SnO content required for the creation of dense Zn electrodeposits will be highlighted. Moreover, the possible mechanism of dendrite growth suppression by Sn ions will be further discussed.

To print the 0.13μm logic device pattern, both KrF and ArF lithography can be used and we have two lithography processes for 0.13μm technology. In this paper, we evaluate whether ArF lithography process has enough process margin or not, when KrF HT-PSM is applied to ArF lithography processes. To estimate the feasibility of KrF HT-PSM in ArF lithography process, we simulated the change of the proximity effect according to illumination conditions and selected an optimum illumination condition. In that condition, we investigated the changes of ID bias, linearity and lineend shortening effect (LES) of minimum pattern. ID bias and CD linearity of isolated line in the ArF lithography matched well with those in KrF lithography on the optimized illumination condition. The differences of ID bias and linearity are less than 5nm. Line end CD difference between two processes is under 10nm. The ArF lithography process has enough process margins in optimized illumination condition with KrF Ht-PSM. Therefore, in the optimized illumination condition, KrF Ht-PSM can be applied to ArF lithography process to print pattern for the 0.13 μm logic device without mask revision.

We have optimized the standard method for the extraction of MEEF at 200nm contact hole with regard to the pitch and mask CD variations, which resulted in 4.8. Additionally, we have evaluated the impact of mask bias, surrounding pattern size and asymmetric change of mask CD. The pitch has greatly influenced the MEEF of the contact hole, and the contact holes with the minimum pitch show higher MEEF than isolated or semi-dense contact holes. The MEEF was little affected by the mask bias, ranging from 10 to 30nm. The MEEF remains independent despite the changes of the mask CD occurring around the holes within ±10nm range. The variations of the mask CD in one direction or another are not related to the MEEF determination. In addition, the pitch has influence on the defect printability. Other things that influence the defect printability are the defect types and their location. The defect of Cr intrusion has more intensive effect on the printed CD change. The more the defect is close to the center of the hole pattern, the more the defect printability increases.

A symbiotic thermophilic bacterium, strain SC-1, was isolated from hay compost (toebi) in Korea. The new isolate exhibited an obligate commensal interaction with a thermophilic Geobacillus strain and required crude extracts and/or culture supernatant from Geobacillus sp. SK-1 for axenic growth. The growth factors from Geobacillus sp. SK-1 were irreversibly inactivated by phenol or protease treatment, suggesting that they might be proteins. The cells of strain SC-1 were non-spore forming, nonmotile rods that were stained Gram-negatively. The isolate was a microaerophilic heterotroph. Growth was observed between 45 degrees and 70 degrees C (optimum: 60 degrees C; 2.4-h doubling time) and pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimum: pH 7.5). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65 mol%, and the major quinones were MK-6 and MK-7. A phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence indicated that strain SC-1 is closely related to Symbiobacterium thermophilum and so was named Symbiobacterium toebii on the basis of its physiological and molecular properties.

We have developed novel double core spot size converter integrated optical devices which are provided by selective area growth. We have obtained a narrow circular beam divergence angle of 11/spl deg//spl times/12/spl deg/.

Correspondence to Hun-Mo Ryoo, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 17-gil Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea Tel: +82-53-650-4034, Fax: +82-53-622-6062, E-mail: rhmrhm@cu.ac.kr Copyrightc 2012 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 칼시토닌 분비 췌장 내분비 종양을 동반한 다발내분비샘종양 1형 1예

Primary aldosteronism is characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, associated with excessive aldosterone production and suppressed plasma renin activity. Hypokalemia-induced rhabdomyolysis has been rarely reported in primary aldosteronism patients. This paper reports a case of primary aldosteronism presented with rhabdomyolysis due to severe hypokalemia. A 48-year-old male with a threeyear history of hypertension presented himself at the authors’ hospital with generalized weakness and myalgia in both legs over a period of several days. His laboratory findings showed hypokalemia (1.8 mEq/L) with elevations of his serum creatine phosphokinase and serum myoglobin. His plasma aldosterone level was also elevated, and his plasma renin activity was reduced. An abdominal computed tomography revealed a 2.0 cm hypodense mass in the left adrenal gland, which suggested adrenal adenoma. The accordingly underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Three months later, his plasma potassium level and blood pressure became normal without the use of medications.

Three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures of TiO2, consisting of high density nanorods on nanofibers, were synthesized by the combination of electrospinning, thermal annealing and hydrothermal methods. The morphologies, crystal structures, surface area, band gap and photocatalytic activity of the hierarchical nanostructures were characterized by Raman microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and surface area analysis. The results revealed that the nanofibers, synthesized by the electrospinning method followed by the thermal annealing, were of anatase phase. Similarly, the TiO2 nanorods grown on the anatase nanofibers by hydrothermal reaction in Ti-HCl solution were of rutile phase, with tetragonal shape, and had top square facet morphologies. The diameter and the length of these rutile nanorods could be varied over the range, 10 nm to 400 nm, and 20 nm to 1 um, respectively, by changing the parameters of the hydrothermal reaction. The growth mechanisms of these rutile rods are discussed on the basis of (i) surface roughness of the anatase nanofibers, (ii) presence of the twin planes of anatase layer with structure similar to rutile phase and (iii) Cl/Ti ratio in the solution. The estimated band gap energies of the nanofibers and nanorods were close to 3.2 eV and 3.0 eV. The total surface area of the hierarchical nanostructures could reach up to ∼20.41 m2 g−1; while, the pure the anatase nanofibers surface area is ∼19.79 m2 g−1. For the first time, such TiO2 hierarchical nanostructures, rutile nanorods on anatase nanofibers, have been synthesized. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 hierarchical nanostructures was found to be superior to that of pure anatase nanofibers.

Due to its efficacy and tolerability, low dose oral methotrexate (MTX) therapy has been widely used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it can rarely cause serious, life-threatening hematologic toxicities, such as pancytopenia. We report here on two patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who developed severe pancytopenia after 5 years (cumulative dose 1,240 mg) and 4 years (cumulative dose 1,320 mg) of low dose MTX therapy for treatment of RA, respectively. Both patients presented with renal insufficiency, hypoalbuminemia, concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and elevated mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells (RECs), all of which are known as risk factors of MTX-induced pancytopenia. Despite receiving treatment, which included REC and platelet transfusions, antibiotic therapy, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, and leucovorin rescue, one patient died of sepsis. Based on our case study, prompt investigation of risk factors associated with MTX toxicity is required for all patients receiving MTX therapy. MTX treatment, even at a low dose, should be discontinued in patients with advanced CKD.