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Recently, remanufacturing approach/technology, which includes a series of the processes of disassembling, cleaning, inspecting, repairing/reconditioning, reassembling components for resale, is becoming more popular as companies look for a way to combat the current climate crisis, and as it allows companies to reduce environmental impacts and to save energy and resources. This study analyzed the reduction effect of six environmental impacts and the savings effect of energy and resources by turbocharger remanufacturing compared to its newly manufacturing using a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results show that the most significant benefit of the turbocharger remanufacturing related to environmental impacts was the global warming potential (GWP), which could be reduced by 52.18%, followed by the abiotic depletion potential (ADP), terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP), human toxicity potential (HTP), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP) and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential (MAETP) which could be reduced by 51.93%, 44.76%, 44.23%, 42.59%, and 36.74%, respectively. Also, its resource saving could be obtained from 21.74–73.47% depending on the type of resources. Furthermore, turbocharger remanufacturing offered a significant energy saving of 83.93%. The results obtained from this study could be used for national policy-making to a net-zero carbon transition.

Remanufacturing is one of the business models of the circular economy frame to cope with environmental problems such as depletion of resources and climate change, which is becoming hot issues all over the world, and the demand for revitalization of the remanufacturing industries are increasing. Among the various remanufacturing fields, the construction equipment has a large unit weight per product and it is mainly composed of cast iron, so it can be expected that the energy and resource saving effect through remanufacturing will be high. Leading construction equipment companies have been aware of the importance of remanufacturing from 20 ~ 30 years ago and are leading the construction equipment remanufacturing industry trend by fostering the remanufacturing business. The construction equipment remanufacturing industry in Korea is an early stage in which several interested companies participate. Key challenges include the need for objective evidence of the effectiveness of remanufacturing, securing skilled technical personnel, securing R & D infrastructure, and providing stable cores for remanufacturing. In this study, we analyzed the potential economic and environmental effects of remanufacturing in Korea’s construction equipment remanufacturing market. As a result of the analysis, when the registration of the construction equipment was invalidated, the economic effect was compared between the case where the construction equipment was dismantled and the case where the remanufacturing was carried out. In addition, environmental effects were analyzed by applying LCA method to reduce environmental impacts in terms of climate change, air pollutant emissions, and resource consumption.

Remanufacturing is a manufacturing technology that incorporates cost-effective energy savings and sustainability principles to improve the effective reuse of materials at the end-of-life. Leading global remanufacturing countries are promoting the remanufacturing market through the diversification of remanufactured items and the improvement of consumer reliability. Remanufacturing business can be value-added combining with the rental service which is so called product-service system (PSS). In particular, remanufactured home appliances can easily be applied as product-service business model. Initial important condition for successful remanufacturing is how the product is well designed for disassembly at its end of life. In general, the product is characterized at the initial stage of its development. So, it is necessary to apply the design considering remanufacture at the beginning of the product development if the product is planned to be remanufactured at its end of life. This paper thus presents a method to diagnose the structure of the product and extract the major improvement factors for easy disassembly. Also, the application of these factors to small household appliances in the product design stage is highlighted. The validity of the design methodology is also analyzed through the demonstration of the water purifier in terms of assemblability/ disassemblability, cleaning efficiency and processing time.

Remanufacturing is an effective resource recycling approach that reproduces the used products to the same quality level of the new products through a systematic process. The remanufacturing of construction equipment reduces the negative impacts on of the environment while ensuring sustainable productivity at low cost. In this study, LCA was implemented to analyze the environmental impacts including reduction of greenhouse gases and resources in remanufactured construction equipment parts. In addition, we analyzed the economic benefits of remanufacturing for the major parts of the construction equipment such as hydraulic cylinders, decelerators etc. In addition, life cycle impact assessment was assessed about human health and ecosystem destruction impact categories by applying an end-point methodology. The results of this study can be used as basic data for evaluating the environmental and economic efficiency of remanufactured construction equipment parts.

The remanufacturing industry refers to industry that remanufactures used products through disassembling, cleaning, testing, repairing, adjusting and reassembling, so that their original function or condition would be maintained. This industry can bring excellent effects environmentally and economically. Especially, the labor intensive nature of remanufacturing provides an opportunity for job creation. The study was conducted to refine the understandings on the current status of the remanufacturing industry in Korea by investigating and analyzing the latest trend of Korea’s remanufacturing industry. The research works are based on literature reviews, on/off line contacts with remanufacturing companies, and field studies. The result showed that the remanufacturing business in Korea is well-established in the field of automobile parts, print cartridges, SCR (selective catalytic reduction)-coated products (modules), and electrical and electronic equipment sectors. The market size of the remanufacturing industry in Korea is approximately 700 million USD based on 2015 which is increased by 16% compared to 2010. However, the number of companies and the scale of employees were found out to decrease by 26 and 33%, respectively. In Korea, the market size of the remanufacturing industry is relatively small compared to other advanced countries; the U.S. remanufacturing market size per capita is 135 USD, the world’s highest while that of Korea is 14 USD, only one-tenth of the U.S.

The urban mine industry plays an essential role in environmental sustainability to minimize the creation of landfills and to maximize the reuse of resources. The first step in improving the efficiency of the industry is to identify the status of existing urban mines. This study identifies the scale of urban mine resources in Korea by examining both the current quantity of discarded resources and the accumulation quantity which is to be discarded in the future. The discarded and accumulation quantity are calculated by first applying the normal distribution to the product life distribution and then applying statistical data to the consumption and discard of products. Based on these calculations, as of 2011, there are 11 million tons of discarded urban mine resources and 478 million tons of accumulated urban mine resources. The discard value based on metal prices is found to be 12,779 million dollars and the accumulation value is found to be 454,220 million dollars. The discard value of 12,770 million dollars accounts for 14% of the demand for metal resources in the Korea. Including process by-products, which are excluded from this study, at least 20% of the demand for metal resources can be secured via urban mine resources.

Remanufacturing is an efficient resource circulation method that restores the used products to the original performance through a series of processes. There have been no international common quality standards of remanufactured products in spite of many industrial sectors’ remanufacturing being done so far. Korea has been operating a quality certification system of the remanufactured product to ensure the quality of products and to gain reliability of consumers. Meanwhile, many advanced remanufacturing countries have operated their own assurance systems considering their circumstance. This study describes comparative analysis of major countries’ quality management/certification system. Especially leading cases of Korea and China are presented. Cross-national cooperation ideas are also suggested in this field.

Recently, the importance of efficient resource management has been highlighted due to the uncertainty of its security. Developed countries promote the legislative provision and transition of industrial structure to maximize the efficiency of resource use through supporting the sustainable resource management at national level. Meanwhile Korea has very sensitive industrial structure along with the international resource supply and demand conditions. It is acutely necessary to improve the resource productivity with the various action plans such as the increase of recycling rate and the establishment of methodical resource management system. Especially, the study on the direction of each flow stage and the concrete action plans for using resource efficiently in the life-cycle of resource will be required. Therefore, this study suggests the future direction of each flow stage(production stage and circulatory stage), and the concrete action plans to improve the present problems of resource management in Korea.

In this study, we suggested a criterion of Korean resource productivity calculation method including its range which is not generalized yet and analyzed its level by reviewing the resource productivity management policies and study trends of the major advanced countries. The material flow indexes that are widely used in major advanced countries, such as the domestic material consumption (DMC), were used to establish the resource productivity calculation method with estimation the domestic resource productivity during 2000–2010. As of 2010, the DMC was 590 million ton, GDP was 1 trillion dollars and DMC-based resource productivity was 1.75 thousand US dollars/ton, which was continuously increased during last ten years with 8.0%, 50.0%, and 38.9%, respectively. This increase tendency was not because of DMC reduction through resource management but because of just large GDP increase. The results of the comparison with other countries indicated that Korea had the lower resource productivity level and also the lower increasing rate than major advanced countries such as the UK and Japan, and required an efficient resource management plan for improvement. Therefore, we finally suggested a Korean resource productivity policy direction to construct its sustainable system for its improvement.

The basis of the cobalt demand analysis by use was established via the investigation and analysis of thecobalt materials flow, and the overall cobalt metal material and parts industry structure in Korea was examined todetermine the cobalt material flow. The markets of the cobalt material for machinery were studied, including theirinterrelations, via market and study trends, and relevant plans were examined. The results of the study indicated thatthe advanced core technology for advanced industry and technology-intensive industry development is required tostructurally innovate the parts materials and basic materials industries and to upgrade the catch-up industry structureto the new frontier structure.Keywords: Material flow analysis, Cobalt, Powder, Product supply chain, Rare Metal ······························································································································· ·································································································

최근 IT/첨단 산업 제품에 필수적으로 사용되는 희소금 속에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 희소금속은 극소량만으 로도 제품의 성능 및 품질을 획기적으로 향상시킬 수 있 어 향후 산업 경쟁력 확보가 필수적이다. 특히 LCD, PDP, 디스플레이 제품 등의 수요증가로 희소금속 소비가 급증 하고 있으나 탐사 및 채굴 비용 상승, 지정학적 리스크 확 대 등으로 공급여건은 갈수록 악화되고 있다. 따라서 희소 금속의 안정적 확보는 첨단제품 관련 업체가 많은 우리나 라의 생존 문제와 직결되며, 주력 산업의 경쟁력 강화에 관건이 되고 있다[1-3]. 그 중 우리나라가 LCD, PDP, 디 스플레이, 휴대전화 등 IT/첨단 산업의 선두주자로 발전하 게 도움을 준 희토류 원소가 유로퓸(Eu, Europium)이다. 유로퓸(Eu)은 4f 전자 층의 특이성 때문에 가시광선 파장 범위에서 흡수 또는 발광 하는 성질의 우수한 광학적 특 성을 가지고 있으며, 열중성자 흡수용량이 우수하다는 특 성이 있어 다양한 분야에 사용되고 있다. 특히 산화물 형 태로 존재시 극미량으로도 우수한 발광특성을 나타내기 때문에 형광체에 널리 사용되어지는데 주로 적색 형광체 로 브라운관 컬러TV나 컴퓨터 모니터 및 디스플레이, 형 광등, 광섬유, 레이저 등에 사용된다. 최근에는 액정화면 (LCD)의 후방 조명(BLU, Back Light Unit), 발광다이오드 (LED, Light Emitting Diode) 조명에 널리 사용되고 있다. 또한, 과거에는 중성자를 잘 흡수는 특성 때문에 원자로의 제어재로 사용되기도 하였다[4]. 유로퓸은 지각내 존재비 가 약 1.8 ppm(0.00018%)으로써 매우 희귀한 원소로 모나 자이트(Monazite), 제노타임(Xenotime), 바스트나사이트 (Bastnaesite) 등의 광물에 매우 낮은 비율로 함유되어 있 다. 주로 중국, 호주, 미국, 인도의 4개국에 편재되어 분포 하고 있으며 전 세계 매장량은 약 15만 톤으로 추정된다 [5]. 그러나 최근 중국의 희토류 쿼터제로 인해 유로퓸의 가격 급등으로 수급 불안정 및 경제적 어려움이 예상되고 있다. 따라서 이러한 가격 폭등 및 수급 불안정에 대해 미 리 예측하고 대처할 수 있도록 국가 차원에서 수요와 수 급의 안정성을 확보할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 IT/첨단 산업의 주요 희토류 원소인 유로퓸의 국내 물질흐 름도 조사하여 수요 및 수급, 재자원화 동향 등을 알아보 고 향후 국내 유로퓸의 안정적인 수급 확보를 위한 방안 에 대하여 기술하고자 한다.

Recently, the importance of efficient resource management has been highlighted due to the uncertainty of its security. Korea has thus made an effort to improve the resource productivity in various fields such as the increase of recycling rate and the establishment of methodical resource management system. It is still necessary to draw the innovative improvement measure of national resource efficiency. This study derives major issues of recycling potential in the domestic industry by analyzing the current status of generation, treatment and recycling of industrial wastes in Korea. Futhermore, main tasks for promoting the improvement of national resource efficiency through the recycling of industrial wastes in Korea have been proposed based on the results of this study with the comparison of Japan`s situation.

Remanufacturing is a series of industrial process by which retired or non-functional products are restored to a like-new condition. The remanufacturing industry provides much more economical and environmental benefits in view of significant materials and energy savings than existing material recycling way. It also has an effect on the substitute of natural resources, and gives the opportunity of high employment creation due to its highly labor intensive work. This paper thus presents the features of remanufacturing and its various benefits, and current status of domestic and overseas remanufacturing industry including USA, Europe, Japan and China. Furthermore, three major tasks for promoting the remanufacturing industry in Korea have been proposed based on the analysis of remanufacturing activities, technologies and related system in advanced countries.

In this paper, we carried out separation of membrane and leaching of Pt and Ru using hydrochloric acid from MEA(mem-brane-electrode assembly) of fuel cell. In this method, these were separated from MEA of fuel cell using the distilled water,10 vol.% butanol solution and 15 vol.% cationic surfactant(Koremul-LN-7) by dipping method without the dispersion of catalystparticles. And the leaching of Pt and Ru containing in the separated carbon paper catalysts has been studied by hydrochloric acidusing HNO 3 or H 2 O 2 as a oxidant. The leaching ratio of Pt and Ru were higher when H 2 O 2 was used as a oxidant and the opti-mum conditions were obtained in 8M HCl, the amount of H 2 O 2 5M and 6 hours of leaching time at 90 o C. In this condition,extraction of Pt and Ru were 98% and 71.5%, respectively. Key words : Fuel cell, Membrane-electrode Assembly(MEA), Hydrochloric acid leaching, Platinum, Ruthenium 1. 서론 백금족 금속(Platinum Group Metals, PGMs)들은루테늄, 로듐, 팔라듐, 오스뮴, 이리듐, 백금 등 여섯 원소의 총칭하며 서로 성질이 비슷한 귀금속이며 천연으로 혼합된 원광으로 산출되지만 양이 적다. 또한 우수한 물리·화학적 성질을 지니고 있는데 특히 산화·환원반응의 뛰어난 촉매로 공업적 용도로 널리 개발되고있다. 백금족 금속을 함유하고 있는 광물자원은 매우 희

Present paper reports a new method to separate the electrolyte membranes and carbon paper without using ultrasonic waves and stirring. In this method, these were separated from fuel cell membrane-electrode assembly(MEA) using the distilled water, butanol and surfactant by dipping method without the dispersion of catalyst particles. Separated carbon paper catalysts and fuel cell Pt/C catalysts were heated in aqua regia at and added to precipitant. After calcination, Pt metal was recovered which might be used in fabricating new fuel cells.

Environmental and economic benefits of remanufacturing are stressed. Current status of remanufacturing industry in Korea is also presented, and its promotion strategy is outlined. Key ideas for its promotion are 1) to set up quality standards, 2) to operate pilot plants for the products whose quality standards should be established, 3) to establish and operate Korea National Remanufacturing Center, and 4) to enact a legislation on remanufacturing.