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How to apply E-payment based on quantum cryptography to our daily life is a significant problem. Inspired by the semi-quantum protocols, we present a lightweight semi-quantum E-payment protocol based on blockchain. Our protocol has the following advantages: First, by using semi-quantum cryptography, a classic user Alice can transfer information according to Bell state generated by semi-quantum user Trent. This eliminates the need for participants to have full-quantum capabilities and makes our protocol easier to implement. Moreover, the classic user Alice can perform payment operations on the mobile device. Second, we use controlled quantum teleportation to ensure the anonymity of payment information. Then, three-qubit entangled states are used to make it easier to prepare quantum resources. At last, blockchain technology ensures the traceability of messages. For security, eavesdropping will undoubtedly be found when the n-bits message is large enough. In addition, the analysis results show that the protocol is secure against some eavesdropping attacks and more lightweight than the existing E-payment protocols.

The most typical case of applying technology and communication technology to life may be the popular smart home series. Users can remotely control smart devices through mobile phones, which is convenient and fast, greatly changing people’s way of life. However, the safe login of smart devices has become a thorny problem. With the emergence of quantum computer, the common encryption method cannot prevent quantum attacks. In addition, a family often has multiple smart devices and multiple family members. Each user can log in to multiple smart devices, and each device can also be logged in by multiple users. Therefore, in view of the above situation, we propose a multi-party quantum session key agreement protocol based on Bell states and single particles, which can be used for multiple participants to negotiate session keys together, and improve the efficiency of users logging in and using smart devices. Moreover, our protocol ensures that each party has an equal opportunity to decide the final shared key, no party can determine the final key individually. Furthermore, security and efficiency analysis show that our protocol can achieve ideal results under the existing quantum technology.

According to the peculiar entanglement and measurement properties of the three-particle GHZ state, we have systematically analyzed that two GHZ states and three GHZ states satisfy some expressions after exchanging one or two groups of particles respectively, which are described as four interesting and flexible equations. The four equations can deduce that four GHZ states or even m GHZ states still satisfy some expressions after exchanging one group and two groups of particles, and they can be summarized as two general flexible equations. Furthermore, we also investigate their application in the field of quantum key agreement based on these equations. In particular, we combine with decoy photons to propose a novel session key sharing protocol, which can guarantee the unconditional security of the protocol. It is feasible to use the existing quantum processing technology to realize the proposed protocol.

In this paper, a quantum sealed-bid protocol based on semi-quantum bidders is proposed. The protocol uses Bell states to encrypt message and realizes the process that bidders can directly transmit bidding information to the auction center safely. Its essence is a semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol using Bell states. Unlike most similar protocols, our scheme eliminates the trusted third-party Trent and sets the auction center Charlie as completely honest. Considering that the auction involves human activities, too many quantum servers are not only costly, but also unrealistic. Therefore, we set the bidders as semi-quantum users and implement the Vickrey auction. In addition, the security analysis shows that our scheme has high security and is completely feasible.

There is an intuitive connection between GHZ-like states and Cross-domain architecture. Such a connector may lead to a novel way to construct mutual authentication and efficient key agreement protocols between any two clients in arbitrary domain. In this paper, we present a novel rule to link the double-GHZ-Like states which are prepared by the two domain servers respectively. The protocol involves four parties, including two servers and two participants. In this protocol, according to the measured correlation of three-particle entangled state, the communication parties realize mutual authentication by means of the three-particle GHZ-like state prepared by the server. In addition, with the measurement results published by the servers, the two participants perform the double CNOT operations on the corresponding particle sequence according to the negotiation results, and conduct quantum dialogue through the encrypted information held by each other. This is the first time to propose a four-party cross-domain combination of two three-particle GHZ-like states, and to realize the mutual authentication and quantum dialogue of the two-party participants through the corresponding rules. Security analysis shows that the new protocol can resist common external and internal attacks. Compared with the existing two-party or multi-party protocols, this protocol has feasible efficiency.

How to make cloud computing ensure the privacy of data while ensuring its availability in the process of computing data is a big problem faced by cloud computing. Under the background of quantum information processing, a quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE) scheme is proposed. QFHE based on universal quantum circuit (UQC) allows arbitrary quantum transformation. QFHE allows the operation of encrypted data without decryption, which greatly ensures the security of data. In this scheme, the encryption key is constructed by GHZ-like state. Both the encryption key and the decryption key use quantum one-time pad (QOTP), and the decryption key is different from the encryption key. In this scheme, the evaluation algorithm is independent of the encryption key, which is a powerful tool to protect data privacy in the cloud environment. In addition, security analysis and complexity analysis also show that the scheme is suitable for privacy data processing.

This paper proposes a quantum teleportation scheme based on seven particle entangled states, which can achieve complete security and improve efficiency. In our scheme, the quantum channel is constructed by selecting seven-qubit entangled states in order to improve the efficiency of the protocol. The protocol performs cross-domain identity authentication before teleportation, and the sender and receiver need the consent of the controller to obtain the quantum information sent by the receiver. Further improve the security of the protocol. If the controller agrees, he needs to measure his own particles, and then send the measurement results to the communicating parties. The sender and the receiver use the results provided by the controller to perform appropriate unitary operations on their particles, so that the unknown quantum state can be reconstructed to achieve asymmetric controlled bidirectional teleportation. The quantum channel of this scheme has higher transmission efficiency in the experiment, and the corresponding measurement operation is also simple and convenient.

Different from traditional signature schemes, the paper gives a novel protocol which uses quantum logic gates to perform operations on quantum states, and it realizes the quantum state representation of two classical information and uses mixed entangled states to measure information. The binary measurement results of the protocol are converted into blocks of a certain length, and these blocks are encrypted by quantum Fourier transform and transmitted through N-dimensional quantum states. In the proposed protocol, the quantum channel uses N-dimensional quantum states, which is more efficient than the currently proposed two-dimensional information carrier channel protocol. The security analysis of this article shows that the program is anti-counterfeit, undeniable and blind. In addition, compared with other existing efficiency analysis schemes, this scheme has higher signature efficiency.

Recently, people are paying more and more attention to privacy-enhanced computing, mostly because of the threat of network information leakage. In order to ensure the security of data in network communication, we have designed privacy-enhanced multi-user quantum private data query using partial quantum homomorphic encryption to facilitate the protection of the personal privacy of the database and users. Many QPQ protocols are based on QKD theory and lack the identity authentication of users. The protocols are vulnerable to external eavesdropping attacks. The identity authentication process of this scheme confirms the real identity of the user and avoids external eavesdropping attacks to a certain extent. The scheme allows the use of universal quantum circuits to perform quantum transformation on the user’s arbitrarily encrypted input data, which improves the accuracy of the data query process. In addition, the scheme applies partial quantum homomorphic encryption theory to multi-user quantum private data query, which can realize the function of n users querying data at the same time. We have implemented a security analysis on the scheme and compared with other QPQ protocols, we found that this scheme is safe and effective.

The traditional track correlation methods have problems such as limitation of the application scenarios, unstable performances and poor practicalities. To solve those problems, a new adaptive track correlation method for multiple scenarios was proposed in this paper using the theories and methods from machine learning. Through interpreting and translating the track correlation problem in the field of information fusion into the classification recognition problem in the field of machine learning, the new method was derived based on deep convolutional neural networks. The association performance and adaptation capabilities of the proposed method had been validated by simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed method is better than the traditional methods with respect to association performance and adaptation capabilities, and can solve the track association problems for multiple scenarios, for example sensors have systematic errors and targets are dense or in formation. Thus, it can be predicted that the proposed method would have a well‐applied foreground.

In this paper, we propose a scheme of quantum operation teleportation (QOT) utilizing local operations and five-qubit entangled state to achieve mutual authentication and key agreement for two clients in different realms. On the one hand, the scheme not only has the characteristics of the arbitrariness of the relevant operation, the certainty of sharing success and the constancy of entangled resources, but also realizes the mutual authentication among the four parties, ensuring the reliability and security of the task. On the other hand, considering the complexity of the operation, we complete the current QOT task as a whole, so the operation difficulty is low and relatively simple. In summary, our analysis is completely feasible under the existing technical conditions and this proposed scheme has practical significance.

Security, efficiency and universality are the major concerns in distributed computation for how to communicate securely as there are a large number of nodes that require interactive authentication. These become more challenging especially for the multi-party quantum environment as it is highly complicated and heterogeneous in nature. Hence, based on bell states and unitary operation, we propose a multi-party quantum group key distribution protocol. The initial two participants are generated by election algorithm to ensure the fairness among the participants in our protocol. Next, mutual authentication is provided by two Bell states of four orthogonal maximal states, and the group session key is obtained by combining unitary operation. The main innovations of this scheme are that the authenticated information with the group key is transmitted among the ordered participants, and the efficiency of our protocol is acceptable which the time complexity of QKD is $$ O\left(\left\lceil {\mathit{\log}}_2^N\right\rceil \right) $$ with the N-party. Through security analysis and efficiency analysis, the protocol can effectively resist internal attacks and external attacks, and has feasible efficiency.

In this paper, we propose a mutual authenticated quantum key agreement scheme based on three-particle entangled states, which can achieve both completely secure and more efficient. In our scheme, the pre-shared keys are classical bit strings between the semi-honest server (SHS) and the client (Alice or Bob), so they are kept and use to authenticate each other easily. More important, by the SHS’s helping with three-particle entangled states, SHS and Alice/Bob can authenticate each other, and at the same time anyone else cannot get the session key between Alice and Bob even for SHS. The proposed scheme has the properties of completeness, information theoretic security, non-repudiation and unforgeability. Its information-theoretic security is ensured by quantum indistinguishability mechanics. Compared with the related works, our proposed scheme can increase efficiency factors η1 and η2 to 50% and 80% respectively in one communication round.

Recently, Tian et al. proposed a multi-user quantum private query protocol. The protocol realizes the function of n users querying the database at the same time, which can well protect the privacy of users and databases, and has high efficiency of implementation. Unfortunately, it has security vulnerability in the process of sending quantum sequences. Based on this vulnerability, we propose a man-in-the-middle attack on multi-user quantum private query protocol. Firstly, this paper reviews the multi-user quantum private query protocol. Secondly, the implementation steps of multi-user private query protocol are reviewed concisely. Finally, we pointed that in the protocol, Eve, the eavesdropper, can pretend to be Bob and the identity of the user to obtain the key of query data and steal the database information without being discovered. Through analysis, we find that man in the middle attack is feasible.

Dragonfly Key Exchange Protocol (DFKEP) is a kind of simple authentication key exchange protocol based on low-entropy shared password between two nodes, aiming to construct an efficient and secure scheme with better user experience for guarding security for internet era. Furthermore, DFKEP has been submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force as a candidate standard for general internet use. Unfortunately, the original DFKEP has some flaws, such as vulnerable to off-line guessing attack and kinds of passive and active attacks. Combining quantum technology, this paper presents an enhanced DFKEP, called Quantum Dragonfly Multi-key Exchange Protocol (QDFMKEP), which can eliminate DFKEP’s flaws and output multiple session keys in one transaction. Moreover, compared with the former research AQKDPs (authenticated quantum key distribution protocols) and DFKEP, QDFMKEP has four merits: (1) the basis is dynamic against the long shared password revealed, (2) key agreement replaces key distribution for eliminating the server get the session key of the two users, (3) any user’s device need not store information for saving storage space and avoiding verification table leakage, and s/he only keep the password in her/his brain, (4) output multiple session keys. Compared with the related literatures recently, our proposed scheme can not only own high efficiency and unique functionality, but is also robust to various attacks and achieves perfect forward secrecy. Finally, we give the security proof and the comparison with the related works.

Quantum key agreement (QKA) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. In this paper, we propose a mutual authenticated semi-honest key agreement scheme with Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger-like (GHZ-like) state. A semi-honest third-party Trent can help Alice and Bob to achieve mutual authentication and key agreement without getting any information about the session key between them. Firstly, Alice and Bob have shared necessary information with Trent respectively in a secure way, and keep each other confidential. Trent prepares the three-particle GHZ-like states and shares them with Alice and Bob. Secondly, Trent uses hash security function to get a set with equal subscripts, and then divides into authentication set and negotiation set. The authentication set is used to realize the security authentication of three-party identities, while the negotiation set is used for negotiating the session key. Finally, on the premise of passing the three-party authentication, Alice and Bob carry out the GHZ-like states encryption communication according to the negotiation subset provided by the third party. Through security analysis and efficiency analysis, our proposed protocol can effectively resist external eavesdropping and internal eavesdropping, and have high communication efficiency.

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of intensive psychological care on patients with benign breast lumps after Mammotome-assisted tumor resection. Methods. A total of 160 patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed and treated in our hospital between May 2019 and January 2021 were recruited and divided into a study group (n = 80) and a control group (n = 80) via the random number table method. All patients received Mammotome-assisted tumor resection. Patients in the control group received conventional nursing, and those in the study group received intensive psychological care. The outcome measure included quality of life of patients, psychological states, treatment compliance, and nursing satisfaction. Results. The differences in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scores, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores, and Morisky scores between the two groups were not significant before the intervention ( p > 0.05 ). The FACT-G scores improved in both groups after the intervention, with higher results in the study group than those in the control group ( p < 0.05 ). Patients in the study group showed a significantly greater reduction in the SAS and HAMD scores than those in the control group ( p < 0.05 ). Intensive psychological care used in the study group resulted in significantly higher compliance scores in the body mass control, medication compliance, exercise compliance, and dietary compliance versus conventional care for the control group ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Intensive psychological care provides satisfactory outcomes in patients with benign breast lumps after Mammotome-assisted tumor resection. It effectively improves the quality of life of patients, relieves their negative emotions, and strengthens treatment compliance and patient satisfaction, which shows good potential for clinical promotion.

In this work, two coordination polymers containing Co(II) ions as nodes, namely, [Co(NDC)(L)(H2O)]n (1, H2NDC = 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid) and [Co(DCTP)(L)·(H2O)2]n (2, H2DCTP = 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid) were prepared based on 1,4-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)butane (L), the flexible N-donor ligand and different dicarboxylate ligand. Their treatment activity on the pediatric asthma was evaluated in the biological research. Firstly, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection was carried out to determine the IL-1β and TNF-α content in the bronchus. The inflammatory response in the bronchial epithelial cells was determined by the real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After that, the eosinophil apoptosis in the airway was measured. Finally, the western was performed for the confirmation of eosinophil apoptosis by detecting Bcl-2 and caspase-3.

In this paper, we propose a mutual authenticated quantum key agreement scheme based on three-particle entangled states, which can achieve both completely secure and more efficient. In our scheme, the shared keys are classical bit strings between the trusted third party Charlie and the client (Alice or Bob), so they are kept and use to authenticate each other easily. More important, by the Charlie’s helping with three-particle entangled states using subset of intersection method, Charlie and Alice/Bob can authenticate each other, and at the same time anyone else cannot get the session key between Alice and Bob even Charlie. The proposed scheme has the properties of completeness, information theoretic security, non-repudiation and unforgeability. Its information-theoretic security is ensured by quantum indistinguishability mechanics. On the other hand, our scheme is more efficient than the similar schemes.

The development of science and technology and communication technology has been widely applied to life, such as unmanned driving, smart home, and smart transportation. Among them, smart home is the closest to people’s life and is welcomed by people. Residents can control home smart devices only through mobile phones, both convenient and fast. However, if users log in and use their smart devices in an insecure way, they are likely to be exposed to all kinds of attacks, leading to the disclosure of private data. Therefore, this paper proposes a verifiable session key agreement protocol for smart home environment based on the parity characteristics after Bell states entanglement swapping, which establishes and negotiates the shared session key between users and smart devices through a public channel. After the session key is established, both parties check the key and finally determine it. Our protocol has high security, which not only verifies the correctness of the session key, but also verifies the authenticity of the user’s identity. In addition, it is feasible to implement the proposed protocol with the existing quantum technology.