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Background: Doppler echocardiographic parameters of the middle hepatic vein (MHV)in detecting PHTN. Methods: The study comprised 72 patients who were referred for right heart catheterization (RHC) to our department . All patients underwent conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) the day after RHC and Doppler study of the MHV. Based on RHC and TTE results, Patients were divided in three groups 1: patients with PHTN without significant RV dysfunction (n=25), 2: patients with PHTN with significant RV dysfunction (n=22), 3: patients with normal PAP (n=25). Results: The analysis revealed a significant relationship between A velocity and PHTN among patients with significant RV dysfunction (p=0.033) and PHTN without significant RV dysfunction (p=0.020). At cut-off value of 39.5 cm/s, A velocity could detect PHTN in patient with significant RV dysfunction with sensitivity and specificity of 77.3% and 56.0%, respectively. At cut-off value of 38.5 cm/s, A velocity could detect PHTN without significant RV dysfunction with sensitivity and specificity of 76.0% and 51.0%, respectively. The ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the sensitivity of the hepatic venous systolic filling fraction in detecting normal SPAP in the study population. The area under curve was 0.718. Considering the cut-off value of 0.535 for the hepatic venous systolic filling fraction, the sensitivity and specificity of S/S+D for detecting normal SPAP were 80% and 64%, respectively . Discussion: Doppler echocardiographic parameters of the MHV could be helpful in detecting PHTN. A/S higher than 1 in PHTN was the main finding on HV Doppler assessment in PHT with and without significant RV dysfunction. HV systolic filling fraction more than 0.535 was a sensitive parameter in detecting normal PAP, therefore; HV systolic filling fraction can be used as a screening echocardiographic parameter in ruling out PHTN.

Introduction The study of polymorphisms and their relationship with diseases is very important for risk assessment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between early risk of coronary artery disease(CAD) with renin-angiotensin(RAS) genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) in a sample of the Iranian population. Methods & materials In this cross-sectional study, 63 patients with premature CAD and 72 healthy samples were enrolled. Polymorphism of the promotor region of eNOS- and ACE-I/D (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-I/D) polymorphism was evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) was performed for ACE and eNOS-786 gene, respectively. Results The frequency of deletion(D) for the ACE gene was significantly higher in patients(96% versus 61%; P 0.9). Conclusion ACE polymorphism seems to be an independent risk factor for premature CAD.

Lymphoma is one of the most common tumors with the risk of cardiac metastasis. The pattern of cardiac involvement is usually as focal masses. As early diagnosis of lymphoma plays a crucial role in its response to treatment and patient survival longevity, we report a rare case of cardiac lymphoma with diffuse cardiac involvement and acquired pulmonary stenosis. The patient was referred to our center for further evaluation because of dyspnea and systolic ejection murmur. In pericardial biopsy, T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma was reported. After a full course of chemotherapy and one-year follow up, symptoms had improved and echocardiography was normal except for small pericardial effusion.

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO), which is well known as silent killer, has many toxic effects on organs with high rate of metabolism such as heart and brain. CO-induced cardiotoxicity resulted in a wide range of disabilities including electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, elevation in level of cardiac enzymes, arrhythmias, impairment of left ventricular and myocardial infarction (MI). Cardio-protective effects of Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on infarcted heart was proved previously in various reports. Objective: In this study, possible effect of G-CSF on cardiac function of patients with moderate to severe acute CO poisoning was investigated. Methods: Cardioprotective effects of G-CSF in CO-poisoned patients was evaluated through ECG, Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and biochemical studies. Continuous intravenous infusion of G-CSF (90 µg/kg) and normal saline were administered respectively to treatment and placebo groups. Results: The results demonstrated that in moderate to severe CO poisoning, myocardial injury is common. ECG changes (e.g., ST-segment and T-wave changes, QTC), cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., heart blocks and ventricular arrhythmias), serum level of Troponin I, left ventricular ejection fraction were determined after G-CSF administration. Frequencies of ST depression, inversion or flatting of T wave and QTC in ECG were significantly reduced after G-CSF treatment. In addition, incidence of cardiac arrhythmias due to CO poisoning were reduced after G-CSF treatment. However, G-CSF did not exert protective effects on TPI level and function of left ventricular in CO-poisoned patients. Conclusion: GCSF could probably reduce CO-induced cardiac ischemia in patients with acute CO poisoning.

Introduction: Pulmonary arterial stiffness (PAS) has been shown to be related to pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between functional capacity and echocardiographic indices of PAS in patients with PAH. Materials and methods This cross sectional study was performed on patients with PAH were confirmed by right heart catheterization who referred to Imam Reza PAH clinic for routine follow up between November 2019 and January 2020. All patients underwent echocardiography and the maximum Doppler frequency shift, pulmonary acceleration time, peak velocity of the pulmonary flow and velocity time integral, as well as PAS were measured. All patients performed 6-minute walk test. Results Fifty patients with the mean age of 41.90 ± 14.73 years old participated in this study. Majority of the patients were female (74%). The most common cause of PAH was idiopathic (74%). There was a significant correlation between PAS and PASP (r = 0.302, P = 0.041), V2 (r=-0.461, P = 0.003), T2/V1 (r=-0.311, P = 0.037) and Z3 ratio (r=-0.346, P = 0.023). There was no significant correlation between PAS and 6MWT, PVR and TAPSE (P > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between V2 and PVR (r = 0.359, P = 0.049). Conclusions PAS and V1 are simple, non-invasive, available tools for evaluation of pulmonary vascular bed and early diagnosis of pre-symptomatic clinical status in patients with PAH.

Background: The rate of heart transplantation is increasing worldwide. Due to the drawbacks of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), various non-invasive methods have been suggested to assess rejection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of echocardiographic parameters to determine heart transplant rejection in a sample of Iranian patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on heart transplant patients with available EMB results. All patients underwent echocardiography at the same day of EMB and prior to biopsy. The association between echocardiographic parameters and rejection was assessed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 67 patients (50, 74.6% male and 17, 25.4% female) with the mean age of 39.20 ± 11.39 years entered this study. Heart transplant rejection was observed in 22 (32.8%) patients. There was only a significant difference in mitral inflow early diastolic flow (E) and septal time to peak systolic velocity in ejection phase (septal Ts) between rejection and non-rejection groups. Logistic regression revealed a significant association between rejection and septal Ts (p=0.048, OR=0.931) and E velocity (p=0.022, OR=78.069). Based on ROC curve, the area under the curve for septal Ts and E were 81.9% and 68.6%. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity for septal Ts and E in detection of rejection were 75%, 69% and 68%, 61%, respectively. Conclusion: Septal Ts could be used as a good echocardiographic parameter for predicting rejection in heart recipient patients.

Background: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital anomaly in which one or more pulmonary veins are connected to the venous circulation leading to left to right heart shunt. Although correction of anomalous pulmonary venous connection is achieved through surgery, there are rare instances where the abnormal pulmonary vein has dual connection to both left atrium and the major systemic veins. Under these circumstances catheter-based treatment might become a feasible option. Case presentation: We report a case of atrial septal defect (ASD) and dual drainage of left upper pulmonary vein, which were successfully addressed by occluder devices and followed carefully while detecting early clot formation behind the implanted device in the vertical vein.Conclusion: For comprehensive evaluation of patients with ASD, assessment of pulmonic veins is crucial and in the presence of a vertical vein, the dual drainage of pulmonic veins should be considered.

Background: There are still many gaps in our knowledge regarding the direct cardiovascular injuries due to COVID-19 infection. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cardiac function in patients without any history of structural heart disease by electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran between 14 April and 21 September 2020. COVID-19 infection was verified by a positive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for SARS-CoV-2 using nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples. We enrolled all patients over 18 years old with definite diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. At admission, demographic data, comorbid conditions, physical examination, Lung CT scan and laboratory findings were recorded. All patients underwent a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography at the first week of admission. Clinical and imaging data were collected prospectively. Findings: In total, 142 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age of participants was 60.69± 15.70 years (range: 30-90 years). Most patients were male (82, 57.7%). The most common findings were left axis deviation (15.5%) in ECG and Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction (34.5%) in echocardiography. Multivariate analysis showed that O2 saturation at admission was independently a predictor of re-hospitalization (P

Objective: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multiple organ involvements. Although cardiac involvement is not common, it can increase patient morbidity and mortality and decrease life quality. In the present study, echocardiographic abnormalities in BD with no cardiac symptoms were investigated. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on patients referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad from 2015 to 2018. The participants were divided into control and BD groups. Patients with BD were diagnosed based on ISG criteria. All participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Echocardiographic parameters were compared between BD and control groups. Results: In this study, the severity of aortic (AR), mitral (MR), and tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) was higher in BD than in the control group, while only TR severity showed a statistically sig-nificant difference (p-value < 0.001). Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (sPAP) was significantly higher in BD compared to the control group (24.6 mmHg versus 22.81 mmHg, respectively) (p-value = 0.019). Conclusion: It seems echocardiography is valuable in evaluating a cardiac function, even in asymp-tomatic patients. Cases with moderate mitral and aortic regurgitation were only observed in BD. Long-term follow-up is suggested, and further studies are required.

Background: There are few data regarding the risk factors of premature vs late-onset Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). This study systematically reviews these risk factors in Iranian people. Methods: Medline, Web of Science, Embase and SID (Scientific Information Database; www.sid.ir) databases were searched for studies comparing CAD risk factors in young and older patients in Iran. Data extracted and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for each risk factor were calculated. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger’s test. Results: Seven studies (9080 participants) were included in the meta-analysis; analysis was carried out independently for each risk factor. Smoking (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.57, 95% CI: 1.96-3.37; p= Conclusion: Risk factors were significantly different between premature and late-onset CAD. Policies regarding smoking and opium cessation and controlling hyperlipidaemia may be useful for the prevention of premature CAD in Iran.

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a rare congenital anomaly in which one or more pulmonary veins are connected to the venous circulation leading to left to right heart shunt. Although correction of anomalous pulmonary venous connection is achieved through surgery, there are rare instances where the abnormal pulmonary vein has dual connection to both left atrium and the major systemic veins. Under these circumstances, catheter-based treatment might become a feasible option.A 22-year-old female presented with exertional dyspnea, holo-systolic murmur in left sternal border, and fixed splitting of S2 in examination.The patient was diagnosed with secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) and dual drainage of left upper pulmonary vein.The patient was candidate for device closure. Under TEE guidance, occluder devices were deployed in the upper part of vertical vein and subsequently in place of ASD.Echocardiogram in the next day showed complete occlusion of flow through the vertical vein and ASD. Dual antiplatelet was prescribed on discharge. Follow-up echocardiography after 3 months showed obvious improvement in RV size. Due to suspicion for clot formation, TEE was done and thrombosis with approximate length of extension of 15 mm was detected back to the device. The patient is following for 5 years. Repeated TEE after 2 years did not show any change in the burden of clot.For comprehensive evaluation of patients with ASD, assessment of pulmonic veins is crucial and in the presence of a vertical vein, the dual drainage of pulmonic veins should be considered.

INTRODUCTION Since mortality and morbidity of coronary artery disease are high, there is a need for non-invasive diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and prediction of ischemic heart disease (IHD) outcome. This study aimed to assess the relationship between angiographic findings, the Presystolic wave (PSW) and some of the ischemic related parameters in echocardiography of the patients with chronic stable angina. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients with chronic angina pectoris who referred to a tertiary hospital for coronary angiography in Mashhad, Iran. Demographic and medical history of the patients, as well as echocardiography findings, including ejection fraction (EF), regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), PSW and diastolic function were recorded. Angiographic findings, including SYNTAX score were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 220 patients (132 males and 88 females) with the mean age of 62.43 ± 11.40 years old participated in this study. The prevalence of PSW was 49.1%. The absence of the PSW was related to more RWMA (P =.002), and higher stages of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) (P =.029) and higher SYNTAX score (P =.001). There was a significant association between the absence of the PSW and EF categories, especially in severe LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF

The high incidence of coronary heart diseases requires early diagnosis to prevent complications. This study aims to assess the mean value of tissue mitral annular displacement (TMAD), using Speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) in patients with coronary artery stenosis.149 patients aged 50 to 76 years were included in this cross-sectional study who were admitted with primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to the emergency department. In all patients, the TMAD data were measured using 2D speckle tracking technology.149 patients with a mean age of 61.83 ± 7.14 years old were studied. Regarding the involved coronary artery as left anterior descending (LAD), right coronary artery (RCA), or left circumflex artery (LCX), the TMAD data was reduced significantly (P0.001) in the relevant walls [base of anterior and anteroseptum (4.46 ± 3.53 mm), base of inferior and inferoseptum (4.91 ± 3.81 mm), and base anterolateral and inferolateral walls (5.53 ± 3.827 mm), respectively.] TMAD in anterior, inferior, and lateral ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were 2.64 ± 0.870, 4.78 ± 3.8, and 2.80 ± 0.83 mm, respectively which were significantly reduced compared to the non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (P0.001). TMAD in different LV function categories was only reduced in those with LAD lesion and with severe LV systolic dysfunction (2.47 ± 0.834 mm, P0.001).The current study describes a significant relationship between TMAD and left ventricular function, ACS type, and the culprit coronary artery. In different types of ACS, the TMAD value was worse in the subgroups of STEMI and in the walls affected by the stenosed coronary artery. This method might be helpful in defining the culprit coronary artery.

Hydatidosis commonly affect the liver and lungs but in rare cases, it can involve heart tissue. A 42-year-old man from urban areas of Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran, was referred to the cardiac clinic with palpitation, and atypical chest pain in 2018. Large pericardial effusion, reduced left ventricle systolic function was found. A cystic-like lesion was also seen in inter-ventricular septum in echocardiography and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Urgent cardiac surgery was done because of echocardiographic evidence of tamponade. Although the serologic analysis was negative for hydatidosis, surgical excision of cyst and the subsequent histopathological findings revealed a hydatid cyst. In endemic areas, hydatidosis should be considered in differential diagnosis of any cystic-like lesions, even if the serological analysis is negative.

BACKGROUND Determining severity of mitral stenosis (MS) by planimetry of mitral valve orifice area (MVA) has been a challenging issue in clinical practice, especially for less experienced cardiologists. Mitral leaflet separation (MLS) has shown a good correlation with MVA measurements. However, it has never been validated against multiplane 3DTEE planimetry (MVA3D ). We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MLS index (MLSI2D ) in predicting MS severity. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 144 patients with MS who underwent clinically indicated 2DTTE and 3DTEE. MLSI2D was yield by averaging the maximal leaflet tip distance in diastole, in parasternal long-axis and apical four-chamber views. MVA3D was used as the reference method. RESULTS MLSI2D showed an excellent discriminatory ability between different grades of MS (P

Background The aim of this study was to determine the mean age at which coronary artery disease (CAD) hase decreased in recent years in Iran. This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the prevalence of different risk factors of premature CAD (PCAD) in patients vs healthy individuals. Methods Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Scientific Information Database were searched for studies about PCAD risk factors in Iran until 28 October 2017. Observational studies of Iranians, comparing risk factors between patients with PCAD and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects, were included. Fixed-effects and random-effects model were used for pooling data. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI and mean difference were used for effect size estimation among studies. Results Twelve studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.9-3.03; P = 0.0001, I2 = 25.5%; P = 0.2), family history of CAD (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.22-3.6; P = 0.007, I2 = 86%; P = 0.0001), dyslipidaemia (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.15-3.64; P = 0.01, I2 = 54%; P = 0.08), smoking (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.11-2.46; P = 0.01, I2 = 77.2%; P = 0.000) and hypertension (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.21 to-1.50; P Conclusion Diabetes mellitus, family history of CAD, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and hypertension were significantly and positively associated with CAD in young adults compared to healthy age- and sex-matched population in Iran.

Background Little is known about a possible association between sleep duration and the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), in healthy people. In this systematic review, we conducted a literature search to examine possible association between sleep duration and the incidence of AF. Methods Scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Embase) were searched using relevant Medical Subject Headings and keywords, to retrieve studies written in English and published until November 2017. Only observational studies were included. Since sleep duration categories were not consistent, it was feasible to run a meta-analysis. Results Six eligible studies were included. Long sleep duration (≥ 8 hours) was found to be associated with an increased risk of AF (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.00-1.27 and aHR= 1.5, 95% CI: 1.07-2.10) in two studies. One study reported that sleep duration less than 6 hours was associated with an increased risk of AF (aHR= 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18 -2.13) compared to sleeping for 6-7 hours. In two studies, mean sleep duration was lower in AF groups compared to the non-AF group. Insomnia was associated with an increased risk of AF in another study (aHR= 1.33, 95% CI: 1.25-1.41). Conclusions Unhealthy sleep duration, defined as either less than 6 hours or more than 8 hours, may be associated with an increased risk of AF.

Background Cardiogoniometry (CGM), a spatiotemporal electrocardiologic method may be useful as a cardiovascular diagnostic tool. Increased incidence of coronary artery or myocardial involvement and defects in automatic setting of heart activity have been reported in psoriasis which could be related to the presence of systemic inflammation. Cardiogoniometry and the related parameters have been used in this study as a diagnostic technique in psoriasis patients. Methods Thirty patients with psoriasis and 30 healthy, age and sex-matched individuals with no history of cardiovascular diseases or traditional coronary risk factors were enrolled. Duration and severity of the disease, using psoriasis severity and area index (PASI) score were recorded. Electrocardiography and cardiogoniometry were performed. Heart rate, QT interval and QT dispersion (QTD) were measured. SDNN (standard deviation of normal R-R interval) and myocardial ischemia score were determined by cardiogoniometry. Results There was significant difference between the psoriasis patients and the controls in terms of heart rate (76.37 ± 14.41 vs 72.53 ± 9.684, p = 0.02), myocardial ischemia score (−1.53 ± 2.63 vs −0.46 ± 0.73, p = 0.037), corrected QT interval (392.64 ± 26.00 vs 377.26 ± 22.34, p = 0.017) and QTD (32.00 ± 17.88 vs 6.67 ± 15.16, p

BACKGROUND Cardiac catheterization is the gold standard for cardiopulmonary hemodynamic assessment, although its widespread use could be restricted due to its invasive nature. The aim of this study is to compare multiple echocardiography parameters, including right atrial (RA) strain, with right heart catheterization (RHC) data in patients with heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the assessment of right heart hemodynamics. METHODS Patients with HFrEF (defined by left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤ 35%) were enrolled prospectively in this study. All patients underwent echocardiography and RHC. RA pressure (RAP), right ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP), systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated in RHC. Right ventricular (RV) diastolic and systolic function, RAP, RA size, sPAP and PVR were also measured by echocardiography. RESULTS Fifty patients (36 men) aged 13–51 years with LVEF ≤ 35% were enrolled in this study. There was a significant correlation between echocardiography and catheterization data (r > 0.6, p < 0.001). The RV diastolic grading had significant relation with RA volume (p < 0.001) and RA strain (p < 0.001) in echocardiography, and with RVEDP (p = 0.01) and RAP (p < 0.001) in RHC. There were significant relations between the New York Heart Association classification and RV diastolic function grading (p < 0.001), with RA strain (p = 0.019), and size (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS RA function, as assessed by strain imaging, correlates with right heart hemodynamics in patients with HFrEF.

Background: Water pipe smoking has become a vitally important public health issue in the world with untruthful assumed less harmful effect. Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the association of water pipe tobacco smoking and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Up to September 25, 2018, we electronically searched the PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Science with no time restriction. We included observational studies and excluded conference abstracts, editorials, case-reports, case series, and reviews. With fixed model effect, we conducted Meta-analysis to evaluate the association between Water pipe smoking and coronary artery disease. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by I2 square test. Publication bias was assessed by Egger test. P Results: Among 248 paper records identified through database search, 52 full texts were eligible for full text assessment whereas 49 papers were excluded. Additionally, three studies were eligible for meta-analysis, which involved 58,960 adults with 1334 in the water pipe smoker group. Risk of CAD was increased in water pipe smokers compared to individuals who had never smoked water pipe but the result did not reach statistical significance (OR=1.18, 95% CI: 0.98- 1.38, p=0.06). We found that heavy water pipe smoking (40 to 50 sessions of water-pipe smoking/year) was associated with CAD compared to lower smokers defined as less than 40 to 50 water pipe/year (OR=2.001, 95% CI: 1.13-2.87). Conclusions: Heavy Water pipe smoking was associated to coronary artery disease on a clinical level. It seems very crucial to increase public awareness on adverse effects of water pipe smoking and its cessation in clinical setting.

Absence of pericardium is a rare type of pericardial disorders. Left sided pericardial absence is more common than the right one. This disorder may present with a variety of signs and symptoms or abnormalities in electrocardiography and echocardiography. In this report, we discussed diagnosis of partial absence of pericardium in a 52-year-old man presented with a dull left-sided chest pain from 4 months ago with special electrocardiographic features. The axis deviations in his serial electrocardiograms led us to further evaluations with possible diagnosis of pericardial absence. His echocardiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) confirmed the suspicion of pericardial absence. Suspicion of potentially life-threatening cardiac abnormalities should remain even while facing atypical chest pain or other non-specific symptoms. In this case, abnormal electrocardiographic and chest X-Ray findings together with echocardiography were all helpful in referring the patient for cardiac MRI as the imaging modality of choice in such cases.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune connective-tissue disease involving multiple organs and sys- tems. Some evidence has demonstrated that disease activity could be associated with increased risk of organ damage. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the association between systemic lupus erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores and subclinical cardiac involvement. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 SLE patients (88% female; mean age: 31.2 8.2 years) from 2011 to 2013 in Mashhad, Iran. The patients had no clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac problems or risk factors for cardiovascular disease and were selected consecutively. All patients underwent complete echocardiographic examinations (using two dimensional (2D) tissue Doppler and 2D speckle tracking). Disease activity was evaluated by using the SLEDAI. Results: Patients with higher SLEDAI scores had higher pulmonary artery pressure rates (r = 0.34; P = 0.024; 95% CI (0.086 to 0.595)) and SLE durations (r = 0.43; P = 0.004; 95% CI (0.165 to 0.664). The correlation between disease duration and left ventricular mass was also significant (r = 0.43; P = 0.009; 95% CI (0.172 to 0.681)), even after adjusting for age (r = 0.405; P = 0.016). There was no correlation between SLEDAI scores or disease duration and the left/right ventricle systolic function parameters. This was true while assessing the right ventricle's diastolic function. A statistically significant correlation was found between mitral E/E' as an index of left ventricle diastolic impairment and the SLEDAI scores (r = 0.33; P = 0.037; 95% CI (0.074 to 0.574)) along with disease duration (r = 0.45; P = 0.004; 95% CI (0.130 to 0.662); adjusted for age: r = 0.478; P = 0.002). Conclusions: Echocardiography is a useful noninvasive technique for screening subclinical heart problems in SLE patients. Al- though disease activity in general should suggest a closer follow-up, regular scanning would enable earlier detection of cardiovas- cular involvement and should not be confined to cases with higher SLEDAI indices or longer disease durations.

An anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary anomaly. It usually presents in infancy with intractable left sided heart failure. Most patients die in infancy, but survival into adulthood is possible. Patients may complain of dyspnea, syncope or effort angina. They may remain asymptomatic; or experience sudden death after exercise. A 56-year-old woman presented with a twomonth history of exertional chest discomfort. Echocardiography showed a coronary anomaly with preserved systolic function and no resting regional wall motion abnormality. The coronary and CT (computed tomography) angiography studies revealed the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. A review of ALCAPAstudies is presented along with images from the echocardiogram, coronary angiogram and CT scan performed for this case.

Primary cardiac leiomyosarcomas are rare, with a high incidence of local recurrence. Herein, we report the case of a 35-year-old woman who was admitted with right ventricular failure and suspected pulmonary embolism. Upon echocardiography, we detected a mass in the pulmonary trunk that involved the pulmonary valve and led to valvular stenosis. The optimal protocol for treating these tumors is as yet unclear. Complete resection can rarely be achieved. However, palliative surgery is usually undertaken because many patients present with mechanical obstruction, such as significant pulmonary stenosis.