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4. Technical Naturalness on a Codimension-2 Brane

Author

Burgess, C. P., Hoover, D., and Tasinato, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We compute how threshold effects obtained by integrating out a heavy particle localized on a codimension-2 brane influence the properties of the brane and the bulk fields it sources in D=d+2 dimensions. We do so using a recently developed formalism for matching the characteristics of higher codimension branes to the properties of the bulk fields they source. We show that although the dominant dependence on a heavy mass M that is induced in the low-energy codimension-2 tension has the generic size expected, T_2 \propto M^d, the very-low-energy effective potential governing the on-brane curvature once bulk KK modes are integrated out can be additionally suppressed, by factors of order k^2 M^d, where k is the bulk gravitational coupling. In the special case of a codimension-2 brane in a 6D supersymmetric bulk we also estimate the size of the contributions of short-wavelength bulk loops near the brane, and find these can be similarly suppressed., Comment: 3 figures, 22 pages plus appendices

Published
2009
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5. Effective Field Theories and Matching for Codimension-2 Branes

Author

Burgess, C. P., Hoover, D., de Rham, C., and Tasinato, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

It is generic for the bulk fields sourced by branes having codimension two and higher to diverge at the brane position, much as does the Coulomb potential at the position of its source charge. This complicates finding the relation between brane properties and the bulk geometries they source. (These complications do not arise for codimension-1 sources, such as in RS geometries, because of the special properties unique to codimension one.) Understanding these relations is a prerequisite for phenomenological applications involving higher-codimension branes. Using codimension-2 branes in extra-dimensional scalar-tensor theories as an example, we identify the classical matching conditions that relate the near-brane asymptotic behaviour of bulk fields to the low-energy effective actions describing how space-filling codimension-2 branes interact with the surrounding extra-dimensional bulk. We do so by carefully regulating the near-brane divergences, and show how these may be renormalized in a general way. Among the interesting consequences is a constraint relating the on-brane curvature to its action, that is the codimension-2 generalization of the well-known modification of the Friedmann equation for codimension-1 branes. We argue that its interpretation within an effective field theory framework in this case is as a relation $4\pi U \simeq \kappa^2 (T')^2$ between the codimension-2 brane tension, T, and its contribution to the low-energy on-brane effective potential, U. This relation implies that any dynamics that minimizes a brane contribution to the on-brane curvature automatically also minimizes its couplings to the extra-dimensional scalar., Comment: 30 pages plus appendices, 2 figures

Published
2008
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6. Exact Wave Solutions to 6D Gauged Chiral Supergravity

Author

Tolley, Andrew J., Burgess, C. P., de Rham, Claudia, and Hoover, D.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We describe a broad class of time-dependent exact wave solutions to 6D gauged chiral supergravity with two compact dimensions. These 6D solutions are nontrivial warped generalizations of 4D pp-waves and Kundt class solutions and describe how a broad class of previously-static compactifications from 6D to 4D (sourced by two 3-branes) respond to waves moving along one of the uncompactified directions. Because our methods are generally applicable to any higher dimensional supergravity they are likely to be of use for finding the supergravity limit of time-dependent solutions in string theory. The 6D solutions are interesting in their own right, describing 6D shock waves induced by high energy particles on the branes, and as descriptions of the near-brane limit of the transient wavefront arising from a local bubble-nucleation event on one of the branes, such as might occur if a tension-changing phase transition were to occur., Comment: 22 pages, 1 figure. Minor clarifications added. Accepted in JHEP

Published
2007
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7. UV Caps and Modulus Stabilization for 6D Gauged Chiral Supergravity

Author

Burgess, C. P., Hoover, D., and Tasinato, G.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We describe an explicit UV regularization of the brane singularities for all 4D flat configurations of 6D gauged chiral supergravity compactified on axially symmetric internal spaces (for which the general solutions are known). All such solutions have two or fewer co-dimension two singularities, which we resolve in terms of microscopic co-dimension one cylindrical 4-branes, whose interiors are capped using the most general possible 4D flat solution of the 6D field equations. By so doing we show that such a cap is always possible for any given bulk geometry, and obtain an explicit relationship between the properties of the capped 4-branes and the various parameters which describe the bulk solution. We show how these branes generically stabilize the size of the extra dimensions by breaking the scale invariance which relates classical solutions to 6D supergravity, and we compute the scalar potential for this modulus in the 4D effective theory. The lifting of this marginal direction provides a natural realization of the Goldberger-Wise stabilization mechanism in six dimensions., Comment: 34 pages. Typos corrected, references added. Matches published version

Published
2007
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8. Kicking the Rugby Ball: Perturbations of 6D Gauged Chiral Supergravity

Author

Burgess, C. P., de Rham, C., Hoover, D., Mason, D., and Tolley, A. J.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We analyze the axially-symmetric scalar perturbations of 6D chiral gauged supergravity compactified on the general warped geometries in the presence of two source branes. We find all of the conical geometries are marginally stable for normalizable perturbations (in disagreement with some recent calculations) and the nonconical for regular perturbations, even though none of them are supersymmetric (apart from the trivial Salam-Sezgin solution, for which there are no source branes). The marginal direction is the one whose presence is required by the classical scaling property of the field equations, and all other modes have positive squared mass. In the special case of the conical solutions, including (but not restricted to) the unwarped `rugby-ball' solutions, we find closed-form expressions for the mode functions in terms of Legendre and Hypergeometric functions. In so doing we show how to match the asymptotic near-brane form for the solution to the physics of the source branes, and thereby how to physically interpret perturbations which can be singular at the brane positions., Comment: 21 pages + appendices, references added

Published
2006
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9. Scaling Solutions to 6D Gauged Chiral Supergravity

Author

Tolley, A. J., Burgess, C. P., de Rham, C., and Hoover, D.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We construct explicitly time-dependent exact solutions to the field equations of 6D gauged chiral supergravity, compactified to 4D in the presence of up to two 3-branes situated within the extra dimensions. The solutions we find are scaling solutions, and are plausibly attractors which represent the late-time evolution of a broad class of initial conditions. By matching their near-brane boundary conditions to physical brane properties we argue that these solutions (together with the known maximally-symmetric solutions and a new class of non-Lorentz-invariant static solutions, which we also present here) describe the bulk geometry between a pair of 3-branes with non-trivial on-brane equations of state., Comment: Contribution to the New Journal of Physics focus issue on Dark Energy; 28 pages

Published
2006
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10. On the Decoherence of Primordial Fluctuations During Inflation

Author

Burgess, C. P., Holman, R., and Hoover, D.

Subjects
Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We study the process whereby quantum cosmological perturbations become classical within inflationary cosmology. By setting up a master-equation formulation we show how quantum coherence for super-Hubble modes can be destroyed by their coupling to the environment provided by sub-Hubble modes. We identify what features the sub-Hubble environment must have in order to decohere the longer wavelengths, and identify how the onset of decoherence (and how long it takes) depends on the properties of the sub-Hubble physics which forms the environment. Our results show that the decoherence process is largely insensitive to the details of the coupling between the sub- and super-Hubble scales. They also show how locality implies, quite generally, that the decohered density matrix at late times is diagonal in the field representation (as is implicitly assumed by extant calculations of inflationary density perturbations). Our calculations also imply that decoherence can arise even for couplings which are as weak as gravitational in strength., Comment: 31 pages, 1 figure

Published
2006
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11. Bulk Singularities and the Effective Cosmological Constant for Higher Co-dimension Branes

Author

Tolley, Andrew J., Burgess, C. P., Hoover, D., and Aghababaie, Y.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We study a general configuration of parallel branes having co-dimension >2 situated inside a compact d-dimensional bulk space within the framework of a scalar and flux field coupled to gravity in D dimensions, such as arises in the bosonic part of some D-dimensional supergravities. A general relation is derived which relates the induced curvature of the observable noncompact n dimensions to the asymptotic behaviour of the bulk fields near the brane positions. For compactifications down to n = D-d dimensions we explicitly solve the bulk field equations to obtain the near-brane asymptotics, and by so doing relate the n-dimensional induced curvature to physical near-brane properties. In the special case where the bulk geometry remains nonsingular (or only conically singular) at the brane positions our analysis shows that the resulting n dimensions must be flat. As an application of these results we specialize to n=4 and D=6 and derive a new class of solutions to chiral 6D supergravity for which the noncompact 4 dimensions have de Sitter or anti-de Sitter geometry.

Published
2005
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12. Ultraviolet Sensitivity in Higher Dimensions

Author

Hoover, D. and Burgess, C. P.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We calculate the first three Gilkey-DeWitt (heat-kernel) coefficients, a0, a1 and a2, for massive particles having the spins of most physical interest in n dimensions, including the contributions of the ghosts and the fields associated with the appropriate generalized Higgs mechanism. By assembling these into supermultiplets we compute the same coefficients for general supergravity theories, and show that they vanish for many examples. One of the steps of the calculation involves computing these coefficients for massless particles, and our expressions in this case agree with -- and extend to more general background spacetimes -- earlier calculations, where these exist. Our results give that part of the low-energy effective action which depends most sensitively on the mass of heavy fields once these are integrated out. These results are used in hep-th/0504004 to compute the sensitivity to large masses of the Casimir energy in Ricci-flat 4D compactifications of 6D supergravity., Comment: 49 pages; some tables have been changed

Published
2005
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13. Casimir Energies for 6D Supergravities Compactified on T_2/Z_N with Wilson Lines

Author

Ghilencea, D. M., Hoover, D., Burgess, C. P., and Quevedo, F.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We compute (as functions of the shape and Wilson-line moduli) the one-loop Casimir energy induced by higher-dimensional supergravities compactified from 6D to 4D on 2-tori, and on some of their Z_N orbifolds. Detailed calculations are given for a 6D scalar field having an arbitrary 6D mass m, and we show how to extend these results to higher-spin fields for supersymmetric 6D theories. Particular attention is paid to regularization issues and to the identification of the divergences of the potential, as well as the dependence of the result on m, including limits for which m^2 A<< 1 and m^2 A>> 1 where A is the volume of the internal 2 dimensions. Our calculation extends those in the literature to very general boundary conditions for fields about the various cycles of these geometries. The results have potential applications towards Supersymmetric Large Extra Dimensions (SLED) as a theory of the Dark Energy. First, they provide an explicit calculation within which to follow the dependence of the result on the mass of the bulk states which travel within the loop, and for heavy masses these results bear out the more general analysis of the UV-sensitivity obtained using heat-kernel methods. Second, because the potentials we find describe the dynamics of the classical flat directions of these compactifications, within SLED they would describe the present-day dynamics of the Dark Energy., Comment: 40 pages, 7 figures

Published
2005
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14. UV Sensitivity in Supersymmetric Large Extra Dimensions: The Ricci-flat Case

Author

Burgess, C. P. and Hoover, D.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We examine the ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive part of the one-loop Casimir energy which is induced when various higher-dimensional supergravities are compactified to 4D on extra dimensions which are Ricci flat, but otherwise arbitrary. We identify the leading dependence on the mass of very massive higher-dimensional modes, as well as the UV divergent part of the contributions of modes which are massless in the higher-dimensional sense (but which consist of a KK tower of massive modes from the 4D perspective), and show how these are constrained by higher-dimensional general covariance. Some of the implications of co-dimension 2 branes are computed in the limit where their tension is small compared with the extra-dimensional Planck scale (but not small compared with the observed dark energy). Our results support the interpretation of supersymmetric large extra dimensions (SLED) in 6 dimensions as a potential solution to the cosmological constant problem (but do not yet completely clinch the case)., Comment: 39 pages

Published
2005
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15. Quintessentially Flat Scalar Potentials

Author

Burgess, C. P., Grenier, P., and Hoover, D.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

Both inflationary and quintessence cosmologies require scalar fields which roll very slowly over cosmological time scales, and so typically demand extremely flat potentials. Sufficiently flat potentials are notoriously difficult to obtain from realistic theories of microscopic physics, and this poses a naturalness problem for both types of cosmologies. We propose a brane-world-based microscopic mechanism for generating scalar potentials which can naturally be flat enough for both types of cosmological applications. The scalars of interest are higher-dimensional bulk pseudo-Goldstone bosons whose scale of symmetry breaking is exponentially suppressed in the higher-dimensional theory by the separation between various branes. The light scalars appear in the effective 4D theory as pseudo-Goldstone bosons. Since naturalness problems are more severe for quintessence models, motivated by our construction we explore in more detail the possibilities for using pseudo-Goldstone bosons to build quintessence models. Depending on how the cosmological constant problem is solved, these models typically imply the universe is now entering a matter-dominated oscillatory phase for which the equation of state parameter w = p/rho oscillates between w = 1 and w = -1., Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX, 5 figures using epsfig, uses JHEP3

Published
2003
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17. Fluvial Fluxes of Water, Suspended Particulate Matter, and Nutrients and Potential Impacts on Tropical Coastal Water Biogeochemistry: Oahu, Hawai‘i

Author

Hoover, D. J. and Mackenzie, F. T.

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Hydrogeology, Geochemistry, Tropical coastal ecosystems, Tropical streams, Fluvial fluxes, Storm runoff, Land use, Water quality, Nutrients
Abstract

Baseflow and storm runoff fluxes of water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and nutrients (N and P) were assessed in conservation, urban, and agricultural streams discharging to coastal waters around the tropical island of Oahu, Hawai‘i. Despite unusually low storm frequency and intensity during the study, storms accounted for 8–77% (median 30%) of discharge, 57–99% (median 93%) of SPM fluxes, 11–79% (median 36%) of dissolved nutrient fluxes and 52–99% (median 85%) of particulate nutrient fluxes to coastal waters. Fluvial nutrient concentrations varied with hydrologic conditions and land use; land use also affected water and particulate fluxes at some sites. Reactive dissolved N:P ratios typically were ≥16 (the ‘Redfield ratio’ for marine phytoplankton), indicating that inputs could support new production by coastal phytoplankton, but uptake of dissolved nutrients is probably inefficient due to rapid dilution and export of fluvial dissolved inputs. Particulate N and P fluxes were similar to or larger than dissolved fluxes at all sites (median 49% of total nitrogen, range 22–82%; median 69% of total phosphorus, range 49–93%). Impacts of particulate nutrients on coastal ecosystems will depend on how efficiently SPM is retained in nearshore areas, and on the timing and degree of transformation to reactive dissolved forms. Nevertheless, the magnitude of particulate nutrient fluxes suggests that they represent a significant nutrient source for many coastal ecosystems over relatively long time scales (weeks–years), and that reductions in particulate nutrient loading actually may have negative impacts on some coastal ecosystems.

Published
2009

18. High-Pressure Effects on Viruses

Author

Shearer, A. E. H., Kniel, K. E., Chen, H., Hoover, D. G., Barbosa-Cánovas, Gustavo V., Series editor, Balasubramaniam, V.M., editor, and Lelieveld, Huub L.M., editor

Published
2016
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19. A Comparison of Strategies to Increase Household Survey Response Rates in a Predominantly Indigenous Community Population.

Author

Sugimoto-Matsuda, Jeanelle J., Kaminski, Jennifer W., Hishinuma, Earl S., Chang, Janice Y., Soli, Fa'apisa M., Hoover, D. Michele, and Bautista, Randy Paul M.

Abstract

The present study describes 4 strategies for increasing response rates to a community-based survey on youth violence in an ethnically diverse population in Hawai'i. A total of 350 households were mailed a Safe Community Survey using 4 different randomly assigned incentive strategies. The strategies varied by length of survey and timing of incentive for completion (given before completion, after completion, or both). In univariate analyses, there were no significant differences across survey strategies on participant demographics, community perceptions of violence-related behaviors, or percent of missing items. However, in multivariate regressions, respondents' sex and percent of missing items on the surveys were consistently significant predictors across multiple outcomes. Although the use of strategies to increase response rates in community-based surveys might be desirable, resulting data need to be examined for the potential that strategies might recruit different populations, which may have an impact on the data obtained. This study offers lessons and recommendations for surveying Native and Indigenous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

20. Working with Local, State and Federal Partners to Address Health Education Needs of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees in Houston: A CDC Case Study

Author

Hoover, D. Michele, Dopson, Stephanie, and Drehobl, Patricia

Abstract

For health educators to successfully meet the challenges of responding to public health emergencies, it is important to establish and understand the role of collaborations with local, state and federal partners in identifying potential public health issues and to develop theory-based models or strategies to address these issues before, during and after an event. This paper presents a case study examining the health education and communication response to Hurricane Katrina in Houston, Texas. CDC's Health Education and Communication Teams and the Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services Division of Health Education worked with identified populations, environmental specialists, epidemiologists and other key partners to identify health education needs and develop appropriate messages and then developed and implemented a broad comprehensive health education and promotion plan. The paper discusses lessons learned and how health educators can use the model developed for this response to plan for future disasters and public health emergencies, including pandemic influenza.

Published
2010

21. Yield degradation mechanisms for two-shock capsules evaluated through simulations

Author

Bradley, P. A., primary, Haines, B. M., additional, Kyrala, G. A., additional, MacLaren, S. A., additional, Salmonson, J. D., additional, Pino, J. E., additional, Mackay, K. K., additional, Peterson, R. R., additional, Yi, A., additional, Yin, L., additional, Olson, R. E., additional, Krasheninnikova, N., additional, Batha, S. H., additional, Kline, J. L., additional, Sauppe, J. P., additional, Finnegan, S. M., additional, Pak, A., additional, Ma, T., additional, Dittrich, T. R., additional, Dewald, E. L., additional, Khan, S. F., additional, Sayre, D., additional, Tommasini, R., additional, Ralph, J. E., additional, Field, J. E., additional, Masse, L., additional, Tipton, R. E., additional, Mackinnon, A. J., additional, Benedetti, L. R., additional, Nagel, S. R., additional, Bradley, D. K., additional, Celliers, P. M., additional, Berzak Hopkins, L., additional, Izumi, N., additional, Kervin, P., additional, Yeamans, C., additional, Hatarik, R., additional, Hartouni, E. P., additional, Turnbull, D. P., additional, Chen, K. C., additional, and Hoover, D. E., additional

Published
2022
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23. Lawson Criterion for Ignition Exceeded in an Inertial Fusion Experiment

Author

Abu-Shawareb, H, Acree, R, Adams, P, Adams, J, Addis, B, Aden, R, Adrian, P, Afeyan, BB, Aggleton, M, Aghaian, L, Aguirre, A, Aikens, D, Akre, J, Albert, F, Albrecht, M, Albright, BJ, Albritton, J, Alcala, J, Alday, C, Alessi, DA, Alexander, N, Alfonso, J, Alfonso, N, Alger, E, Ali, SJ, Ali, ZA, Alley, WE, Amala, P, Amendt, PA, Amick, P, Ammula, S, Amorin, C, Ampleford, DJ, Anderson, RW, Anklam, T, Antipa, N, Appelbe, B, Aracne-Ruddle, C, Araya, E, Arend, M, Arnold, P, Arnold, T, Asay, J, Atherton, LJ, Atkinson, D, Atkinson, R, Auerbach, JM, Austin, B, Auyang, L, Awwal, AS, Ayers, J, Ayers, S, Ayers, T, Azevedo, S, Bachmann, B, Back, CA, Bae, J, Bailey, DS, Bailey, J, Baisden, T, Baker, KL, Baldis, H, Barber, D, Barberis, M, Barker, D, Barnes, A, Barnes, CW, Barrios, MA, Barty, C, Bass, I, Batha, SH, Baxamusa, SH, Bazan, G, Beagle, JK, Beale, R, Beck, BR, Beck, JB, Bedzyk, M, Beeler, RG, Behrendt, W, Belk, L, Bell, P, Belyaev, M, Benage, JF, Bennett, G, Benedetti, LR, Benedict, LX, Berger, R, Bernat, T, Bernstein, LA, Berry, B, Bertolini, L, Besenbruch, G, Betcher, J, Bettenhausen, R, Betti, R, Bezzerides, B, Bhandarkar, SD, Bickel, R, Biener, J, Biesiada, T, Bigelow, K, Bigelow-Granillo, J, Bigman, V, Bionta, RM, Birge, NW, Bitter, M, Black, AC, Bleile, R, Bleuel, DL, Bliss, E, Blue, B, Boehly, T, Boehm, K, Boley, CD, Bonanno, R, Bond, EJ, Bond, T, Bonino, MJ, Borden, M, Bourgade, J-L, Bousquet, J, Bowers, J, Bowers, M, Boyd, R, Bozek, A, Bradley, DK, Bradley, KS, Bradley, PA, Bradley, L, Brannon, L, Brantley, PS, Braun, D, Braun, T, Brienza-Larsen, K, Briggs, TM, Britten, J, Brooks, ED, Browning, D, Bruhn, MW, Brunner, TA, Bruns, H, Brunton, G, Bryant, B, Buczek, T, Bude, J, Buitano, L, Burkhart, S, Burmark, J, Burnham, A, Burr, R, Busby, LE, Butlin, B, Cabeltis, R, Cable, M, Cabot, WH, Cagadas, B, Caggiano, J, Cahayag, R, Caldwell, SE, Calkins, S, Callahan, DA, Calleja-Aguirre, J, Camara, L, Camp, D, Campbell, EM, Campbell, JH, Carey, B, Carey, R, Carlisle, K, Carlson, L, Carman, L, Carmichael, J, Carpenter, A, Carr, C, Carrera, JA, Casavant, D, Casey, A, Casey, DT, Castillo, A, Castillo, E, Castor, JI, Castro, C, Caughey, W, Cavitt, R, Celeste, J, Celliers, PM, Cerjan, C, Chandler, G, Chang, B, Chang, C, Chang, J, Chang, L, Chapman, R, Chapman, T, Chase, L, Chen, H, Chen, K, Chen, L-Y, Cheng, B, Chittenden, J, Choate, C, Chou, J, Chrien, RE, Chrisp, M, Christensen, K, Christensen, M, Christopherson, AR, Chung, M, Church, JA, Clark, A, Clark, DS, Clark, K, Clark, R, Claus, L, Cline, B, Cline, JA, Cobble, JA, Cochrane, K, Cohen, B, Cohen, S, Collette, MR, Collins, G, Collins, LA, Collins, TJB, Conder, A, Conrad, B, Conyers, M, Cook, AW, Cook, D, Cook, R, Cooley, JC, Cooper, G, Cope, T, Copeland, SR, Coppari, F, Cortez, J, Cox, J, Crandall, DH, Crane, J, Craxton, RS, Cray, M, Crilly, A, Crippen, JW, Cross, D, Cuneo, M, Cuotts, G, Czajka, CE, Czechowicz, D, Daly, T, Danforth, P, Darbee, R, Darlington, B, Datte, P, Dauffy, L, Davalos, G, Davidovits, S, Davis, P, Davis, J, Dawson, S, Day, RD, Day, TH, Dayton, M, Deck, C, Decker, C, Deeney, C, DeFriend, KA, Deis, G, Delamater, ND, Delettrez, JA, Demaret, R, Demos, S, Dempsey, SM, Desjardin, R, Desjardins, T, Desjarlais, MP, Dewald, EL, DeYoreo, J, Diaz, S, Dimonte, G, Dittrich, TR, Divol, L, Dixit, SN, Dixon, J, Dodd, ES, Dolan, D, Donovan, A, Donovan, M, Döppner, T, Dorrer, C, Dorsano, N, Douglas, MR, Dow, D, Downie, J, Downing, E, Dozieres, M, Draggoo, V, Drake, D, Drake, RP, Drake, T, Dreifuerst, G, DuBois, DF, DuBois, PF, Dunham, G, Dylla-Spears, R, Dymoke-Bradshaw, AKL, Dzenitis, B, Ebbers, C, Eckart, M, Eddinger, S, Eder, D, Edgell, D, Edwards, MJ, Efthimion, P, Eggert, JH, Ehrlich, B, Ehrmann, P, Elhadj, S, Ellerbee, C, Elliott, NS, Ellison, CL, Elsner, F, Emerich, M, Engelhorn, K, England, T, English, E, Epperson, P, Epstein, R, Erbert, G, Erickson, MA, Erskine, DJ, Erlandson, A, Espinosa, RJ, Estes, C, Estabrook, KG, Evans, S, Fabyan, A, Fair, J, Fallejo, R, Farmer, N, Farmer, WA, Farrell, M, Fatherley, VE, Fedorov, M, Feigenbaum, E, Feit, M, Ferguson, W, Fernandez, JC, Fernandez-Panella, A, Fess, S, Field, JE, Filip, CV, Fincke, JR, Finn, T, Finnegan, SM, Finucane, RG, Fischer, M, Fisher, A, Fisher, J, Fishler, B, Fittinghoff, D, Fitzsimmons, P, Flegel, M, Flippo, KA, Florio, J, Folta, J, Folta, P, Foreman, LR, Forrest, C, Forsman, A, Fooks, J, Foord, M, Fortner, R, Fournier, K, Fratanduono, DE, Frazier, N, Frazier, T, Frederick, C, Freeman, MS, Frenje, J, Frey, D, Frieders, G, Friedrich, S, Froula, DH, Fry, J, Fuller, T, Gaffney, J, Gales, S, Le Galloudec, B, Le Galloudec, KK, Gambhir, A, Gao, L, Garbett, WJ, Garcia, A, Gates, C, Gaut, E, Gauthier, P, Gavin, Z, Gaylord, J, Geissel, M, Génin, F, Georgeson, J, Geppert-Kleinrath, H, Geppert-Kleinrath, V, Gharibyan, N, Gibson, J, Gibson, C, Giraldez, E, Glebov, V, Glendinning, SG, Glenn, S, Glenzer, SH, Goade, S, Gobby, PL, Goldman, SR, Golick, B, Gomez, M, Goncharov, V, Goodin, D, Grabowski, P, Grafil, E, Graham, P, Grandy, J, Grasz, E, Graziani, F, Greenman, G, Greenough, JA, Greenwood, A, Gregori, G, Green, T, Griego, JR, Grim, GP, Grondalski, J, Gross, S, Guckian, J, Guler, N, Gunney, B, Guss, G, Haan, S, Hackbarth, J, Hackel, L, Hackel, R, Haefner, C, Hagmann, C, Hahn, KD, Hahn, S, Haid, BJ, Haines, BM, Hall, BM, Hall, C, Hall, GN, Hamamoto, M, Hamel, S, Hamilton, CE, Hammel, BA, Hammer, JH, Hampton, G, Hamza, A, Handler, A, Hansen, S, Hanson, D, Haque, R, Harding, D, Harding, E, Hares, JD, Harris, DB, Harte, JA, Hartouni, EP, Hatarik, R, Hatchett, S, Hauer, AA, Havre, M, Hawley, R, Hayes, J, Hayes, S, Hayes-Sterbenz, A, Haynam, CA, Haynes, DA, Headley, D, Heal, A, Heebner, JE, Heerey, S, Heestand, GM, Heeter, R, Hein, N, Heinbockel, C, Hendricks, C, Henesian, M, Heninger, J, Henrikson, J, Henry, EA, Herbold, EB, Hermann, MR, Hermes, G, Hernandez, JE, Hernandez, VJ, Herrmann, MC, Herrmann, HW, Herrera, OD, Hewett, D, Hibbard, R, Hicks, DG, Hill, D, Hill, K, 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Kauffman, R, Kaufman, MI, Keane, C, Keaty, L, Kegelmeyer, L, Keiter, PA, Kellett, PA, Kellogg, J, Kelly, JH, Kemic, S, Kemp, AJ, Kemp, GE, Kerbel, GD, Kershaw, D, Kerr, SM, Kessler, TJ, Key, MH, Khan, SF, Khater, H, Kiikka, C, Kilkenny, J, Kim, Y, Kim, Y-J, Kimko, J, Kimmel, M, Kindel, JM, King, J, Kirkwood, RK, Klaus, L, Klem, D, Kline, JL, Klingmann, J, Kluth, G, Knapp, P, Knauer, J, Knipping, J, Knudson, M, Kobs, D, Koch, J, Kohut, T, Kong, C, Koning, JM, Koning, P, Konior, S, Kornblum, H, Kot, LB, Kozioziemski, B, Kozlowski, M, Kozlowski, PM, Krammen, J, Krasheninnikova, NS, Kraus, B, Krauser, W, Kress, JD, Kritcher, AL, Krieger, E, Kroll, JJ, Kruer, WL, Kruse, MKG, Kucheyev, S, Kumbera, M, Kumpan, S, Kunimune, J, Kustowski, B, Kwan, TJT, Kyrala, GA, Laffite, S, Lafon, M, LaFortune, K, Lahmann, B, Lairson, B, Landen, OL, Langenbrunner, J, Lagin, L, Land, T, Lane, M, Laney, D, Langdon, AB, Langer, SH, Langro, A, Lanier, NE, Lanier, TE, Larson, D, Lasinski, BF, Lassle, D, LaTray, D, Lau, G, Lau, N, Laumann, C, Laurence, A, Laurence, TA, Lawson, J, Le, HP, Leach, RR, Leal, L, Leatherland, A, LeChien, K, Lechleiter, B, Lee, A, Lee, M, Lee, T, Leeper, RJ, Lefebvre, E, Leidinger, J-P, LeMire, B, Lemke, RW, Lemos, NC, Le Pape, S, Lerche, R, Lerner, S, Letts, S, Levedahl, K, Lewis, T, Li, CK, Li, H, Li, J, Liao, W, Liao, ZM, Liedahl, D, Liebman, J, Lindford, G, Lindman, EL, Lindl, JD, Loey, H, London, RA, Long, F, Loomis, EN, Lopez, FE, Lopez, H, Losbanos, E, Loucks, S, Lowe-Webb, R, Lundgren, E, Ludwigsen, AP, Luo, R, Lusk, J, Lyons, R, Ma, T, Macallop, Y, MacDonald, MJ, MacGowan, BJ, Mack, JM, Mackinnon, AJ, MacLaren, SA, MacPhee, AG, Magelssen, GR, Magoon, J, Malone, RM, Malsbury, T, Managan, R, Mancini, R, Manes, K, Maney, D, Manha, D, Mannion, OM, Manuel, AM, Mapoles, E, Mara, G, Marcotte, T, Marin, E, Marinak, MM, Mariscal, C, Mariscal, DA, Mariscal, EF, Marley, EV, Marozas, JA, Marquez, R, Marshall, CD, Marshall, FJ, Marshall, M, Marshall, S, Marticorena, J, Martinez, D, Maslennikov, I, Mason, D, Mason, RJ, Masse, L, Massey, W, Masson-Laborde, P-E, Masters, ND, Mathisen, D, Mathison, E, Matone, J, Matthews, MJ, Mattoon, C, Mattsson, TR, Matzen, K, Mauche, CW, Mauldin, M, McAbee, T, McBurney, M, Mccarville, T, McCrory, RL, McEvoy, AM, McGuffey, C, Mcinnis, M, McKenty, P, McKinley, MS, McLeod, JB, McPherson, A, Mcquillan, B, Meamber, M, Meaney, KD, Meezan, NB, Meissner, R, Mehlhorn, TA, Mehta, NC, Menapace, J, Merrill, FE, Merritt, BT, Merritt, EC, Meyerhofer, DD, Mezyk, S, Mich, RJ, Michel, PA, Milam, D, Miller, C, Miller, D, Miller, DS, Miller, E, Miller, EK, Miller, J, Miller, M, Miller, PE, Miller, T, Miller, W, Miller-Kamm, V, Millot, M, Milovich, JL, Minner, P, Miquel, J-L, Mitchell, S, Molvig, K, Montesanti, RC, Montgomery, DS, Monticelli, M, Montoya, A, Moody, JD, Moore, AS, Moore, E, Moran, M, Moreno, JC, Moreno, K, Morgan, BE, Morrow, T, Morton, JW, Moses, E, Moy, K, Muir, R, Murillo, MS, Murray, JE, Murray, JR, Munro, DH, Murphy, TJ, Munteanu, FM, Nafziger, J, Nagayama, T, Nagel, SR, Nast, R, Negres, RA, Nelson, A, Nelson, D, Nelson, J, Nelson, S, Nemethy, S, Neumayer, P, Newman, K, Newton, M, Nguyen, H, Di Nicola, J-MG, Di Nicola, P, Niemann, C, Nikroo, A, Nilson, PM, Nobile, A, Noorai, V, Nora, R, Norton, M, Nostrand, M, Note, V, Novell, S, Nowak, PF, Nunez, A, Nyholm, RA, O'Brien, M, Oceguera, A, Oertel, JA, Okui, J, Olejniczak, B, Oliveira, J, Olsen, P, Olson, B, Olson, K, Olson, RE, Opachich, YP, Orsi, N, Orth, CD, Owen, M, Padalino, S, Padilla, E, Paguio, R, Paguio, S, Paisner, J, Pajoom, S, Pak, A, Palaniyappan, S, Palma, K, Pannell, T, Papp, F, Paras, D, Parham, T, Park, H-S, Pasternak, A, Patankar, S, Patel, MV, Patel, PK, Patterson, R, Patterson, S, Paul, B, Paul, M, Pauli, E, Pearce, OT, Pearcy, J, Pedrotti, B, Peer, A, Pelz, LJ, Penetrante, B, Penner, J, Perez, A, Perkins, LJ, Pernice, E, Perry, TS, Person, S, Petersen, D, Petersen, T, Peterson, DL, Peterson, EB, Peterson, JE, Peterson, JL, Peterson, K, Peterson, RR, Petrasso, RD, Philippe, F, Phipps, TJ, Piceno, E, Ping, Y, Pickworth, L, Pino, J, Plummer, R, Pollack, GD, Pollaine, SM, Pollock, BB, Ponce, D, Ponce, J, Pontelandolfo, J, Porter, JL, Post, J, Poujade, O, Powell, C, Powell, H, Power, G, Pozulp, M, Prantil, M, Prasad, M, Pratuch, S, Price, S, Primdahl, K, Prisbrey, S, Procassini, R, Pruyne, A, Pudliner, B, Qiu, SR, Quan, K, Quinn, M, Quintenz, J, Radha, PB, Rainer, F, Ralph, JE, Raman, KS, Raman, R, Rambo, P, Rana, S, Randewich, A, Rardin, D, Ratledge, M, Ravelo, N, Ravizza, F, Rayce, M, Raymond, A, Raymond, B, Reed, B, Reed, C, Regan, S, Reichelt, B, Reis, V, Reisdorf, S, Rekow, V, Remington, BA, Rendon, A, Requieron, W, Rever, M, Reynolds, H, Reynolds, J, Rhodes, J, Rhodes, M, Richardson, MC, Rice, B, Rice, NG, Rieben, R, Rigatti, A, Riggs, S, Rinderknecht, HG, Ring, K, Riordan, B, Riquier, R, Rivers, C, Roberts, D, Roberts, V, Robertson, G, Robey, HF, Robles, J, Rocha, P, Rochau, G, Rodriguez, J, Rodriguez, S, Rosen, M, Rosenberg, M, Ross, G, Ross, JS, Ross, P, Rouse, J, Rovang, D, Rubenchik, AM, Rubery, MS, Ruiz, CL, Rushford, M, Russ, B, Rygg, JR, Ryujin, BS, Sacks, RA, Sacks, RF, Saito, K, Salmon, T, Salmonson, JD, Sanchez, J, Samuelson, S, Sanchez, M, Sangster, C, Saroyan, A, Sater, J, Satsangi, A, Sauers, S, Saunders, R, Sauppe, JP, Sawicki, R, Sayre, D, Scanlan, M, Schaffers, K, Schappert, GT, Schiaffino, S, Schlossberg, DJ, Schmidt, DW, Schmitt, MJ, Schneider, DHG, Schneider, MB, Schneider, R, Schoff, M, Schollmeier, M, Schölmerich, M, Schroeder, CR, Schrauth, SE, Scott, HA, Scott, I, Scott, JM, Scott, RHH, Scullard, CR, Sedillo, T, Seguin, FH, Seka, W, Senecal, J, Sepke, SM, Seppala, L, Sequoia, K, Severyn, J, Sevier, JM, Sewell, N, Seznec, S, Shah, RC, Shamlian, J, Shaughnessy, D, Shaw, M, Shaw, R, Shearer, C, Shelton, R, Shen, N, Sherlock, MW, Shestakov, AI, Shi, EL, Shin, SJ, Shingleton, N, Shmayda, W, Shor, M, Shoup, M, Shuldberg, C, Siegel, L, Silva, FJ, Simakov, AN, Sims, BT, Sinars, D, Singh, P, Sio, H, Skulina, K, Skupsky, S, Slutz, S, Sluyter, M, Smalyuk, VA, Smauley, D, Smeltser, RM, Smith, C, Smith, I, Smith, J, Smith, L, Smith, R, Sohn, R, Sommer, S, Sorce, C, Sorem, M, Soures, JM, Spaeth, ML, Spears, BK, Speas, S, Speck, D, Speck, R, Spears, J, Spinka, T, Springer, PT, Stadermann, M, Stahl, B, Stahoviak, J, Stanton, LG, Steele, R, Steele, W, Steinman, D, Stemke, R, Stephens, R, Sterbenz, S, Sterne, P, Stevens, D, Stevers, J, Still, CB, Stoeckl, C, Stoeffl, W, Stolken, JS, Stolz, C, Storm, E, Stone, G, Stoupin, S, Stout, E, Stowers, I, Strauser, R, Streckart, H, Streit, J, Strozzi, DJ, Suratwala, T, Sutcliffe, G, Suter, LJ, Sutton, SB, Svidzinski, V, Swadling, G, Sweet, W, Szoke, A, Tabak, M, Takagi, M, Tambazidis, A, Tang, V, Taranowski, M, Taylor, LA, Telford, S, Theobald, W, Thi, M, Thomas, A, Thomas, CA, Thomas, I, Thomas, R, Thompson, IJ, Thongstisubskul, A, Thorsness, CB, Tietbohl, G, Tipton, RE, Tobin, M, Tomlin, N, Tommasini, R, Toreja, AJ, Torres, J, Town, RPJ, Townsend, S, Trenholme, J, Trivelpiece, A, Trosseille, C, Truax, H, Trummer, D, Trummer, S, Truong, T, Tubbs, D, Tubman, ER, Tunnell, T, Turnbull, D, Turner, RE, Ulitsky, M, Upadhye, R, Vaher, JL, VanArsdall, P, VanBlarcom, D, Vandenboomgaerde, M, VanQuinlan, R, Van Wonterghem, BM, Varnum, WS, Velikovich, AL, Vella, A, Verdon, CP, Vermillion, B, Vernon, S, Vesey, R, Vickers, J, Vignes, RM, Visosky, M, Vocke, J, Volegov, PL, Vonhof, S, Von Rotz, R, Vu, HX, Vu, M, Wall, D, Wall, J, Wallace, R, Wallin, B, Walmer, D, Walsh, CA, Walters, CF, Waltz, C, Wan, A, Wang, A, Wang, Y, Wark, JS, Warner, BE, Watson, J, Watt, RG, Watts, P, Weaver, J, Weaver, RP, Weaver, S, Weber, CR, Weber, P, Weber, SV, Wegner, P, Welday, B, Welser-Sherrill, L, Weiss, K, Widmann, K, Wheeler, GF, Whistler, W, White, RK, Whitley, HD, Whitman, P, Wickett, ME, Widmayer, C, Wiedwald, J, Wilcox, R, Wilcox, S, Wild, C, Wilde, BH, Wilde, CH, Wilhelmsen, K, Wilke, MD, Wilkens, H, Wilkins, P, Wilks, SC, Williams, EA, Williams, GJ, Williams, W, Williams, WH, Wilson, DC, Wilson, B, Wilson, E, Wilson, R, Winters, S, Wisoff, J, Wittman, M, Wolfe, J, Wong, A, Wong, KW, Wong, L, Wong, N, Wood, R, Woodhouse, D, Woodruff, J, Woods, DT, Woods, S, Woodworth, BN, Wooten, E, Wootton, A, Work, K, Workman, JB, Wright, J, Wu, M, Wuest, C, Wysocki, FJ, Xu, H, Yamaguchi, M, Yang, B, Yang, ST, Yatabe, J, Yeamans, CB, Yee, BC, Yi, SA, Yin, L, Young, B, Young, CS, Young, CV, Young, P, Youngblood, K, Zacharias, R, Zagaris, G, Zaitseva, N, Zaka, F, Ze, F, Zeiger, B, Zika, M, Zimmerman, GB, Zobrist, T, Zuegel, JD, Zylstra, AB, Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration, Collaboration, Indirect Drive ICF, AWE Plc, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and U.S Department of Energy

Subjects
General Physics, 02 Physical Sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Indirect Drive ICF Collaboration, 01 Mathematical Sciences, 09 Engineering
Abstract

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion.

Published
2022

24. Popular Culture in the Classroom: Using Audio and Video Clips to Enhance Survey Classes

Author

Hoover, D. Sandy

Abstract

Students often approach history survey classes with a significant degree of dread. Nevertheless, at least one history class is required for graduation from most, if not all, universities, and most students elect to take survey courses to fulfill that requirement. Students rarely enroll in an American history class eagerly, because they anticipate a semester of lengthy lectures in large, impersonal lecture halls, and essay exams that test their comprehension of information that often seems distant and without relevance to their lives. Too frequently, students realize their worst fears in survey classes, and as a result, they are less than attentive during lectures. However, the increased use of technology in the classroom has opened a number of new avenues through which to reach an often uninterested student population. PowerPoint, in particular, allows the instructor to supplement his or her lectures with a brief outline, pictures, and in some cases, audio and video clips, and recent studies indicate that the use of such technology is on the increase in college classrooms. The purpose of this article is to suggest a new way to use technology, particularly audio and video clips embedded in PowerPoint presentations, to more effectively reach students in American History survey classes. (Contains 4 graphs and 12 notes.)

Published
2006

29. Evaluation of APEX modifications to simulate forage production for grazing management decision-support in the Western US Great Plains

Author

Cheng, G, Harmel, RD, Ma, L, Derner, JD, Augustine, DJ, Bartling, PNS, Fang, QX, Williams, JR, Zilverberg, CJ, Boone, RB, Hoover, D, and Yu, Q

Subjects
Agronomy & Agriculture, 05 Environmental Sciences, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Abstract

Context: Understanding how grazing management decisions influence the productivity and composition of rangeland plant communities is essential for the development of effective strategies to sustainably produce multiple ecosystem goods and services. Informed with experimental measurements, simulation models can advance our understanding and stewardship of rangeland ecosystems. Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate the APEX (Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender) plant growth modules and grazing animal selectivity in simulating forage production using experimental data collected from both traditional season-long grazing and adaptive rotational grazing management on western rangelands. Specifically, we evaluated APEX's capability to simulate forage productivity and its response to soil types and climate conditions under grazing management options. Methods: Capitalizing on a comparative field study with 20 large pastures (> 123 ha each), APEX modifications were evaluated by comparing simulated forage production with experimental data. The field study evaluated traditional grazing (season long grazing on a single pasture) and an alternative grazing system that utilized collaborative adaptive rangeland management with stakeholders engaged in decision making (such as when and where to rotate a single herd). APEX was modified to include rotational grazing based on a user-defined sequence and automatic rotational grazing based on user-defined forage grazing limits and minimum/maximum grazing durations. Results and conclusions: The APEX model was able to simulate the relative differences in forage production between grazing treatments, across years, and among soil types; however, APEX underestimated forage production in 2015 and 2017 due to overestimating drought stress for the warm season perennial grass functional group. Simulation of grazing management scenarios showed that the collaborative adaptive management decision criteria resulted in grazing durations that produced more forage than consistent 7- or 14-day rotation intervals. Significance: These modifications were needed to capture the complexity of semiarid environments and thus enhance APEX to better assess grazing management decisions on forage production in regions such as the Western US Great Plains.

Published
2021

36. Disparities in Dolutegravir Uptake Affecting Females of Reproductive Age With HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries After Initial Concerns About Teratogenicity : An Observational Study

Author

Romo, M.L., Patel, R.C., Edwards, J.K., Humphrey, J.M., Musick, B.S., Bernard, C., Maina, M.W., Brazier, E., Castelnuovo, B., Penner, J., Wyka, K., Cardoso, S.W., Ly, P.S., Kunzekwenyika, C., Cortés, C.P., Panczak, R., Kelvin, E.A., Wools-Kaloustian, K.K., Nash, D., Khol, V., Zhang, F.J., Zhao, H.X., Han, N., Lee, M.P., Li, P.C.K., Lam, W., Wong, H.Y., Kumarasamy, N., Ezhilarasi, C., Pujari, S., Joshi, K., Gaikwad, S., Chitalikar, A., Merati, T.P., Wirawan, D.N., Yuliana, F., Yunihastuti, E., Imran, D., Widhani, A., Tanuma, J., Oka, S., Nishijima, T., Choi, J.Y., Na, S., Kim, J.M., Gani, Y.M., Rudi, N.B., Azwa, I., Kamarulzaman, A., Syed Omar, S.F., Ponnampalavanar, S., Ditangco, R., Pasayan, M.K., Mationg, M.L., Chan, Y.J., Ku, W.W., Ke, E., Wu, P.C., Ng, O.T., Lim, P.L., Lee, L.S., Yap, J.K., Avihingsanon, A., Gatechompol, S., Phanuphak, P., Phadungphon, C., Kiertiburanakul, S., Phuphuakrat, A., Chumla, L., Sanmeema, N., Chaiwarith, R., Sirisanthana, T., Praparattanapan, J., Nuket, K., Khuwuwan, S., Kantipong, P., Kambua, P., Nguyen, K.V., Bui, H.V., Nguyen, D.T.H., Nguyen, D.T., Do, C.D., Ngo, A.V., Nguyen, L.T., Sohn, A.H., Ross, J.L., Petersen, B., Law, M.G., Jiamsakul, A., Bijker, R., Rupasinghe, D., Cahn, P., Cesar, C., Fink, V., Sued, O., Dell'Isola, E., Perez, H., Valiente, J., Yamamoto, C., Grinsztejn, B., Veloso, V., Luz, P., de Boni, R., Wagner, S.C., Friedman, R., Moreira, R., Pinto, J., Ferreira, F., Maia, M., de Menezes Succi, R.C., Machado, D.M., de Fátima Barbosa Gouvêa, A., Wolff, M., Rodriguez, M.F., Allendes, G., Pape, J.W., Rouzier, V., Marcelin, A., Perodin, C., Luque, M.T., Padgett, D., Madero, J.S., Ramirez, B.C., Belaunzaran, P., Vega, Y.C., Gotuzzo Herencia, José Eduardo, Mejía Cordero, Fernando Alonso, Carriquiry, G., McGowan, C.C., Shepherd, B.E., Sterling, T., Jayathilake, K., Person, A.K., Rebeiro, P.F., Castilho, J., Duda, S.N., Maruri, F., Vansell, H., Jenkins, C., Kim, A., Lotspeich, S., Pélagie, N., Gateretse, P., Munezero, J., Nitereka, V., Niyongabo, T., Twizere, C., Bukuru, H., Nahimana, T., Baransaka, E., Barasukana, P., Kabanda, E., Manirakiza, M., Ndikumwenayo, F., Biziragusenyuka, J., Munezero, A.M.M., Nforniwe, D.N., Ajeh, R., Ngamani, M.L., Dzudie, A., Mbuh, A., Amadou, D., Yone, E.W.P., Kendowo, E., Akele, C., Clever, A., Kitetele, F., Lelo, P., Tabala, M., Ekembe, C., Kaba, D., Diafouka, M., Ekat, M.H., Nsonde, D.M., Mafoua, A., Christ, M.N., Igirimbabazi, J., Ayinkamiye, N., Uwineza, P., Ndamijimana, E., Habarurema, E., Nyiraneza, M.L., Nyiransabimana, M.L., Tuyisenge, L., Shyaka, C., Kankindi, C., Uwakijijwe, B., Ingabire, M.G., Ndumuhire, J., Nyirabahutu, M.G., Muyango, F., Bihibindi, J.C., Uwamahoro, O., Ndoli, Y., Nsanzimana, S., Mugwaneza, P., Remera, E., Umumararungu, E., Rwibasira, G.N., Habimana, D.S., Gasana, J., Kanyabwisha, F., Kubwimana, G., Muhoza, B., Munyaneza, A., Murenzi, G., Musabyimana, F., Umwiza, F., Ingabire, C., Tuyisenge, P., Butera, A.M., Kabahizi, J., Rurangwa, E., Feza, R., Mukashyaka, E., Benekigeri, C., Musaninyange, J., Adedimeji, A., Anastos, K., Dilorenzo, M., Murchison, L., Ross, J., Yotebieng, M., Addison, D., Jones, H., Kulkarni, S., Tymejczyk, O., Elul, B., Cai, X., Dong, A., Hoover, D., Kim, H.-Y., Li, C., Shi, Q., Lancaster, K., Kuniholm, M., Edmonds, A., Parcesepe, A., Edwards, J., Keiser, O., Kimmel, A., Diero, L., Ayaya, S., Sang, E., Bukusi, E., Mulwa, E., Nyanaro, G., Kasozi, C., Ssemakadde, M., Bwana, M.B., Muyindike, W., Byakwaga, H., Kanyesigye, M., Semeere, A., Matovu, J.M., Nalugoda, F., Wasswa, F.X., Kazyoba, P., Mayige, M., Lyamuya, R.E., Mayanga, F., Ngonyani, K., Lwali, J., Urassa, M., Nyaga, C., Machemba, R., Yiannoutsos, C., Vreeman, R., Syvertsen, J., Kantor, R., Martin, J., Wenger, M., Cohen, C., Kulzer, J., Maartens, G., Bolton, C., Wood, R., Sipambo, N., Tanser, F., Boulle, A., Fatti, G., Mbewe, S., Singh, E., Chimbetete, C., Technau, K., Eley, B., Muhairwe, J., Rafael, I., Fox, M.P., Prozesky, H., Anderegg, N., Ballif, M., Ostinelli, C.H.D., Egger, M., Fenner, L., Haas, A., Hossmann, S., Rohner, E., Riou, J., Skrivankova, V., Smith, L., Taghavi, K., von Groote, P., Wandeler, G., Zaniewski, E., Zürcher, K., Anderson, K., Cornell, M., Davies, M.-A., Iyun, V., Johnson, L., Kassanjee, R., Kehoe, K., Kubjane, M., Maxwell, N., Nyakato, P., Patten, G., Tlali, M., Tsondai, P., de Waal, R., and International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA)

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Prevention, policy, and public health, Adolescent, Pyridones, Reproductive age, HIV Infections, Choice Behavior, Article, Piperazines, chemistry.chemical_compound, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Pregnancy, Epidemiology, Oxazines, Internal Medicine, Medicine, Humans, Maternal Health Services, Cumulative incidence, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, 610 Medicine & health, Developing Countries, Health equity, business.industry, HIV, Contraceptives, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Antiretroviral therapy, Regimen, Pharmaceutical Preparations, chemistry, Dolutegravir, Observational study, Female, Age groups, Safety, business, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, 360 Social problems & social services, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract

BACKGROUND The transition to dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was complicated by an initial safety signal in May 2018 suggesting that exposure to dolutegravir at conception was possibly associated with infant neural tube defects. On the basis of additional evidence, in July 2019, the World Health Organization recommended dolutegravir for all adults and adolescents living with HIV. OBJECTIVE To describe dolutegravir uptake and disparities by sex and age group in LMICs. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING 87 sites that began using dolutegravir in 11 LMICs in the Asia-Pacific; Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet); and sub-Saharan African regions of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium. PATIENTS 134��672 patients aged 16 years or older who received HIV care from January 2017 through March 2020. MEASUREMENTS Sex, age group, and dolutegravir uptake (that is, newly initiating ART with dolutegravir or switching to dolutegravir from another regimen). RESULTS Differences in dolutegravir uptake among females of reproductive age (16 to 49 years) emerged after the safety signal. By the end of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of dolutegravir uptake among females 16 to 49 years old was 29.4% (95% CI, 29.0% to 29.7%) compared with 57.7% (CI, 57.2% to 58.3%) among males 16 to 49 years old. This disparity was greater in countries that began implementing dolutegravir before the safety signal and initially had highly restrictive policies versus countries with a later rollout. Dolutegravir uptake was similar among females and males aged 50 years or older. LIMITATION Follow-up was limited to 6 to 8 months after international guidelines recommended expanding access to dolutegravir. CONCLUSION Substantial disparities in dolutegravir uptake affecting females of reproductive age through early 2020 are documented. Although this disparity was anticipated because of country-level restrictions on access, the results highlight its extent and initial persistence. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.

Published
2021
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41. A Phase III Randomized Trial of Palliative Radiation for Advanced Central Lung Tumors with Intentional Avoidance of the Esophagus (PROACTIVE)

Author

Louie, A.V., primary, Granton, P.V., additional, Bezjak, A., additional, Fairchild, A.M., additional, Gopaul, D., additional, Mulroy, L., additional, Brade, A., additional, Warner, A., additional, Debenham, B.J., additional, Bowes, D., additional, Kuk, J., additional, Sun, A., additional, Hoover, D., additional, Rodrigues, G., additional, and Palma, D.A., additional

Published
2020
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49. Global temporal changes in the proportion of children with advanced disease at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in an era of changing criteria for treatment initiation

Author

Panayidou K., Davies M. -A., Anderegg N., Egger M., Fatti G., Vinikoor M., Sawry S., Ehmer J., Eley B., Phiri S., Technau K. -G. u. N., Chimbetete C., Rabie H., Boulle A., Tanser F., Wood R., Wools-Kaloustian K., Vreeman R., Oyaro P., Ayaya S., Nakigozi G., Musick B., Yiannoutsos C., Amorissani-Folquet M., Takassi E., Sylla M., Renner L., Malateste K., Desmonde S., Leroy V., Kurniati N., Hansudewechakul R., Nguyen L. V., Ly P. S., Truong K. H., Kariminia A., Sohn A. H., Edmonds A., Yumo H. A., Dusingize J. C., Yotebieng M., Judd A., Rojo P., Smit C., Grabar S., Warszwarski J., Chene G., Raban D., Patel K., Seage G. R., Van Dyke R. B., Oleske J., Williams P. L., Abzug M. J., Succi R., Machado D. M., Pinto J., Rouzier V., Luque M., Mejia F., Khol V., Tucker J., Kumarasamy N., Saghayam S., Chandrasekaran E., Wati D. K., Vedaswari D., Malino I. Y., Muktiarti D., Fong S. M., Lim M., Daut F., Nik Yusoff N. K., Mohamad P., Mohamed T. J., Drawis M. R., Nallusamy R., Chan K. C., Sudjaritruk T., Sirisanthana V., Aurpibul L., Oberdorfer P., Denjanta S., Watanaporn S., Kongphonoi A., Lumbiganon P., Kosalaraksa P., Tharnprisan P., Udomphanit T., Jourdain G., Puthanakit T., Anugulruengkitt S., Phadungphon C., Chokephaibulkit K., Lapphra K., Phongsamart W., Sricharoenchai S., Du Q. T., Nguyen C. H., Do V. C., Ha T. M., An V. T., Khu D. T. K., Pham A. N., Nguyen L. T., Le O. N., Ross J. L., Sethaputra C., Law M. G., Cahn P., Cesar C., Fink V., Sued O., Dell'isola E., Perez H., Valiente J., Yamamoto C., Grinsztejn B., Veloso V., Luz P., de Boni R., Wagner S. C., Friedman R., Moreira R., Ferreira F., Maia M., de Menezes Succi R. C., Barbosa Gouv E A A. F. a. T., Wolff M., Cortes C., Rodriguez M. F., Allendes G., Pape J. W., Marcelin A., Perodin C., Luque M. T., Padgett D., Madero J. S., Ramirez B. C., Belaunzaran P., Vega Y. C., Gotuzzo E., Carriquiry G., McGowan C. C., Shepherd B. E., Sterling T., Jayathilake K., Person A. K., Rebeiro P. F., Giganti M., Castilho J., Duda S. N., Maruri F., Vansell H., P E Lagie N., Gateretse P., Munezero J., Nitereka V., Niyongabo T., Twizere C., Bukuru H., Nahimana T., Biziragusenyuka J., Manyundo R. S., Atsu K., Mbuh T., Ajeh R., Benwi M., Dzudie A., Mbuh A., Ngamani M. L., Nkome V., Amadou D., Ngassam E., Pefura Yone E. W., Ewanoge A. N., Fuhngwa N., Moki C., Akele C., Kitetele F., Lelo P., Tabala M., Okitolonda E. W., Wenzi L., Diafouka M., Ekat M. H., Nsonde D. M., Mafou A., Ntarambirwa F., Tuyishimire Y., Hakizimana T., Ayinkamiye J., Mukantwali S., Kayitesi H., Uwamahoro O., Habumuremyi V., Mukamana J., Kubwimana G., Mugenzi P., Muhoza B., Munyaneza A., Ndahiro E., Nyiransabimana D., D'Amour Sinayobye J., Sugira V., Benekigeri C., Mbaraga G., Adedimeji A., Anastos K., Dilorenzo M., Murchison L., Ross J., Addison D., Baker M., Brazier E., Jones H., Kelvin E., Kulkarni S., Nash D., Tymejczyk O., Elul B., Cai X., Hoover D., Kim H. -Y., Li C., Shi Q., Lancaster K., Kuniholm M., Parcesepe A., Duda S., Kimmel A., McNairy M., Diero L., Plus A. M. P. A. T. H., Bukusi E., Ssali J., Nalugoda F., Somi G. R., Lyamuya R. E., Ngonyani K., Lugina E., Urassa M., Michael D., Zannou M. D., Poda A., Sarfo F. S., Messou E., Chenal H., Minga K. A., Bissagnene E., Tanon A., Seydi M., Patassi A. A., Koumakpai-Adeothy S. A., Renner L. A., N'gbeche S. M., Bosse C. A., Kouakou K., Folquet M. A., Eboua F. c. O. T., Traore F. D., Dabis F. c. O., Arrive E., Balestre E., Becquet R., Bernard C., Arikawa S. C., Doring A., Jaquet A., Rabourdin E., Tiendrebeogo T., Jesson J., Ekouevi D. K., Azani J. -C., Coffi E P., Gnepa G., Kouadio C. G. K., Tchounga B., Maartens G., Lettow M. V., Muhairwe J., Jores A., Kamenova K., Fox M. P., Prozesky H., Zangerle R., Touloumi G., Warszawski J., Meyer L., Krause M. M., Ghosn J., Leport C., Wittkop L., Reiss P., Wit F., Prins M., Bucher H., Gibb D., Fatkenheuer G., Del Amo J., Obel N., Thorne C., Mocroft A., Kirk O., Stephan C., Perez-Hoyos S., Hamouda O., Bartmeyer B., Chkhartishvili N., Noguera-Julian A., Antinori A., D'Arminio Monforte A., Brockmeyer N., Prieto L., Conejo P. R., Soriano-Arandes A., Battegay M., Kouyos R., Mussini C., Tookey P., Casabona J., Miro J. M., Castagna A., Konopnick D., Goetghebuer T., Sonnerborg A., Torti C., Sabin C., Teira R., Garrido M., Haerry D., de Wit S., Costagliola D., Raben D., Barger D., Schwimmer C., Termote M., Campbell M., Frederiksen C. M., Friis-Moller N., Kjaer J., Brandt R. S., Berenguer J., Bohlius J., Bouteloup V., Cozzi-Lepri A., Dorrucci M., Dunn D., Furrer H., Guiguet M., Lambotte O., Lodi S., Matheron S., Miro J. M. ª., Monge S., Nakagawa F., Paredes R., Phillips A., Puoti M., Rohner E., Schomaker M., Sterne J., Thiebaut R., van der Valk M., Hazra R., Heckman B., O'gara E., Siminski S., Panayidou, K, Davies, M, Anderegg, N, Egger, M, Fatti, G, Vinikoor, M, Sawry, S, Ehmer, J, Eley, B, Phiri, S, Technau, K, Chimbetete, C, Rabie, H, Boulle, A, Tanser, F, Wood, R, Wools-Kaloustian, K, Vreeman, R, Oyaro, P, Ayaya, S, Nakigozi, G, Musick, B, Yiannoutsos, C, Amorissani-Folquet, M, Takassi, E, Sylla, M, Renner, L, Malateste, K, Desmonde, S, Leroy, V, Kurniati, N, Hansudewechakul, R, Nguyen, L, Ly, P, Truong, K, Kariminia, A, Sohn, A, Edmonds, A, Yumo, H, Dusingize, J, Yotebieng, M, Judd, A, Rojo, P, Smit, C, Grabar, S, Warszwarski, J, Chene, G, Raban, D, Patel, K, Seage, G, Van Dyke, R, Oleske, J, Williams, P, Abzug, M, Succi, R, Machado, D, Pinto, J, Rouzier, V, Luque, M, Mejia, F, Khol, V, Tucker, J, Kumarasamy, N, Saghayam, S, Chandrasekaran, E, Wati, D, Vedaswari, D, Malino, I, Muktiarti, D, Fong, S, Lim, M, Daut, F, Nik Yusoff, N, Mohamad, P, Mohamed, T, Drawis, M, Nallusamy, R, Chan, K, Sudjaritruk, T, Sirisanthana, V, Aurpibul, L, Oberdorfer, P, Denjanta, S, Watanaporn, S, Kongphonoi, A, Lumbiganon, P, Kosalaraksa, P, Tharnprisan, P, Udomphanit, T, Jourdain, G, Puthanakit, T, Anugulruengkitt, S, Phadungphon, C, Chokephaibulkit, K, Lapphra, K, Phongsamart, W, Sricharoenchai, S, Du, Q, Nguyen, C, Do, V, Ha, T, An, V, Khu, D, Pham, A, Le, O, Ross, J, Sethaputra, C, Law, M, Cahn, P, Cesar, C, Fink, V, Sued, O, Dell'Isola, E, Perez, H, Valiente, J, Yamamoto, C, Grinsztejn, B, Veloso, V, Luz, P, de Boni, R, Wagner, S, Friedman, R, Moreira, R, Ferreira, F, Maia, M, de Menezes Succi, R, Barbosa Gouv E A, A, Wolff, M, Cortes, C, Rodriguez, M, Allendes, G, Pape, J, Marcelin, A, Perodin, C, Padgett, D, Madero, J, Ramirez, B, Belaunzaran, P, Vega, Y, Gotuzzo, E, Carriquiry, G, Mcgowan, C, Shepherd, B, Sterling, T, Jayathilake, K, Person, A, Rebeiro, P, Giganti, M, Castilho, J, Duda, S, Maruri, F, Vansell, H, P E Lagie, N, Gateretse, P, Munezero, J, Nitereka, V, Niyongabo, T, Twizere, C, Bukuru, H, Nahimana, T, Biziragusenyuka, J, Manyundo, R, Atsu, K, Mbuh, T, Ajeh, R, Benwi, M, Dzudie, A, Mbuh, A, Ngamani, M, Nkome, V, Amadou, D, Ngassam, E, Pefura Yone, E, Ewanoge, A, Fuhngwa, N, Moki, C, Akele, C, Kitetele, F, Lelo, P, Tabala, M, Okitolonda, E, Wenzi, L, Diafouka, M, Ekat, M, Nsonde, D, Mafou, A, Ntarambirwa, F, Tuyishimire, Y, Hakizimana, T, Ayinkamiye, J, Mukantwali, S, Kayitesi, H, Uwamahoro, O, Habumuremyi, V, Mukamana, J, Kubwimana, G, Mugenzi, P, Muhoza, B, Munyaneza, A, Ndahiro, E, Nyiransabimana, D, D'Amour Sinayobye, J, Sugira, V, Benekigeri, C, Mbaraga, G, Adedimeji, A, Anastos, K, Dilorenzo, M, Murchison, L, Addison, D, Baker, M, Brazier, E, Jones, H, Kelvin, E, Kulkarni, S, Nash, D, Tymejczyk, O, Elul, B, Cai, X, Hoover, D, Kim, H, Li, C, Shi, Q, Lancaster, K, Kuniholm, M, Parcesepe, A, Kimmel, A, Mcnairy, M, Diero, L, Plus, A, Bukusi, E, Ssali, J, Nalugoda, F, Somi, G, Lyamuya, R, Ngonyani, K, Lugina, E, Urassa, M, Michael, D, Zannou, M, Poda, A, Sarfo, F, Messou, E, Chenal, H, Minga, K, Bissagnene, E, Tanon, A, Seydi, M, Patassi, A, Koumakpai-Adeothy, S, N'Gbeche, S, Bosse, C, Kouakou, K, Folquet, M, Eboua, F, Traore, F, Dabis, F, Arrive, E, Balestre, E, Becquet, R, Bernard, C, Arikawa, S, Doring, A, Jaquet, A, Rabourdin, E, Tiendrebeogo, T, Jesson, J, Ekouevi, D, Azani, J, Coffi E, P, Gnepa, G, Kouadio, C, Tchounga, B, Maartens, G, Lettow, M, Muhairwe, J, Jores, A, Kamenova, K, Fox, M, Prozesky, H, Zangerle, R, Touloumi, G, Warszawski, J, Meyer, L, Krause, M, Ghosn, J, Leport, C, Wittkop, L, Reiss, P, Wit, F, Prins, M, Bucher, H, Gibb, D, Fatkenheuer, G, Del Amo, J, Obel, N, Thorne, C, Mocroft, A, Kirk, O, Stephan, C, Perez-Hoyos, S, Hamouda, O, Bartmeyer, B, Chkhartishvili, N, Noguera-Julian, A, Antinori, A, D'Arminio Monforte, A, Brockmeyer, N, Prieto, L, Conejo, P, Soriano-Arandes, A, Battegay, M, Kouyos, R, Mussini, C, Tookey, P, Casabona, J, Miro, J, Castagna, A, Konopnick, D, Goetghebuer, T, Sonnerborg, A, Torti, C, Sabin, C, Teira, R, Garrido, M, Haerry, D, de Wit, S, Costagliola, D, Raben, D, Barger, D, Schwimmer, C, Termote, M, Campbell, M, Frederiksen, C, Friis-Moller, N, Kjaer, J, Brandt, R, Berenguer, J, Bohlius, J, Bouteloup, V, Cozzi-Lepri, A, Dorrucci, M, Dunn, D, Furrer, H, Guiguet, M, Lambotte, O, Lodi, S, Matheron, S, Monge, S, Nakagawa, F, Paredes, R, Phillips, A, Puoti, M, Rohner, E, Schomaker, M, Sterne, J, Thiebaut, R, van der Valk, M, Hazra, R, Heckman, B, O'Gara, E, and Siminski, S

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, sub-Saharan Africa, Databases, Factual, CD4 cell count, HIV Infections, Global Health, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Central and South America, Advanced disease, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Cd4 cell count, skin and connective tissue diseases, Child, Research Articles, humanities, 3. Good health, Europe, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Income, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, advanced HIV disease, antiretroviral therapy, Asia, Caribbean, North America, WHO guidelines, Adolescent, Adult, Anti-HIV Agents, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Drug Administration Schedule, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Poverty, World Health Organization, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, education, 610 Medicine & health, 03 medical and health sciences, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 360 Social problems & social services, Intensive care medicine, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, 030112 virology, Antiretroviral therapy, Who guidelines, sense organs, business, sub‐Saharan Africa
Abstract

Introduction: The CD4 cell count and percent at initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are measures of advanced HIV disease and thus are important indicators of programme performance for children living with HIV. In particular, World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 guidelines on advanced HIV disease noted that >80% of children aged 40% of children in low- and middle-income countries started cART with severe immunodeficiency compared to

Published
2018

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