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Introduction: Breast cancer represents the most common malignancy in urban Indian females and the second most common in rural women. Young women with breast cancer face unique challenges, including more aggressive disease patterns and distinct treatment considerations. This study aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer in young Indian women at a tertiary care center. METHODS: A prospective study of 30 breast cancer patients aged 25-40 years was conducted at VIMS Ballari from November 2015 to September 2017. Clinical parameters, pathological findings, surgical outcomes, and hormonal receptor status were analyzed. Results: The study revealed 40% of patients in the 35-40 age group, with 60% from rural areas. T2 stage (36.6%) and N1 nodal status (50%) were predominant presentations. Modified Radical Mastectomy was performed in 53% cases, while 47% underwent breast conservation surgery. Triple-negative status was observed in 23% of cases, with 30% each showing ER+PR+Her2-and ER+PR-Her2- profiles. Conclusion: Young breast cancer patients demonstrated more aggressive disease patterns, with higher rates of triple-negative status compared to elderly patients. The study highlighted the importance of early detection and comprehensive treatment approaches in young women, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and targeted interventions in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a complex disease with various histopathological and molecular features. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological predictor factors, especially molecular sub-types, on axillary involvement in breast cancer patients. Female patients who underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary dissection were included in this study. Clinicopathological features including age, tumor location, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, grade, tumor size, and hormonal receptor status were recorded. The cohort consisted of 238 patients. The mean age of the participants was 55.24±11.52 years. The most common molecular sub-type was Luminal B HER2- with 30.3%. This sub-type was followed by Triple-Negative (22.7%), Luminal A (18.9%), non-Luminal HER2+ (16.4%), and Luminal B HER2+ (11.8%), respectively. There was a significant relationship between the tumor sub-type and the axillary involvement (p=0.003). Axillary lymph node metastases were less common in Luminal A and Triple-Negative tumors. In luminal A sub-type, axillary involvement was the lowest with a rate of 24.4% (OR=0.260, 95%Cl: 0.124-0.543, p [Med-Science 2023; 12(2.000): 490-4]

Breast cancer is a complex disease with various histopathological and molecular features. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological predictor factors, especially molecular sub-types, on axillary involvement in breast cancer patients. Female patients who underwent mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary dissection were included in this study. Clinicopathological features including age, tumor location, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, grade, tumor size, and hormonal receptor status were recorded. The cohort consisted of 238 patients. The mean age of the participants was 55.24±11.52 years. The most common molecular sub-type was Luminal B HER2-with 30.3%. This sub-type was followed by Triple-Negative (22.7%), Luminal A (18.9%), non-Luminal HER2+ (16.4%), and Luminal B HER2+ (11.8%), respectively. There was a significant relationship between the tumor sub-type and the axillary involvement (p=0.003). Axillary lymph node metastases were less common in Luminal A and Triple-Negative tumors. In luminal A sub-type, axillary involvement was the lowest with a rate of 24.4% (OR=0.260, 95%Cl: 0.124-0.543, p<0.001). In contrast, Luminal B HER2+ and non-Luminal HER2+ sub-types were highly positive in terms of axillary involvement. Luminal B HER2+ sub-type had the highest rate (60.7%). Luminal A, Triple-Negative tumors had a decreased risk of lymph node positivity as compared to other sub-types. Molecular subtypes should be regarded as an important factor affecting the condition of the axilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. The effectiveness of chemotherapy (CT) for MBC remains controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CT combined hormone receptor (HR) status on MBC patients with high risk (T1-4N2-3M0 and T4N0-1M0) by propensity-score matching (PSM). Methods: A retrospective study was performed to analyze MBC from the SEER database. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curve. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess BCSS. PSM was used to make 1:1 case-control matching. Results: This study identified 3116 patients. The median follow-up time was 44 months (range, 1–321 months). About 62.5 % of patients received CT. 23.0 % of patients were HR-positive. Recurrence risk had a significant difference between the HR-negative and HR-positive groups. In the multivariable Cox regression model, CT had no benefit for MBC patients. HR status was not associated with a better prognosis. In subgroup analysis, the Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that HR-negative MBC with intermediate-risk benefited from CT. For HR-positive MBC, patients with intermediate and high risk also benefited from CT. After PSM, neither CT nor HR status was not related to better BCSS. Moreover, the use of CT could only improve the survival of HR-positive MBC patients with high risk. Conclusion: PSM analysis showed that HR status was not associated with a better prognosis. CT was not a significant prognostic factor for prognosis. However, HR-positive MBC patients with high risk might benefit from CT.

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. The effectiveness of chemotherapy (CT) for MBC remains controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CT combined hormone receptor (HR) status on MBC patients with high risk (T1-4N2-3M0 and T4N0-1M0) by propensity-score matching (PSM). A retrospective study was performed to analyze MBC from the SEER database. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curve. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess BCSS. PSM was used to make 1:1 case-control matching. This study identified 3116 patients. The median follow-up time was 44 months (range, 1–321 months). About 62.5 % of patients received CT. 23.0 % of patients were HR-positive. Recurrence risk had a significant difference between the HR-negative and HR-positive groups. In the multivariable Cox regression model, CT had no benefit for MBC patients. HR status was not associated with a better prognosis. In subgroup analysis, the Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that HR-negative MBC with intermediate-risk benefited from CT. For HR-positive MBC, patients with intermediate and high risk also benefited from CT. After PSM, neither CT nor HR status was not related to better BCSS. Moreover, the use of CT could only improve the survival of HR-positive MBC patients with high risk. PSM analysis showed that HR status was not associated with a better prognosis. CT was not a significant prognostic factor for prognosis. However, HR-positive MBC patients with high risk might benefit from CT. • Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. • Hormone receptor (HR) status was not associated with a better prognosis. • Chemotherapy (CT) was not a significant prognostic factor for prognosis. • HR-positive MBC patients with high risk might benefit from CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer survival is linked to early detection, and timely and appropriate treatment. Survival depends on the stage and biological behaviour of the tumour. It is unclear how different molecular subtypes impact on axillary node involvement. Objective: This study sought to determine the correlation between hormonal receptor status with axillary nodal status in breast carcinoma. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital surgical wards and histopathology laboratory. Patients with a histological diagnosis of breast cancer, scheduled to undergo a modified radical mastectomy, were recruited. Data collected included age at diagnosis, parity, menopausal status, clinical examination findings, stage of the disease clinically and pathologically, and hormonal receptor status. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Results: We enrolled 79 women with invasive breast carcinoma. Mean age was 48 (SD=14.5) years. Most (48.1%) presented with stage III tumour. Most tumours (58.2%) were luminal A. Correlation between molecular type and nodal involvement was not significant. Luminal B was significantly present in those above 50 years (p=0.011). Conclusion: The most common molecular type of breast cancer was luminal A, but luminal B disease which was prevalent in women more than 50 years old was the only molecular subtype that had a positive correlation with axillary nodal status

Objective: To determine whether there is added benefit for 3D mammography in the context of screening and diagnostic imaging, particularly relating to known prognostic characteristics, including histopathology, receptor status, and axillary lymph node involvement. Methods: An institutional review board–approved retrospective review was performed of our mammography and pathology databases from October 2012 to May 2015 to identify biopsy-proven invasive breast carcinoma detected on screening and diagnostic mammograms by 2D plus 3D (2D + 3D) imaging. Percentages of cancer detection by 2D and 3D were compared. Correlation with histopathology and lymph node status was analyzed. Results: Of 53 cancers diagnosed on 12 543 screening mammograms, 36 (67.9%) were better visualized on 3D (not visualized, equivocal, or only seen in retrospect on 2D). Of the 62 cancers diagnosed on 4090 diagnostic mammograms, 24 (38.7%) cancers were better detected on 3D. A statistically significant greater number of cancers were better detected on 3D in the screening compared to the diagnostic mammograms (67.9% vs 38.7%, P <.05). A significantly higher frequency of less aggressive tumors (grade I and grade II, positive estrogen/progesterone receptor, Her2 negative) was detected by 3D, with higher significance in the screening population. Additionally, there was a higher frequency of positive axillary lymph nodes in cancers detected by 3D in the screening group. Conclusion: Three-dimension increases invasive breast cancer detection, particularly pathologically less aggressive tumors, in both screening and diagnostic mammograms with more benefit for the screening population. Three-dimensional mammography detected more breast cancer associated with metastatic axillary lymph nodes in the screening population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ROS-1 protein is a transmembrane protein with a tyrosine kinase activity act as a growth or differentiation factor can derived cell proliferation acting as a protooncogen. It is expressed in the kidney and gastrointestinal tract and, in rare cases, in several other organs as well. Genetic rearrangements of ROS1 have been found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in other tumors as well like gastric carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma and others. This protein became of clinical interest because of the era of tyrosin kinase inhibitors role in treating cancer like crizotinib which have been approved for NSCLC with ROS1 alterations. In this study we studied the immunohistochemical expression of ROS 1in mammary carcinoma in correlation with Hormonal receptor status (ER and PR) and Her2Neu expression. Paraffin blocks of thirty cases of mammary ductal carcinoma were selelcted and studied by immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, Her2Neu and ROS 1. Then the findings were analyzed statistically. Thirty-three percent of studied cases showed expression of ROS 1 which was assessed by stained cell proportion and cell staining intensity. Neither stained cell proportion nor the staining intensity of ER and PR showed significant statistical correlation with ROS 1 expression. However a significant correlation was noted between ROS 1 expression and Her2Neu expression as 70% of ROS 1 positive cases were also positive for Her2Neu. This suggest a negative prognostic role of this protein in mammary carcinoma. The finding of this relatively significant number of ROS 1 positive cases in mammary carcinoma can open the way for more understanding of mammary carcinoma pathogenesis and can open the way for the use of certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the most common type of female cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extragenital malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (MMMT) is rare, and the retroperitoneum is one of the rarest sites. The etiology and risk factors are yet ill-understood. The authors report a case of primary retroperitoneal Müllerian carcinosarcoma in a pregnant woman. Initially, a pure cystic mass was found when she was four months' pregnant. After drainage of the cyst, the follow-up ultrasound detected rapid recovery of the cyst, the appearance ofseptation within the cyst, blood flow signal in the septation, more and thickened septation, and nodules on the septation and cystic wall with progressing pregnancy. After delivery, the follow-up imaging examination revealed a relatively dormant mass. The contrary clinical manifestations were consistent with sex hormone levels, which surged during pregnancy and dropped rapidly postpartum. Moreover, immunohistochemistry staining showed that both ER and PR were positive for the epithelial and stromal component. Given the clinical manifestations and pathology, for the first time, the authors can explicitly conclude that sex hormone played a direct and evident role in the development of extragenital malignant mixed Müllerian tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometrial carcinomas (EC) are the most common gynecological malignancy in developed nations, but in developing nations, it follows cervical cancer. Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) status is important prognostic indicators in EC. With this in background, we intended to compare the hormonal receptor status of our cases with markers of tumor aggression and compare our results with that of developed nations. Aims: The present retrospective study aims to check the association of ER and PR status of cases of EC with markers of tumor aggression-tumor grade, MIB-1 score (proliferative index), depth of myometrial invasion, and incidence of nodal metastasis and to also compare status of our cases in developing nation with the studies of similar nature in the developed countries. Materials and Methods: The cases diagnosed in this tertiary care center over the past 2 years were evaluated. ER and PR status of cases in this retrospective observational study was performed using immunohistochemistry. The hormonal status of the cases was checked for its association with markers of tumor aggression. Results: A total of 34 cases were evaluated during the period of the study. The age of the cases ranged from 35 to 85 years. Mean age being 60.36 years. Twenty-four out of 34 (70.6%) cases were ER and PR positive. Significant association of positive hormonal status was found with lower histological grade (P = 0.01) and low MIB-1 score (P = 0.0009) while no association of hormonal status was found with depth of myometrial invasion and incidence of nodal metastasis. Conclusion: We conclude that positive ER and PR status is associated with lower histological grade and low MIB-1 score; however, our study in contrast to previous studies done in developed nations did not find any association with depth of myometrial invasion and incidence of nodal metastasis likely due to late access to treatment in our country when the disease had already advanced.

Background: Breast cancer is the third commonest cancer in women in Uganda. The majority of breast cancer patients in Uganda present with advanced disease. Many studies show that metastatic lesions frequently lodge in bones, lung and liver. Tumour hormone receptor status correlates with site of metastatic lesions and survival among breast cancer patients. Objective: To determine the sites of metastatic breast lesions and how they relate to the hormonal receptor status. Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 71 women with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer with metastases were analysed, their hormonal receptor status was determined. All patients underwent a chest X-ray, an abdominopelvic ultrasound scan and a bone scan. The χ² and t tests were used to compare variables for statistical differences. Results: The mean age of participants was 45 years. Most metastases were to bone 56% (40/71), of these 45% (32/71 ) tumours were exclusive to bone and 94% of these (30/32) were ER+ . Of the 13 (18% of all patients) who had metastases to the liver, 7 were exclusive to the liver, and 1 (14.%) was ER positive. Of the 30 (42 %) patients with lung metastases, 23 patients were exclusive to lungs and 9/30 (39%) were ER+. In all 68% (48/71) were ER+, and bone metastases were associated with ER positivity and low grade tumors. Conclusion: Breast metastases had a preponderance to bone in this largely premenopausal group of women and these tumors were mostly ER positive. In the absence of tests to determine ER status, empirical antihormonal therapy may be used.

Background: The breast cancer landscape in Uganda is characterized by late disease and poor outcomes. Even though receptor status is an important prognostic factor, it is not routinely conducted in the country. This study was set to describe the oestrogen receptors (ER) status and associated clinico-histopathological features of breast cancer among women in Uganda. Method: A cross sectional descriptive study, carried out among women with histologically confirmed breast cancer, recruited at the Mulago Hospital breast clinic and determined their receptor status determined by immunohistochemistry(IHC), which was preceded by H&E staining. Results: In total 114 women were enrolled over a 5 months period. Mean age was 47years (13-87), half (50%) of the women had advanced disease (T4 tumours), 48/114 (42%) presented more than 12 months after onset of symptoms and most had poorly differentiated (grade III) invasive ductal carcinomas, 61/114 (53%) and 50/114 (44%) were ER- negative tumours. Conclusion: Breast cancer is common among young African premenopausal women, it presents mostly as T4 tumours and close to half are ER negative. This is an over representation of ER negative tumours.

Background: Endometrial carcinomas (EC) are the most common gynecological malignancy in developed nations, but in developing nations, it follows cervical cancer. Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) status is important prognostic indicators in EC. With this in background, we intended to compare the hormonal receptor status of our cases with markers of tumor aggression and compare our results with that of developed nations. Aims: The present retrospective study aims to check the association of ER and PR status of cases of EC with markers of tumor aggression-tumor grade, MIB-1 score (proliferative index), depth of myometrial invasion, and incidence of nodal metastasis and to also compare status of our cases in developing nation with the studies of similar nature in the developed countries. Materials and Methods: The cases diagnosed in this tertiary care center over the past 2 years were evaluated. ER and PR status of cases in this retrospective observational study was performed using immunohistochemistry. The hormonal status of the cases was checked for its association with markers of tumor aggression. Results: A total of 34 cases were evaluated during the period of the study. The age of the cases ranged from 35 to 85 years. Mean age being 60.36 years. Twenty-four out of 34 (70.6%) cases were ER and PR positive. Significant association of positive hormonal status was found with lower histological grade (P = 0.01) and low MIB-1 score (P = 0.0009) while no association of hormonal status was found with depth of myometrial invasion and incidence of nodal metastasis. Conclusion: We conclude that positive ER and PR status is associated with lower histological grade and low MIB-1 score; however, our study in contrast to previous studies done in developed nations did not find any association with depth of myometrial invasion and incidence of nodal metastasis likely due to late access to treatment in our country when the disease had already advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The breast cancer landscape in Uganda is characterized by late disease and poor outcomes. Even though receptor status is an important prognostic factor, it is not routinely conducted in the country. This study was set to describe the oestrogen receptors (ER) status and associated clinico-histopathological features of breast cancer among women in Uganda. Method: A cross sectional descriptive study, carried out among women with histologically confirmed breast cancer, recruited at the Mulago Hospital breast clinic and determined their receptor status determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which was preceded by H&E staining. Results: In total 114 women were enrolled over a 5 months period. Mean age was 47years (13-87), half (50%) of the women had advanced disease (T4 tumours), 48/114 (42%) presented more than 12 months after onset of symptoms and most had poorly differentiated (grade III) invasive ductal carcinomas, 61/114 (53%) and 50/114 (44%) were ER- negative tumours. Conclusion: Breast cancer is common among young African premenopausal women, it presents mostly as T4 tumours and close to half are ER negative. This is an over representation of ER negative tumours.

Background: Breast cancer is the third commonest cancer in women in Uganda. The majority of breast cancer patients in Uganda present with advanced disease. Many studies show that metastatic lesions frequently lodge in bones, lung and liver. Tumour hormone receptor status correlates with site of metastatic lesions and survival among breast cancer patients. Objective: To determine the sites of metastatic breast lesions and how they relate to the hormonal receptor status. Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, 71 women with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer with metastases were analysed, their hormonal receptor status was determined. All patients underwent a chest X-ray, an abdominopelvic ultrasound scan and a bone scan. The χ² and t tests were used to compare variables for statistical differences. Results: The mean age of participants was 45 years. Most metastases were to bone 56% (40/71), of these 45% (32/71 ) tumours were exclusive to bone and 94% of these (30/32) were ER+ . Of the 13 (18% of all patients) who had metastases to the liver, 7 were exclusive to the liver, and 1 (14.%) was ER positive. Of the 30 (42 %) patients with lung metastases, 23 patients were exclusive to lungs and 9/30 (39%) were ER+. In all 68% (48/71) were ER+, and bone metastases were associated with ER positivity and low grade tumors. Conclusion: Breast metastases had a preponderance to bone in this largely premenopausal group of women and these tumors were mostly ER positive. In the absence of tests to determine ER status, empirical antihormonal therapy may be used.

Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the association between food and nutrient intake, occupational and leisure-time physical activity, and body mass index and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. Methods: We analyzed data from a hospital-based case–control study conducted between 1991 and 1994 in Italy, including 1075 women with incident breast cancer and 1477 controls. Results: The associations with breast cancer risk were similar according to ER status for all risk factors considered. In particular, significant reduced risk of ER− and ER+ breast cancers were observed for raw vegetables (multivariate odds ratio, OR, for high vs low consumption: 0.6 and 0.7, respectively) and for polyunsaturated fats (OR: 0.6 and 0.7, respectively). No significant heterogeneous risk estimates were observed for combinations of ER and PR status. Conclusions: Our study does not suggest major differences risk for various dietary and lifestyle factors according to ER and PR breast cancer subtypes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women. This study aimed to evaluate the association between age and hormonal receptor status (HRS) in women with breast cancer presented at a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medical Oncology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2021 to August 2021. All women of age more than 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer were included in the study using non-random consecutive sampling techniques. Women who underwent artificial menopause or hysterectomy, women who had chemotherapy-induced menopause, and pregnant women were excluded from the study. Data were collected from all patients regarding socio-demographics and tumor characteristics. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate the status of hormonal receptors. Results The mean age at the time of presentation of females with breast cancer was 46.57±11.45 years. Among 317 females, 180 females had positive estrogen receptor (ER) expression (56.8%), 173 had positive progesterone receptor (PR) expression (54.6%), and 121 had positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) expression (38.2%). The highest proportions of positive ER (36.7%), PR (38.2%), and HER/2 neu (37.2%) expression were observed in the age group 41-50 years, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between age and ER expression (p=0.017) and age and PR expression (p=0.003) while no association was found between age and HER/2 neu expression (p=0.335).  Conclusion The present study indicated that the majority of the patients were diagnosed with breast cancer in their 40s. Most of the women in the younger age groups were estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu negative while the older aged women were more frequently ER, PR, and HER2/neu positive albeit, the association between age or HER2/neu was not significant.  In short, we can expect that the older aged patients may have better survival rates and patient prognosis. However, this is just a conjecture and further large-scale, multicenter, and long-term studies are required to understand the true relationship between age and patient survival rates. We hope that the current study will serve as a catalyst for future breast-cancer related studies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Shah et al.)